79 Vt. 28 | Vt. | 1906
The respondent is informed against for attempting to break open the jail in which he was confined by-procuring to be delivered into his hands twelve steel hack saws, with an intent to- break open the jail therewith. The State’s evidence tended to show that in pursuance of an arrangement between the respondent and one Tracy, a former-inmate, Tracy attempted to get a bundle of hack saws to the respondent by throwing it to him as he sat behind the bars at an open window, and that the respondent reached through the bars and got the bundle into- his hands, but was ordered at that moment by the jailor to drop it, and did so. The Court charged in substance that if the respondent arranged for procuring the saws and got them- into his possession, with an intent to bréale open the jail for the purpose of escaping, he was guilty of the offence alleged. The respondent demurred to the information and excepted to the charge.
Bishop defines a criminal attempt to- be “an intent to do a particular criminal thing, with an act toward it falling short of the thing intended.” 2 C'r. Law § 728. The main difficulty in applying this definition lies in determining the relation which the act done must sustain to the completed offence. That relation is more fully indicated in the following definition given by Stephen: “An attempt to commit a crime is an act done with intent to- commit that crime, and forming part of a series of acts which would constitute its actual commission if it were not interrupted.” Dig. Cr. Law 33. All acts done in preparation are, in a sense, acts • done toward the accomplishment of the thing contemplated. But most authorities certainly hold, and many of them state specifically, that the act must be something more than mere preparation. Acts of preparation, however, may have such proximity to the place where the intended crime is to- be committed, and
Various rules have been formulated in elucidating this subject. Some acts toward the commission of the crime are too remote for the law to notice. The act need not be the one next preceding that needed to complete the crime. Preparations made at a distance from the place where the offence is to be committed are ordinarily too remote bo satisfy the requirement. 1 Bish. Cr. Law, §§ 759, 762 (4) 763. The preparation must be such as would be likely to end, if not extraneously interrupted, in the consummation of the crime intended. 3 A. & E. Ency. Law, 2 Ed. 266, n. 7. The act must be of such a character as to advance the conduct of the actor beyond the sphere of mere intent. It must reach far enough towards the accomplishment of the desired result to amount to the commencement of the consummation. Hicks v. Com., 86 Va. 223.
But after all that has been said, the application is difficult. One of the best known cases where acts of preparation were held insufficient is People v. Murray, 14 Cal. 159, which was an indictment for an attempt to contract an incestuous marriage. There the defendant had eloped with his niece with the avowed purpose of marrying her, and had taken measures to procure the attendance of a magistrate to perform the ceremony. In disposing of the case Judge Field said: “Between preparation for the attempt and the attempt itself, there is a wide difference. The preparation consists in devising or arranging the means or measures necessary for the commission of the offence; the attempt is the direct movement toward the commission after the preparations are made.”
The exact inquiry presented by the case before us is whether the procurement of the means of committing the offence is to be treated.as a preparation for the attempt, or as the attempt itself. In considering this question it must be remembered that there are some acts, preparatory in their character, which the law treats as substantive offences; for instance, the procuring of tools for the- purpose of counterfeiting, and of indecent prints with intent to- publish them. Comments upon cases of this character may lead to copfusion if not correctly apprehended. Wharton Cr. Law, § 180 and n. 1.
The case of Griffin v. The State, 26 Ga. 493, cited by the respondent, cannot be accepted as an authority in his favor. There the defendant was charged with attempting to break into a storehouse with intent to- steal, by procuring an impression of the key to the lock and preparing from- this impression a false key to» fit the lock. The section of the penal code upon which the indictment was based provides for the indictment of any one who “shall attempt to- commit an offence prohibited by law, and in such an attempt shall do any act toward the commission of such offence. * *” The Court considered that the General Assembly used the word “attempt” as synonymous with “intend” and that the object of the enactment was to punish “intents,” if demonstrated by an act. The Court cited Rex v. Sutton, 2 Str. 1074, as a strong authority in support of the indictment. There, the prisoner was con
The act in question here is the procuring by a prisoner of tools adapted to jail breaking. That act stands entirely unconnected with any further act looking to their use. It is true that the respondent procured them with the design of breaking jail. But he had not put that design into execution, and might never have done so. He had procured the means of making the attempt, but the attempt itself was still in abeyance. Its inauguration depended upon the choice of an occasion and a further resolve. That stage was never reached, and the procuring of the tools remained an isolated act. To constitute an attempt, a preparatory act of this nature must be connected with the accomplishment of the intended crime by something more than a general design.
Exceptions sustained, judgment and verdict set aside, demurrer sustained, information held insufficient and quashed, and respondent discharged.
