211 S.E.2d 837 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1975
STATE of North Carolina
v.
James Norfleet JARRELL and Monte Munoz Zepeda.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*838 Atty. Gen. Robert Carson by Asst. Atty. Gen. Edwin M. Speas, Jr., Raleigh, for the State.
Craighill, Rendleman & Clarkson by Hugh B. Campbell, Jr., Charlotte, for defendant-appellant Jarrell.
Casey & Daly, P. A. by George S. Daly, Jr., and William G. Jones, Charlotte, for defendant-appellant Zepeda.
Certiorari Denied and Appeal Dismissed by Supreme Court April 2, 1975.
PARKER, Judge.
Defendants first contend that the trial court erred in overruling their objections to testimony of Officer Cobb as to the reasons the police were maintaining surveillance of the restroom. Cobb testified that he and other officers had received numerous complaints concerning "acts being committed *839 in the men's bathroom." Defendants contend that this testimony, admitted over objection, was irrelevant on the issue of their guilt and had the sole effect of creating prejudice against them in the minds of the jurors. In this connection we note initially that in the testimony complained of Officer Cobb did not further characterize or explain to the jury what he meant by the phrase, "acts being committed in the men's bathroom," and only by intimation could the jury guess that the acts referred to involved sexual misconduct. Furthermore, the challenged testimony did serve to explain the surveillance of the restroom and was relevant for that purpose. It may be granted that it was irrelevant to prove that defendants committed any crime, but even so, and even if it be further granted that the challenged testimony should have been excluded, nevertheless in this case the properly admitted evidence of guilt was so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the challenged evidence was so insignificant by comparison, that it is clear that error in admitting the evidence was harmless beyond any reasonable doubt. Where that is the case, reversal is not required even when the error complained of involves allowing introduction of evidence in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights. State v. Brinson, 277 N.C. 286, 177 S.E.2d 398 (1970). Still less is a reversal and new trial required where, as in the case now before us, the error complained of involves only the allowance of testimony of questionable relevancy. The assignment of error which is the basis of defendants' first contention, being assignment of error No. 8, is overruled.
Defendants next contend it was error to deny their motions to suppress and to allow into evidence the photographs taken of them by Officer Cobb and his testimony concerning what he saw while he observed them from his position concealed in the restroom attic. They contend that this evidence should have been suppressed as being the product of an illegal search violative of their Fourth Amendment rights. We do not agree. At all times while Officer Cobb observed the defendants and when he photographed them through a preexisting hole in the restroom ceiling, defendants were in the open, public area of the room. At no time did he observe or photograph either of them in an enclosed toilet stall, a place which might ordinarily be understood to afford some degree of personal privacy to an individual occupant. Therefore, decisions holding an illegal search occurs when the police surreptitiously observe persons in an enclosed toilet stall, Bielicki v. Superior Court, 57 Cal. 2d 602, 21 Cal. Rptr. 552, 371 P.2d 288 (1962); Britt v. Superior Court, 58 Cal. 2d 469, 24 Cal. Rptr. 849, 374 P.2d 817 (1962); Brown v. State, 3 Md.App. 90, 238 A.2d 147 (1968); State v. Bryant, 287 Minn. 205, 177 N.W.2d 800 (1970); contra, Smayda v. United States, 352 F.2d 251 (9th Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 981, 86 S. Ct. 555, 15 L. Ed. 2d 471 (1966), are not here applicable. Defendants cite and rely upon People v. Triggs, 8 Cal. 3d 884, 106 Cal. Rptr. 408, 506 P.2d 232 (1973), for the proposition that it is also illegal to maintain surveillance over the open areas of a public toilet room. In that case the activities observed took place in a doorless toilet stall and could have been seen by anyone who walked into the public area of the restroom. In holding the surveillance in that case to be illegal, the California Supreme Court relied in part upon the public policy as declared in an act adopted by the California Legislature. In their brief defendants also rely heavily upon Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S. Ct. 507, 19 L. Ed. 2d 576 (1967) to sustain their position that an unconstitutional search occurred in the present case. We do not so broadly read the holding in Katz. It is true that the majority opinion in Katz contains the statement that "the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places", 389 U.S. at 351, 88 S.Ct. at 511, but that broad statement furnishes little assistance in determining what human activities occurring in what places and under what circumstances are entitled to be constitutionally protected from unreasonable governmental *840 intrusion. The sentence appears in the portion of the majority opinion in which the Court was seeking to shift emphasis away from the concept of "constitutionally protected areas" as a "talismanic solution to every Fourth Amendment problem", and to focus attention more upon what a person might be doing in a particular area and his reasonable expectation of privacy for his activity. 389 U.S. at 351, n. 9, 88 S. Ct. 507. Obviously, all human activities must occur in some "area," and as Justice Harlan pointed out in his concurring opinion in Katz, the answer to the question of what protection the Fourth Amendment affords to people, generally requires reference to a "place." We find some decisional assistance from Justice Harlan's further statement:
"My understanding of the rule that has emerged from prior decisions is that there is a twofold requirement, first that a person have exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and, second, that the expectation be one that society is prepared to recognize as `reasonable.'" 389 U.S. 347, 361, 88 S. Ct. 507, 516, 19 L. Ed. 2d 576, 587-88.
In our opinion the reasonable expectation of privacy of one who enters and places a phone call from a public pay telephone booth and the societal interests involved in protecting that expectation from surreptitious invasion by the police are of such vastly different order from the expectation of privacy and the interests involved of one who is in the open public area of a public restroom, that the actual holding in Katz has little relevance to the present case. Here, the police officer, from a position where he had a right to be, was observing activities taking place in the open, public area of a public building, which it was his duty to protect. By using such a public place for their activities, defendants had no such expectation of privacy as society, or at least as this Court, is prepared to recognize as "reasonable." On the contrary, they risked observation, and we find here no constitutional right in defendants to demand that such observation be made only by some person of whose presence they were aware. In our opinion defendants here did not acquire the right to insulate their activities with Fourth Amendment protection merely by attempting to maintain a lookout for persons who might enter the restroom. We find no error in admitting into evidence the photographs and the testimony of Officer Cobb. Support for this result is furnished by State v. Coyle, 181 So. 2d 671 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1966) and Poore v. State of Ohio, 243 F. Supp. 777 (N.D.Ohio 1965).
Defendants next contend that the trial court erred and infringed their constitutional rights by failing to limit G.S. § 14-177 "so that it would not punish private sexual acts between consenting adults which did not disturb others." No authority cited by defendants and none of which we are aware prohibits a state on constitutional grounds from punishing under a statute such as G.S. § 14-177 individuals who commit the proscribed act in a public restroom.
Finally, defendants contend that the court abused its discretion in denying their motions for mistrial. The first of these motions was made on the grounds that a prospective juror replied during questioning that he could not give anyone a fair trial as long as Zepeda's counsel was involved. The record shows that this prospective juror was then excused by the court and that jury selection was thereafter completed and the jury impaneled. In their brief defendants' counsel candidly admit that the incident to which their first motion for mistrial was directed "standing alone would not merit reversal," and that it was "not beyond the expectable rough-and-tumble of a criminal trial." The second motion for mistrial was made when the prosecuting attorney, in cross-examining Zepeda's former Sunday School teacher who testified to Zepeda's good character, asked, "Teach him Genesis, about Sodom and Gomorrah?" The court promptly sustained defendants' objection and instructed the jury not to *841 consider the question, but denied defendants' motion for mistrial. As a general rule, a motion for mistrial is addressed to the discretion of the trial judge, and his ruling thereon is not reviewable on appeal in the absence of a showing of an abuse of discretion. State v. Daye, 13 N.C.App. 435, 185 S.E.2d 595 (1972), aff'd, 281 N.C. 592, 189 S.E.2d 481 (1972). The record in the present case shows no abuse of the trial court's discretion.
In defendants' trial and in the judgments appealed from we find
No error.
BROCK, C. J., and HEDRICK, J., concur.