State v. Jackson

Oct 18, 1905

Reporters:: ,
Before:: Deemer

Deemer, J.

1« False pre» ’ tehses: m-Thе indictment charged defendant with having obtained from one Idarrah, by certain false and fraudulent representations, “ about 180 head of cattle on credit,” which were reasonably worth “ about $15,000,” * and for which he agreed tо pay “ about $15,000.” Although no attack was. made upon’ this indictment in the court below, it is manifestly defective. It nowhere charges or alleges the ownership of the cattle, which is required in this State, as well as in many other jurisdictions. Sеe cases cited in 8 Ency. Plead. & Prac., pages 877, 878.

2. Same. Moreover, the description of the cattle taken as “ about 180 head,” of the value of “ about $15,000 ” is not in our opinion sufficiently certain. “ Cattle ” is a generic term, and may embrace a number of animals and differ-j ent kinds of stock; and the qualifying word “ about ” leaves it distinctly uncertain as to the number of animals and the kind received by the defendant. The value and price of the animals is also uncertain. Redmond v. State, 35 Ohio St. 81. Again, the negation of the truth of the allеged representations was not in accord ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍with established principles of criminal pleading. McClain’s Crim. Law, section 702.

*546S. Appeal: harmless *545Had defendant been convicted, he could have raised these objections by motion in arrest оf judgment* and the trial court *546would have been compelled to discharge him‘; so that in any event no prejudice resulted to the State from ... , . .. ... _ any erroneous rulings winch may nave been made by the trial court during the course of thе trial. We might very well refuse to consider* the case further ; but, as the Attorney General has prosecuted the appeal in order that certain propositions of law may be considered and settled, we shall reviеw such rulings as, seem to be of importance.

II. There was a question regarding the good faith of the prosecutor in instituting and pressing these proceedings, and the trial court instructed as follows:

You are further instructed that it is imprоper to use the criminal laws of the State for the purpose of serving private ends; and in this connection you are advised that, in determining the guilt or innocence of the defendant, you are at liberty to consider whеther the prosecution is conducted for the purpose of vindicating the criminal laws of the State, or for the collection of a debt claimed to be due from the defendant to the prosecuting witness, Albert liarrаh.

motive of The State vigorously contends that this instruction was and is erroneous; and with this contention we are constrained to agree. The offense, if there was one, was against the State, and ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍not against any particular individual; and thе guilt or innocence oi one accused of crime is not to be determined from the motives or purposes of any of the witnesses for the State. Donohoe v. State, 59 Ark. 375 (27 S. W. Rep. 226); People v. Wieger, 100 Cal. 352 (34 Pac. Rep. 826); People v. Henssler, 48 Mich. 49 (11 N. W. Rep. 804); McClain’s Crim. Law, section 659 et seq.

Of course, the motive of the prosecuting witness, or of any other witnеss for that matter, may be shown for the purpose of testing his credibility, etc.; but the guilt or innocence of one accused of crime does not depend primarily upon *547•the motive of the prosecutor. It frequently haрpens that the prosecutor is not acting from the purest of motives. He may be smarting from the wrong done him, and have little thought of vindicating the majesty of the law. But this is not reason in itself for saying that the accused is innocent of the charge made against him. So that, even though the prosecutor in this case may have instituted the proceedings for the purpose of collecting a debt, the defendant may nevertheless have been guilty of the оffense charged against him; and he should not be allowed to shield himself behind any unworthy motives entertained by the prosecuting witness. It goes without saying that everything tending to show the interest, motive, and purpose of the prosecutor may be shown for the purpose -of affecting his credibility as a witness and testing the truth of his testimony; but the ultimate question of guilt or innocence should not be made to depend upon whether or not the prosecution was instituted for the purpose of collecting a debt. Except as stated, the motive of the prosecutor is immaterial. McQuade v. Collins, 93 Iowa, 22; State v. Donovan, 61 Iowa, 278. In the case last cited it is said: “ If defendant committed the crime of which he was charged, it was the duty of the jury to convict him, without regard to the motives which led to his prosecution.”

The trial court was undoubtedly led into giving the instruction complained of because of some language found in State v. Rivers, 58 Iowa, 102, and it must be confessed that there is warrant for suсh a charge in that opinion. .However, what was said in that case had reference primarily to the admissibility of certain testimony tending to show the motives of the prosecutor. As said in that opinion, such cases as this “ should be sifted to the bottom,” and nothing which ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍tends to ■show that the prosecutor was using the criminal law to enforce the collection of a debt should be kept from the consideration1 •of the jury. But this is quite a different proposition frоm the broad statement that the motive of the prosecutor is alone sufficient to justify an acquittal, or that it has a direct- bearing *548upon the guilt or innocence of the accused. In so far’ as the case is an authority for the proposition that such fact should be considered as bearing directly upon the guilt or innocence of the accused — that is to say, that it alone may be considered sufficient to justify an acquittal — it is overrulеd. What we now hold is that such matters are admissible in evidence, and proper to be considered in weighing the testimony of the prosecuting witness, and in determining as to whether or not he was in fact deceived as claimed, or is simply smarting from the effects of an improvident sale. The distinction between such a rule and the one given by the trial court in the instruction complained of is manifest. The instruction should not have been given.

6 Instruction-of °fá\stee pretenses. III. In another instruction the trial court said “ If you entertain any reasonable doubt as to whether or not Mr. Ilarrah knew of Mr. Jackson’s indebtedness before he delivere^ the possession of the cattle to Mr. Jackson, then you must acquit the defendant.” Assuming that the representations said to have been made by the defendant related to the amount of his indebtedness, as we must for the purposes of our present inquiry, this instruction was undoubtedly correct; for, if the prosecutor knew of the falsity of the alleged statements before he parted with the possession of his property, it is manifest that he was not defrauded thereby. We shall not undertake tq. revjew the evidence to see whether or not thе instruction was justified, as such appeals as this are not for that purpose, but to settle questions of law.

Other instructions are complained of, because they have no support in the evidence; arid becausе they applied the doctrine of reasonable doubt to specific detailed facts. These we shall not consider, for reasons already suggested, and for the further” reason that the detailed facts referrеd to were ultimate and essential facts necessary to be established to warrant a conviction. -

*549’ place of ’ delivery. *548IV. There was a question in the case as to where the *549cattle were delivered; that- is to say, whether in this State or in Nebraska, and the trial- court instructed “ that, unless the jury find beyond a reasonable’ doubt that defendant obtained complete control and absolute . . . possession of the cattle m question m Jasper county, Iowa, they must acquit him.” Other instructions of like import were given. Abstractly cоnsidered, these instructions were correct. State v. Anderson, 47 Iowa, 142.

8 Instruction* ’ character of pretenses. In another instruction the- court said: “ If you find that such alleged false representations were frivolous, and would not be calculated to deceive an ordinarily prudent man under like circumstances, then it- would not be such a pretense as the criminal law would notice, and in that event, if you so find, you should acquit the defendant.” This announced an incorrect proposition of law. It may be ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍that it was without prejudice to the State, for the reason that Harrah was a man of ordinary prudence, and that it was the equivalent of saying, jhát. Harrah must have been in fact deceived, and that, being a man of ordinary prudence and care, the representations did not deceive him if they were‘frivolous. But the instruction as an abstract proposition of law. is wrong, and cannot be sustained. State v. Fooks, 65 Iowa, 196; State v. Montgomery, 56 Iowa, 195.

An instruction asked by the State and reading as follows should have been given:

6 Knowledge ’ of false pretenses. If you find that the said Albert Harrah had heard that defendant was largely in debt before the defendant obtained the cattle from the said Harrah, and that thereafter, and for the purpose of obtaining said cattle fraudulent-ly, the defendant told the said Albert Harrap that he was not in debt, and that the said Albert Harrah believed the statement of said defendant at said time that the defendant was not in debt, and that said Albert Harrah believed said statements of said defendant at the time, and relied upon the same, and so relying upon them was induced to part with said cattle to the defendant, and that the said statement of said defendant *550that he was out of debt was false, and knоwn to him to be false at the time made, and was made by defendant with the intent and design to defraud the said Albert Harrah, then you are told that the fact that Albert Harrah had heard, prior to the time said statement was made by defendаnt that he was out of debt (if defendant made said statement), that said defendant was in debt, would not preclude a conviction in this case.

This was the converse of- the one given by the court to which we have already made reference, and in fairness to the State it should have been given. There seems to have been evidence to support it.

9- ^^HCE V. The State offered to prove statements made by the defendant as to what proрerty was included in certain mortgages made by him. The court sustained an objection to this testimony on the ground that it was not the best evidence. Manifestly ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍this ruling was wrong. The matter inquired about was defendant’s statements, and not the contеnts of the mortgages. Moreover, parol evidence is admissible to identify personal property covered or intended to be covered by a mortgage.

There _was also error in permitting defendant to prоve that by reason of the advance in the price of corn he did not make as much on the cattle purchased by him of Harrah as he had expected to, and that after receiving the cattle some of thеm died.

10’ vaiuDeEHCE: On examination in chief defendant placed a value on some of his property; and on cross-examinatidn he was asked as to what- he had paid for it but a short time before. The /trial court would not permit him to answer. This ruling was erroneous. The price at which property sold hut a short time before the time in controversy was some evidence as to- its value, and was a proper matter to be brought out on cross-examinatiоn.

*551u- dispose,,,, case?nminal *550Other matters need not be considered, as they have each been passed ‘upon many times by this court. As already *551indicated, there were some erroneous rulings made by the trial court, which would cause a reversal if this were a civil case; but, as it is a criminal one, we can do no m°re than announce the law, for the future guidance of trial courts.

The judgment must in any event stand affirmed.