94 N.J.L. 467 | N.J. | 1920
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The grand jury of Essex county found an indictment against Pred Jayson containing two counts—one charging him "with, simple assault and battery upon Prank Scheel, and the other with atrocious assault and battery upon the same person by maiming and wounding him with, a knife.
He was convicted in the Quarter Sessions of simple assault and battery. The judgment upon that conviction was brought
The judgment is now before us for review on a writ of error to the Supreme Court.
No part of the evidence taken at the trial was returned with the writ of error, but counsel agree that “the charge of the judge contains a substantial summary of the testimony.”
The assignments of error are all predicated either upon alleged errors in the charge or on the refusal to charge as requested.
We are of the opinion that the judgment should not be disturbed.
The first point argued is, that the judge erroneously defined atrocious assault and battery.
Considering the instructions as a whole, we incline to think that the definition was proper. But whether so or not is unimportant, because if erroneous it could not have prejudiced the defendant, since the jury practically acquitted him of atrocious assault and battery by finding him guilty only of simple assault and battery. State v. Moynihan, 93 N. J. L. 253.
The next point is, that the judge erred in iiis instruction upon the right of self-defence, in that he did not extend it to the taking of life.
But this was the trial of an indictment for assault and battery (not involving the taking of life) and the instruction, which was that, in defending himself from an assault made upon him a person’s act is justified when that act is, or rear sonably appears to be, necessary in order to protect himself from bodily harm, did not prejudice the defendant merely because the court did not extend the right to the taking of life in accordance with the rule applicable to homicide cases that a man may protect himself, even to the extent of taking the life of h-isi adversary, when that act is, or reasonably appears to be, necessary in order to preserve his own life, or to .protect himself from serious bodily harm. State v. Bonofiglio, 67 N. J. L. 239.
We also think that it was not erroneous for the trial judge, after charging that the act of the defendant was justified if that act was, or reasonabty appeared to be, necessary in order to protect himself from bodily harm, to further instruct the jury that “it is not the law that a man can make himself the judge of his own situation,” when, as appears, the judge immediately added that “the jury is to determine whether or not he was in danger of receiving bodily harm or had reasonable ground for believing he was in danger of bodily harm.” State v. Brown, 62 N. J. L. 666, 702; State v. Mellillo, supra.
We also think that the judge did not err in refusing to charge that “if the defendant was in such danger of receiving great bodily harm that it was necessary to strike Scheel he would be justified and your verdict should be not guilty.”
To justify the defendant upon the ground of self-defence there must have been at the time either an actual necessity for resorting to violence for self-protection, or such violence must have reasonably appeared to the defendant to be necessary for his own protection, and that necessity must have been, or reasonably appeared to him to have been, a necessity for using the means that were used to secure the defence of his person. State v. Brown, 62 N. J. L. 666.
It does not follow, as a matter of la\v, that if the defendant had a right to strike Scheel, he had a right to cut him with a knife, as the evidence indicated that he did, and as charged in the second count of the indictment; and, therefore, it does not follow'- that, if the defendant had a right to strike Scheel, the verdict should have been not guilty. Assuming that the defendant had a right to strike Scheel, it w'as for the jury to
We also think that there was no error in refusing to charge that “if you find that Scheel prepared for and provoked the affray, and that the defendant acted in self-defence, your verdict should be not guilty.”
An accused is justified in using force to defend his person only when force is necessary, or reasonably appears a to be necessary, to accomplish that end. If the injury apprehended could be otherwise avoided the accused was bound to avoid the danger without resorting to violence; and even if the circumstances be such as to require the use of force to repel the assault, he will be inexcusable if he carried his defence, beyond the bounds of necessity. The danger must be immediate and must be actual or else apprehended on reasonable grounds of which the jury is the judge.
Tested by these principles the request was faulty. Whether the verdict should have been guilty or not guilty depended upon the manner in which the defendant exercised the right of self-defence, if he had such right; and whether, although acting in self-defence, he used more force than was necessary. In other words, from the mere fact that the defendant may have acted in self-defence when he shuck Scheel, as charged in the first count, it does not follow that he was acting in self-defence when he cut him, as charged in the second count, and it was for the jury to determine whether he carried his defence beyond what' was necessary, or reasonably appeared to be necessary, and if he did he was guilty.
The judgment will be affirmed, with costs.
For affirmance—Swayze, Trenciiard, Parker, Bergen, Iyaltsch, White, Heppenhetmer, Williams, Gardner, Ackerson, JJ. 10.
For reversal—Xone.
