delivered the opinion of the Court.
Defendants were tried jointly. The trial court in its charge to the jury did not state that to find defendants guilty of unlawful possession of a weapon at an educational facility, N.J.S.A 2C:39- 5(e)(1), it must find defendants knew they were at an educational facility. The jury convicted defendants of second-degree unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:89~5(b), and third-degree unlawful possession of a weapon at an educational institution, N.J.S.A. 2G:39-5(e)(l). Cromwell, who had a prior felony conviction, was also convicted under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b)(l), which bars persons convicted of any of the offenses enumerated in the statute from possessing a weapon.
At the sentencing hearing, a witness testified that defendants were members of a local chapter of the Crips street gang. The trial court concluded that defendants were involved in organized criminal activity, a finding requiring the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(i). Their convictions and sentences were affirmed on appeal, and we granted certification to resolve three issues.
The first issue requires us to construe the culpability requirement under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l), which criminalizes the knowing possession of a weapon at an educational institution. We hold that in order to prove a violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l), the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt both that a defendant knowingly possessed a weapon and that he or she did so while knowingly on the property of an educational institution. The jury instructions here, which did not specify that the jury was required to find defendants were knowingly at an educational institution, were therefore flawed, and defendants’ convictions under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l) must be vacated.
Second, we consider the constitutional validity of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(i) in light of the recent Supreme Court decision in Alleyne v. United States, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013). The Alleyne Court held that the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence based upon a fact that was not submitted to the jury for determination beyond a reasonable doubt violates the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. Id. at-, 133 S.Ct. at 2155, 186 L.Ed.2d at 321. The mandatory minimum sentence under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(i) is based on a judicial finding of fact and cannot survive constitutional scrutiny. We therefore vacate defendants’ sentences and remand for resentencing on the unlawful possession of a weapon convictions.
The third issue is the propriety of Grate’s sentence. Because we find the court’s findings were supported adequately by evidence of record, we reject Grate’s argument that his sentence was excessive and affirm as to the trial court’s weighing and analysis of factors applicable to Grate’s sentence.
I.
A.
The following facts are derived from the testimony given at trial. In December
C.A. drove to the university, passed through a security checkpoint, and parked outside of his girlfriend’s residence hall. Although C.A.’s girlfriend was not home at the time, her roommate allowed C.A. and Cromwell into the room. While searching for his girlfriend’s credit card, C.A. surreptitiously phoned William Humphries, a New Jersey State Police Detective with whom C.A. was familiar from a prior arrest. Detective Humphries did not answer, but called C.A. back soon thereafter. C.A., claiming he was speaking to his uncle, was able to tell Detective Humphries that he was being threatened by people who were demanding money from him. Eventually, C.A.’s girlfriend arrived and gave C.A. her credit card.
C.A. and Cromwell returned to C.A.’s car, but before they could depart, Sergeant Joseph Cirella of the Madison Police Department arrived and ordered everyone out of the car. Before complying, defendants and J.L. told C.A. that, “if anything [goes] down, this is your gun. It’s our word against yours.” They got out of the car, and Sergeant Cirella had them lie face down on the ground. After backup officers arrived and placed C.A. in the backseat of the police cruiser, he reported that there was a gun inside his car.
During a brief search of C.A’s car, the officers found a loaded nine-millimeter handgun under the driver’s seat. All four men were handcuffed and taken to the police station, and C.A’s car was impounded. Shortly thereafter, Detective Humphries airived and drove C.A. home.
Defendants were each indicted on charges of first-degree kidnapping, N.J.S.A. 2C:13-l(b)(2), (11); first-degree carjacking, N.J.S.A. 2C:15-2(a)(l), (2), (4); first-degree robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15~l(a)(2); third-degree terroristic threats, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3(a); fourth-degree aggravated assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-l(b)(4); second-degree unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b); and third-degree unlawful possession of a weapon at an educational institution, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l). Cromwell was charged separately with second-degree certain persons not to possess weapons, N.J.S.A 2C:39-7(b).
At trial, it was revealed that no latent fingerprints were found on the gun because the textured surface of the handle made fingerprints difficult to detect. Sergeant Cirella confirmed that the gun was found under the driver’s seat and was accessible to anyone riding in the backseat, but was difficult to reach from the driver’s seat.
Testifying in his own defense, Grate denied that anyone had pulled a gun on C.A. or demanded money from him. He claimed that Cromwell had asked C.A. to give J.L. a ride home, and that C.A. agreed to do so after he visited his cousin at college. Grate stated that he believed C.A. was traveling to his cousin’s home, and that he did not realize C.A. was traveling to a college campus. He denied ever seeing the gun before appearing in court for trial.
At the charge conference, the trial judge, noting that there is no model jury
The jury found defendants guilty of second-degree unlawful possession of a weapon and third-degree unlawful possession of a weapon at an educational institution, but acquitted them of the remaining charges. Cromwell later pled guilty to the separate second-degree certain persons charge.
B.
At the sentencing hearing, the trial judge heard testimony by Corporal Edwin Santana that defendants admitted they were members of a local chapter of the Crips street gang known as “5 Deuce Hoova Crip” and that both defendants had a large “C” tattooed on their chests, which denotes membership in that gang. Corporal Santana then opined that, based upon his experience, the Crips street gang is involved in organized criminal activity. Relying on Corporal Santana’s testimony, the judge found aggravating factor five, a substantial likelihood that defendants were involved in organized criminal activity, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-l(a)(5), applied to both defendants.
The court also found aggravating factors three, the risk defendant will commit another offense, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-l(a)(3), and nine, the need for deterrence, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-l(a)(9), applied to both defendants. Next, the court found aggravating factor six, the extent of the defendant’s prior criminal record, N.J.S.A. 2C:44- 1(a)(6), applied solely to Cromwell based upon his three prior indictable convictions. The court found no mitigating factors applied to either defendant.
After merging their convictions for possession while at an educational institution with their convictions for unlawful possession of a weapon, the court sentenced Grate and Cromwell to eight and nine years in prison, respectively. Having found that it was substantially likely defendants were involved in organized criminal activity, the court made both sentences subject to the mandatory five-year parole disqualifier under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(i). In accordance with his plea agreement, the court also sentenced Cromwell to a consecutive eighteen-month prison sentence with no parole eligibility on the certain-persons conviction.
C.
On appeal, defendants contended, among other things, that the jury charge with respect to the unlawful possession of a weapon at an educational institution was erroneous because it failed to instruct the jury that in order to convict defendants of that offense the State was required to prove that defendants knew they were at an educational institution. After consolidating their appeals, the Appellate Division rejected defendants’ arguments and affirmed their convictions and sentences in an unpublished opinion.
Cromwell filed a petition for certification with this Court, raising the mens rea argument. In response to the United States Supreme Court decision in
Alleyne,
which was released five days after he filed his initial petition, Cromwell filed a supplemental petition arguing that the mandatory minimum sentence imposed under
Separately, Grate filed a petition for certification asserting that his sentence was excessive, and joined in Cromwell’s
Alleyne
argument. Initially, we granted certification “limited to the issue of whether [Grate’s] sentence was excessive.”
State v. Grate,
216
N.J.
362,
We also granted motions by the Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (ACDL), the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and the Attorney General to appear' as amici curiae.
II.
A.
With respect to the mens rea requirement of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(1), both defendants and the ACDL contend the trial court improperly interpreted the statute to require the State to prove only that they knowingly possessed a weapon and not that they possessed the weapon while knowingly at an educational facility. Defendants rely on N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c)(l), which provides that “[w]hen the law defining an offense prescribes the kind of culpability that is sufficient for the commission of an offense, without distinguishing among the material elements thereof, such provision shall apply to all the material elements of the offense, unless a contrary purpose plainly appears.” Arguing that the locational element of this offense is material and that the statute fails to distinguish between its material elements, defendants maintain the State was required to prove that defendants knowingly possessed a weapon and that they did so while knowingly at an educational institution.
Defendants also rely on N.J.S.A. 2C:2- -2(c)(3), which imposes a “knowing” culpability requirement where a statute fails to specify a culpability requirement. Defendants therefore contend that the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that they were knowingly present at an educational facility, and that the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury regarding that burden constitutes plain error.
The State counters that the plain language of
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-5(e)(1) unambiguously provides a mens rea requirement to the element of possession only, and that the locational element merely describes the circumstances of the possession. The State analogizes this statute to
N.J.S.A.
2C:39~8(d), which states that “[ajny person who knowingly has in his possession any firearm which has been defaced ... is guilty of a crime of the fourth degree.” The State relies upon
State v. Smith,
197
N.J.
325, 332,
B.
Whether the culpability requirement of “knowingly” applies to the locational element of
N.J.S.A.
2C:39—5(e)(1) is a question of statutory interpretation. As such, we review the dispute de novo, unconstrained by deference to the decisions of the trial court or the appellate panel.
State v. Drury,
190
N.J.
197, 209,
we attempt to discern and implement the Legislature’s intent. Basie techniques of statutory interpretation first require us to look at a statute’s plain meaning, and, »[i]f the meaning of the text is olear and unambiguous on its face, [we] enforce that meaning.” If the language is ambiguous or “admits to more than one reasonable interpretation, we may look to sources outside the language to ascertain the Legislature’s intent.” Such extrinsic sources, in general, may include the statute’s purpose, to the extent that it is known, and the relevant legislative history,
[Ibid, (internal citations omitted).]
Furthermore, “[wjhen interpreting a penal statute, such as the one we consider here, if plain meaning and extrinsic sources are inadequate, we then ‘employ the canon of statutory construction that counsels courts to construe ambiguities in penal statutes in favor of defendant.’ ”
Id.
at 209-10,
With those principles in mind, we turn to the statutory language at issue here. N.J.S.A 2C:39-5(e)(l) states, in relevant part, that “[ajny person who knowingly has in his possession any firearm in or upon any part of the buildings or grounds of any school, college, university or other educational institution without the written authorization of the governing officer of the institution, is guilty of a crime of the third degree.”
The Code prescribes rules for the “[cjonstruction of statutes with respect to culpability requirements.” N.J.S.A 2C:2-2(c). N.J.S.A 2C:2-2(c)(3) addresses “statutes not stating [a] culpability requirement.” Because N.J.S.A 2C:39-5(e)(l) plainly sets forth a mens rea requirement for the first element of this offense, the Appellate Division correctly determined that N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c)(3) is inapplicable.
As set forth above, N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c)(l) applies to statutes that provide a culpability requirement as to one but not all elements of the offense. Specifically, N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c)(l) requires the statute to be interpreted to apply the stated culpability requirement as to every material element of the offense if the offense does not distinguish among them, and “unless a contrary purpose plainly appears.”
The State does not dispute that the
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-5(e)(l) locational element is “material.” The Code defines “[m]aterial element” as “an element that does not relate exclusively to the statute of limitations, jurisdiction, venue or to any other matter similarly unconnected with (1) the harm or evil[ ] ... sought to be prevented, or (2) the existence of a justification or excuse.”
N.J.S.A.
2C:l-14(i). Because
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-5(e)(l) criminalizes
The Appellate Division found N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c)(l) “does not apply because N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l) distinguishes ‘among the material elements’ of the offense.” However, careful review of the language of N.J.S.A 2C:39-5(e)(l) reveals no indication that the “possession” element is clearly distinguishable from the “location” element. Both elements are contained within the same clause, preceded by the adverb “knowingly.” We therefore reject the Appellate Division’s conclusion that N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c)(l) does not apply, and find N.J.S.A 2C:39-5(e)(l) does not distinguish between its material elements. As a result, to obtain a conviction under N.J.S.A 2C:39~5(e)(l) the State was required to prove defendants knowingly possessed a firearm while knowingly at an educational institution unless the statute plainly evidences a contrary purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c)(l).
We find no such contrary purpose is plainly indicated. The State, emphasizing the “essentially regulatory nature” of our gun control laws, urges us to consider
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-5(e)(l) in conjunction with other sections of Chapter 39 to find the Legislature intended a defendant to be strictly liable for the locational element of
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-5(e)(l). Although we have described sections 39-3 and 39-5 as containing “essentially regulatory offenses,” in
doing so we explained that “they prohibit possession of firearms and other weapons without regard to the individual’s intent or purpose in possessing them.”
Harmon, supra,
104
N.J.
at 197,
The State correctly notes that the offense at issue here is distinguishable from the offense of possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d), in that the State need not prove defendants’ intent or purpose in possessing the gun. However, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l), in conjunction with N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(c)(1), requires only that the State prove defendants knowingly possessed the weapon while knowingly at an educational institution. A person acts “knowingly with respect to the nature of his conduct or the attendant circumstances if he is aware that his conduct is of that nature, or that such circumstances exist, or he is aware of a high probability of their existence.” N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(b)(2). Accordingly, defendants’ intent or purpose in possessing the gun is not at issue here—only that defendants were aware of what they were doing and where they were doing it. The regulatory nature of the offense does not nullify N.J.S.A 2C:2-2(c)(l)’s rule of construction, nor does it alleviate the State of its burden to prove defendants acted with the requisite culpability as to each element of the offense.
The State also argues that our decision in
Smith, supra,
requires a finding that the Legislature did not intend the knowing culpability requirement to apply to the locational element of
N.J.SA
2C:39-5(e)(l). In
Smith,
we considered and rejected a defendant’s claim that
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-2(d), which prohibits any person from “knowingly halving] in his possession any firearm which has been defaced,” required the State to prove he knew the firearm had been defaced.
Smith, supra,
197
N.J.
at 326-27,
The State argues that here, as in Smith, the statute at issue places the term “knowingly” immediately before the phrase “has in his possession any firearm,” followed by the subordinate clause “in or upon any part of the buildings or grounds of any school, college, university or other educational institution.” However, the locational element of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l) is not contained in a subordinate clause. Rather, as set forth above, “in or upon any part” of an educational facility expresses a separate material element of the offense. Indeed, it is the locational element of N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l) that distinguishes ordinary possession, which need not be unlawful itself, from the wrongdoing sought to be addressed under the statute, namely the harm possession of a firearm presents at a setting like an educational facility. Thus, unlike the statute at issue in Smith, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(e)(l) does not criminalize the possession of a certain type of weapon, but rather the possession of a weapon at a particular place.
In any event, as discussed above, the Legislature clearly expressed an intent to apply the culpability requirement stated as to one element to each other material element.
N.J.S.A
2C:2-2(c)(1). “[Q]ur goal is to discern and implement the intent of the Legislature.”
Smith, supra,
197
N.J.
at 332,
Having determined that remand for resentencing is necessary, we next address defendants’ sentencing arguments.
III.
A.
Defendants, joined by the ACLU, contest the imposition of their mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(i). That statute requires the sentencing court to impose a period of parole ineligibility “if the court finds” a substantial likelihood that the defendant is involved in organized criminal activity.
Defendants and amici rely principally on
Alleyne, supra,
which provides that “any fact that increases the mandatory minimum sentence is an ‘element’ that must be submitted to the jury” to be found beyond a reasonable doubt. —
U.S.
at-, 133
S.Ct.
at 2156,
B.
We agree with defendants that
Alleyne
renders the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence under
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-5(i)
unconstitutional. Further, there is no dispute that
Alleyne,
which was decided during the pendency of defendants’ appeal, applies to defendants’ convictions.
See State v. Wessells,
209
N.J.
395, 412,
Given the clear statement of legislative intent in
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-5(i), we decline the State’s invitation to perform “judicial surgery.” We acknowledge that, “[i]n appropriate cases, a court has the power to engage in judicial surgery or the narrow construction of a statute to free it from constitutional doubt or defect.”
State v. Fortin,
198
N.J.
619, 630,
In
State v. Natale,
184
N.J.
458,
Here,
N.J.S.A.
2C:39-5(i) unambiguously requires the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence based on a judicial finding of fact. Requiring a jury rather than a judge to make such a finding would not merely be severing a constitutionally infirm portion of the sentencing statute, it would be rewriting its essential requirements. There is no ambiguity in the statute from which we can “assum[e] that the Legislature intended to act in a constitutional
Because judicial rehabilitation is not an option, we are compelled to vacate defendants’ sentences and remand for resentencing for the unlawful possession convictions, without consideration of the mandatory minimum sentence under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(i) and without the empaneling of a sentencing jury, as the State requests.
IV.
In addition to the Alleyne issue discussed above, Grate disputes the trial court’s assessment of the aggravating and mitigating factors in his conviction for unlawful possession of a handgun. Specifically, Grate contends there was insufficient evidence to support the court’s finding of aggravating factors three, the risk that he will reoffend, N.J.S.A 2C:44-l(a)(3); five, the substantial likelihood that he is involved in organized criminal activity, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-l(a)(5); and nine, the need for deterrence, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-l(a)(9).
It is well-established that appellate courts review the trial court’s “sentencing determination under a deferential standard of review.”
State v. Lawless,
214
N.J.
594, 606,
Here, there was ample evidence supporting the trial court’s findings. Grate’s presentence report shows that he had been charged with numerous indictable offenses on eight prior occasions. Those charges resulted in two downgraded convictions, the first for violent behavior and the second for simple assault. In connection with the current offense, the court’s finding that defendant was at a high risk to recidivate was sound. Further, as the court noted, “handguns on a college campus ... is a dangerous situation, and absolutely cannot be tolerated.” Accordingly, we find no basis to overturn the court’s findings with respect to aggravating factors three and nine.
We reiterate that a judicial finding of aggravating factor five cannot be the basis of a mandatory minimum sentence. The sentencing court may nevertheless consider this factor when deciding what sentence to impose within the statutory range.
See Natale, supra,
184
N.J.
at 472, 481-82,
Accordingly, with the exception of the mandatory minimum sentence imposed pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(i), we affirm Grate’s sentence.
Y.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Appellate Division affirming defendants’ convictions for unlawful possession of a weapon at an educational facility is reversed. We remand for a new trial on the charge of unlawful possession of a weapon at an educational facility, and for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
For reversal in part/qffirmance in part/remandment—Chief Justice RABNER and Justices LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-YTNA, SOLOMON and Judge CUFF (temporarily assigned)—7.
Opposed—None.
Notes
To the extent that Cromwell also challenges application of aggravating factor five,
N.J.S.A.
2C:44-1 (a)(5) (substantial likelihood that defendant is involved in organized criminal activity), we note that a sentencing court may consider this factor when deciding what sentence to impose within the statutory range.
Post
at 337,
Additionally, the State and amici raise numerous preemptoiy arguments with respect to the constitutional validity ol the discretionary parole disqualilier under
N.J.S.A.
2C:43-6(b) and certain applications of the Graves Act not applicable to this case. Because defendants were not sentenced under either of those provisions, we decline to address those arguments here.
See State v. Nero,
195
N.J.
397, 412 n. 5,