215 S.E.2d 40 | N.C. | 1975
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Fernando HUNT.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
*43 Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Asst. Atty. Gen. Rafford E. Jones, Raleigh, for the State.
James W. Smith, Henderson, for appellant.
BRANCH, Justice.
Defendant assigns as error the trial judge's denial of his motion to suppress the in-court identification testimony of the prosecuting witness, Betty Sue Ratts Wright. Upon defendant's motion to suppress, the trial judge excused the jury and conducted a voir dire examination which disclosed the following relevant facts:
The prosecutrix testified that she knew the defendant to be the man who assaulted her "from the identification of what I saw *44 that morning." She further testified that she originally looked at some pictures of suspects, including defendant, but was unable to identify anyone positively. She told them that she thought defendant was the man but could not be sure until she saw him in person.
On 9 January defendant was in a room with a probation officer, and the prosecutrix observed him through a one-way mirror. At that time he was sitting down, had his hair braided, was wearing a cap, and did not speak. Apparently, at this time defendant was unaware that he was being observed. The prosecutrix told the officer that she thought that defendant was the man but could not be sure unless she heard him speak and saw him under substantially the same lighting conditions as existed on the morning of the assault.
About a month later she saw defendant in a lineup with eight other people, and she described the differing conditions at this second observation:
". . . The difference in the first lineup as opposed to the second lineup is that in the second lineup, he looked almost like he does now. In the first one, he had on a toboggan hat pulled down and he had his hair braided, he was sitting, and there was another man in the room in front of him and I couldn't see him all the time. Plus, I was looking through a one-way mirror and he was a lot further away than he was at the second lineup.
"I don't remember whether I asked the Sheriff or detective to have him stand up or have all of them stand up at the first lineup, but I told them at that time that I could not make an identification unless I heard him talk and stand. . . ."
She testified that she had a chance to observe his face at intervals of a minute several times during the twenty minutes or so he was in her trailer on the morning of the incident. She further stated that there was sufficient light from street lights shining into the trailer to make an identification, particularly since, when she observed his face, he was within one foot of her.
Testimony of law enforcement officers indicated that defendant was fully informed of his rights as required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, and that he understandingly and voluntarily waived the presence of counsel at the lineup.
Bobby Hamm of the Vance County Sheriff's Department testified that at the second encounter each of the men was required to say three phrases: "This is your neighbor."; "Do you have any grease?"; and "Would you take me to Raleigh?". He then described Mrs. Wright's reaction during the second confrontation:
". . . Mrs. Wright was standing right beside me in front of each man as he made the statements, approximately two feet from them. She didn't change at the moment when he made the statements; she listened to the rest of them. He was the third man who made the statements. Her face became flushed, that was all. She identified the man as being the man who attacked her. I was present when he was warned of his constitutional rights and when he was advised if he could not afford an attorney one would be provided for him. He voluntarily stood in the lineup. . . ."
Defendant testified on voir dire that he had no recollection of being warned of his rights and that, after his initial refusal to stand in a lineup, the police told him that he had to do so. Recalled, prosecutrix stated that she was "not sure if I could identify him today if he was dressed differently."
At the conclusion of the voir dire hearing, Judge Martin made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
"THE COURT: The Court finds that Mrs. Wright, formerly Miss Ratts, spent a considerable period of time with her assailant up to at least twenty minutes; that she was with him under adequate artificial interior and exterior light in her trailer and, on several occasions was facing *45 her assailant their heads being approximately a foot apart, facing him directly and intimately; that in Court Mrs. Wright pointed to the defendant Hunt as the one who raped her in her home on the twenty-ninth day of December, 1973; that Mrs. Wright was positive as to her input identification of the defendant based on what she saw at the time that she was raped and on nothing more; that sometime thereafter, Mrs. Wright was showed photographs of a number of persons and was unable to recognize any photograph as being of the man who raped her; that thereafter, a lineup was conducted in the early part of January, at which time the defendant along with several others, was in the lineup and although she felt almost positive that the defendant was the person who raped her, she was unable to make a positive identification for the reason that she was some distance away looking through a glass and the defendant had on a hat and his hair was braided, and that on the day that she was raped, her assailant did not have on a hat, nor was his hair braided, but that it was an Afro hairdo on the twenty-ninth day of December, 1973. The Court further finds as a fact that on the twenty-eighth day of January, 1974, a lineup was conducted at the Sheriff's office, at which time some persons, all black, including the defendant, was placed in the lineup; that before the defendant was placed in the lineup, he was warned of his constitutional rights under the `Miranda' decision and was specifically warned that he had the right to have counsel present at the lineup and, if he was unable to do so, the Court would appoint counsel for him; that the defendant knowingly, intelligently, voluntarily and understandingly waived his right to counsel in the lineup and freely consented to participate in the lineup. And the Court finds as a fact that the defendant freely, voluntarily, understandingly, and intelligently waived his right to counsel at the out-of-court confrontation for identification by the prosecutrix. The Court further finds as a fact that the defendant was represented by counsel at the preliminary hearing, and that, at the preliminary hearing, Mrs. Wright identified the defendant as the person who assaulted her at her residence on the twenty-ninth day of December, 1973. The Court finds and determines that, from clear and convincing evidence, the in-court identification of the defendant Hunt is of independent origin based solely on what she saw at the time of the assault and rape and does not result from any out-of-court confrontation or from any photograph or from any lineup or any pretrial identification procedures suggestive and conducive to mistaken identification, and the defendant's motion to suppress the testimony as to identification is overruled.
EXCEPTION NO. 1"
Defendant argues that he was denied due process because of suggestive pretrial identification procedures. He points specifically to the fact that he was the only person who appeared in all the pretrial procedures and to the fact that he was exhibited to the prosecuting witness singly. In support of this contention, he relies strongly on Foster v. California, 394 U.S. 440, 89 S. Ct. 1127, 22 L. Ed. 2d 402 (1969).
In Foster defendant was charged with armed robbery, and the only eyewitness to the alleged crime failed to identify defendant at a lineup in which defendant was wearing a leather jacket similar to the one worn by the robber and in which defendant, who was six feet tall, was shown with two people who were about five feet six inches tall. Only a tentative identification resulted from a one-to-one confrontation which took place after the witness requested that he be allowed to speak to defendant. Positive identification occurred at a second lineup with five men in which defendant was the only person who had appeared at the first lineup. At trial the witness testified as to his identification of defendant at the *46 lineup and also made an in-court identification.
In a majority opinion by Justice Fortas, Justices Black, Harlan, White, and Stewart dissenting, the Court held the admission of the identification evidence to be error. The Court, in part, stated:
"The suggestive elements in this identification procedure made it all but inevitable that David would identify petitioner whether or not he was in fact `the man.' In effect, the police repeatedly said to the witness, `This is the man.' See Biggers v. Tennessee, 390 U.S. 404, 407, 88 S. Ct. 979, 980, 19 L. Ed. 2d 1267 (dissenting opinion). This procedure so undermined the reliability of the eyewitness identification as to violate due process."
The United States Supreme Court considered a similar question in the case of Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 93 S. Ct. 375, 34 L. Ed. 2d 401 (1972). There the defendant was charged with a rape which allegedly occurred on 22 January 1965. The State's evidence, in part, consisted of testimony by the prosecuting witness concerning a pretrial showup during which two detectives walked the defendant by the prosecuting witness, at which time defendant was directed to say "Shut up or I will kill you." This confrontation occurred on 17 August 1965. At trial, the prosecuting witness testified that she had "no doubt" about her identification. Finding that the testimony was properly allowed to go to the jury, the Court, inter alia, stated:
"We turn, then, to the central question, whether under the `totality of the circumstances' the identification was reliable even though the confrontation procedure was suggestive. As indicated by our cases, the factors to be considered in evaluating the likelihood of misidentification include the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness' degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness' prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.. . ." (Emphasis supplied.)
The factors to be considered in evaluating the likelihood of misidentification as enunciated in Neil were applied by this Court to the facts in State v. Henderson, 285 N.C. 1, 203 S.E.2d 10. The facts in the case sub judice, in Neil, and in Henderson exhibit striking similarities. In Henderson there was no lineup, but there was a showup conducted within twenty-four hours after the crime, at which time the rape victim identified the defendant as her assailant. She did not testify as to the showup at trial, but made a positive in-court identification of defendant as the man who raped her. Finding no error in the admission of the evidence, we stated:
"Since Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081, the general rule has been that evidence unconstitutionally obtained is excluded in both State and Federal Courts as essential to due processnot as a rule of evidence but as a matter of Constitutional law. State v. Rogers, 275 N.C. 411, 168 S.E.2d 345; State v. Colson, 274 N.C. 295, 163 S.E.2d 376. The test under the due process clause as to pretrial identification procedures is whether the totality of the circumstances reveals pretrial procedures so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification as to offend fundamental standards of decency, fairness and justice. Foster v. California, 394 U.S. 440, 89 S. Ct. 1127, 22 L. Ed. 2d 402; Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 87 S. Ct. 1967, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1199; Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 72 S. Ct. 205, 96 L. Ed. 183; State v. Haskins, 278 N.C. 52, 178 S.E.2d 610; State v. Austin, 276 N.C. 391, 172 S.E.2d 507; State v. Rogers, supra.
* * * * * *
"The practice of showing suspects singly to persons for purposes of identification has been widely condemned. Stovall v. Denno, supra; State v. Wright, supra *47 [274 N.C. 84, 161 S.E.2d 581]. However, whether such a confrontation violates due process depends on the totality of the surrounding circumstances. Stovall v. Denno, supra.
"We recognize that there are circumstances under which the single exhibition of a suspect may be proper. The landmark case of Stovall v. Denno, supra, held that the showing of a single suspect in a hospital room while he was handcuffed to police officers did not violate due process because the possibility of the impending death of the witness required an immediate confrontation. Our Court has held that there was no violation of due process when there were `unrigged' courtroom and station house confrontations which amounted to single exhibitions of the accused. State v. Tuggle, 284 N.C. 515, 201 S.E.2d 884; State v. Bass, supra [280 N.C. 435, 186 S.E.2d 384]; State v. Haskins, supra; State v. Gatling, 275 N.C. 625, 170 S.E.2d 593. Similarly we have recognized that a confrontation which takes place when a suspect is apprehended immediately after the commission of the crime may be proper. State v. McNeil, supra [277 N.C. 162, 176 S.E.2d 732].
* * * * * *
"It is well established that the primary illegality of an out-of-court identification will render inadmissible the in-court identification unless it is first determined on voir dire that the in-court identification is of independent origin. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S. Ct. 407, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441; State v. Bass, supra; State v. Austin, supra; State v. Rogers, supra; State v. Wright, supra."
A superficial reading of Foster and Neil gives the initial impression that the Court's holding in Neil sub silentio, reversed Foster. See Shapiro, Searches, Seizures and Lineups, 20 New York Law Forum 217. However, the cases are readily distinguishable in that in Foster the Court did not consider whether the in-court identification was of independent origin. In Neil, on the other hand, the central question was "whether under the totality of the circumstances the identification was reliable even though the confrontation procedure was suggestive." We think that the last stated query is the central and decisive question in the assignment of error before us. At the threshold of this question, we concede that the one-to-one confrontation and the showing of defendant in all of the pretrial identification procedures were suggestive. We must therefore decide whether the totality of the circumstances discloses reliability of identification. The prosecuting witness had ample opportunity to observe her assailant. The record shows that she was with him for about twenty minutes, at times in close and intimate proximity at a place where the exterior lights made identification possible. She testified, "I got a good look at him when I turned the lights on. . . . The street lights were shining in the room and I could see his face; how tall he was and what size man he was. At the time I observed his face, he was within a foot." Further, her description of his facial characteristics permitted a police specialist to prepare an adequate composite picture of defendant. Her attention to detail was further denoted by the fact she was able to describe differences in the hair and beard of defendant as she viewed him at the showup, lineup, and trial as compared to his appearance on the day that she was attacked.
Certainly the period which elapsed between the day of the attack and the positive identification did not constitute such passage of time as would be conducive to misidentification. Compare Neil v. Biggers, supra, where the crime occurred on 22 January 1965, and identification was not finally made until 17 August 1965.
The level of certainty demonstrated by the witness might be questioned because she did not positively identify defendant from photographs. She explained her failure to positively identify defendant from the photographs with these statements: "I *48 wouldn't identify anybody from a picture in anything as serious as this. I told them I thought this was the man but I could not be sure until I saw him in person." The prosecuting witness also failed to identify defendant when she observed him through a one-way mirror as he was sitting in a room in the sheriff's office. In this connection, she said:
". . . I didn't hear him talk. He had his hair braided. He had a cap on. I told him I thought that was the man, but I could not be sure unless I heard him talk, unless I saw him in the same light that I saw him that night. . . ."
The prosecuting witness's failure to make a positive identification from photographs or from the showup appears more strongly to evince a commendable resolution to avoid misidentification than to disclose uncertainty of identification.
The trial judge's findings at the conclusion of the voir dire as to the admissibility of the identification testimony were supported by clear, competent, and convincing evidence. These findings are, therefore, conclusive and binding on this Court. State v. Tuggle, 284 N.C. 515, 201 S.E.2d 884; State v. McVay, 277 N.C. 410, 177 S.E.2d 874; State v. Blackwell, 276 N.C. 714, 174 S.E.2d 534, cert. denied, 400 U.S. 946, 91 S. Ct. 253, 27 L. Ed. 2d 252. These findings, in turn, support the trial judge's conclusion of law that the "in-court identification of the defendant Hunt is of independent origin based solely on what she saw at the time of the assault and rape and does not result from any out-of-court confrontation or from any photograph or from any lineup or from any pretrial identification procedures suggestive and conducive to mistaken identification." State v. McVay, supra.
We hold that the trial judge correctly overruled defendant's motion to suppress the identification testimony.
Defendant next assigns as error the denial of his motion for mistrial based upon improper cross-examination of a defense witness. During the cross-examination of Richard Vaughan, who testified to defendant's good character and reputation, the following exchange occurred between the witness and the assistant solicitor:
"MR. ALLEN: Q. Mr. Vaughan, you say you have known him for a long time?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Do you know of his police record?
THE WITNESS: Beg your pardon?
Q. Do you know of his police record?
A. No, I don't know about that.
Q. Do you know that he has served time in the penitentiary?
MR. SMITH: Object, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Overruled.
A. No, I didn't know that.
Q. You know he is now on probation
MR. SMITH: Object, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Overruled.
Q. for possession of marijuana and assault?
A. I did not know that.
Q. And if you had know [sic] this, you wouldn't have given him the good character and reputation you did, would you?
THE WITNESS: Say that again, please.
Q. If you had known he had served time for burning property and knew that he was now on probation for possession of marijuana and assault, you would not have given him the good reputation that you just gave him, would you?
A. If I had know [sic] that, I couldn't have said that."
The Court shortly thereafter adjourned for the day. The following morning, upon the convening of Court, defendant's counsel moved for mistrial. Judge Martin denied the motion but withdrew the challenged testimony from the consideration of the jury under the following instructions:
*49 "THE COURT: Members of the jury, the witness, Richard Vaughan, the last witness who testified for the defendant, and testified as to the general character and reputation of the defendant, was asked a number of questions on cross examination by the Solicitor. The first question asked on cross examination was: Mr. Vaughan, you say you have known him for a long time. Answer: Yes, sir. Members of the jury, there were a number of other questions asked by the Solicitor of the witness, Richard Vaughan, two of those questions under objection by defendant's counsel, and the Court overruled the objection. I now reverse my ruling and sustain the objection, not only to those two questions, but I instruct you that you will not consider for any purpose the other questions propounded by the Solicitor. The Court instructs you that you will disregard each of those questions propounded by the Solicitor of the witness, Mr. Vaughan, and erase the matter from your minds. You will disabuse your minds of those questions on cross examination by the Solicitor of the witness, Richard Vaughan.
"Members of the jury, questions are not evidence. Questions by counsel or by the Solicitor are not evidence, they are simply questions. Evidence is the sworn testimony that comes from the lips of the witnesses on the stand."
It is a well-established rule in this jurisdiction that a character witness may not be asked on cross-examination whether he has heard of particular acts of misconduct by defendant. State v. Green, 238 N.C. 257, 77 S.E.2d 614; State v. Robinson, 226 N.C. 95, 36 S.E.2d 655; State v. Shinn, 209 N.C. 22, 182 S.E. 721; State v. Canup, 180 N.C. 739, 105 S.E. 322. Nor may such a witness be asked whether he would consider one to have good character who was guilty of such misconduct. See Woodie v. North Wilkesboro, 159 N.C. 353, 74 S.E. 924.
Thus, this assignment of error is resolved to the question of whether the withdrawal of this evidence from the jury under proper instructions cured the original error. Normally, where evidence is erroneously admitted but later withdrawn, under instructions by the Court that the jury should disregard such testimony, the error in admission is considered harmless. State v. Crowder, 285 N.C. 42, 203 S.E.2d 38; State v. Perry, 276 N.C. 339, 172 S.E.2d 541; State v. Welch, 266 N.C. 291, 145 S.E.2d 902. See generally 1 D. Stansbury, North Carolina Evidence § 28 (Brandis Rev.). Justice Seawell, writing for this Court in State v. Strickland, 229 N.C. 201, 49 S.E.2d 469, well stated the test to be applied in such a situation:
"In appraising the effect of incompetent evidence once admitted and afterwards withdrawn, the Court will look to the nature of the evidence and its probable influence upon the minds of the jury in reaching a verdict. In some instances because of the serious character and gravity of the incompetent evidence and the obvious difficulty in erasing it from the mind, the court has held to the opinion that a subsequent withdrawal did not cure the error. But in other cases the trial courts have freely exercised the privilege, which is not only a matter of custom but almost a matter of necessity in the supervision of a lengthy trial. Ordinarily where the evidence is withdrawn no error is committed. [Citations omitted.]"
Whether instructions can cure the prejudicial effect of such statements must depend in large measure upon the nature of the evidence and the particular circumstances of the individual case. State v. Aldridge, 254 N.C. 297, 118 S.E.2d 766.
State v. Choate, 228 N.C. 491, 46 S.E.2d 476, provides particular guidance in instant case. In Choate, the defendant was charged with abortion and murder. Testifying in his own behalf, he denied that he had given the deceased any abortion-inducing medication. On cross-examination the solicitor questioned the defendant in detail *50 about alleged abortions performed on three named women. Defendant replied that he had no knowledge or recollection of having treated any of the women. Subsequently, the State called two of the named women and the mother of the deceased third woman and elicited testimony, over the defendant's objection, that defendant had indeed treated these women. No testimony was elicited as to the precise nature of the treatment. The trial judge limited the testimony to impeachment purposes only. Court was adjourned for the day. Upon the convening of Court on the following morning, the judge ordered the testimony stricken and carefully and fully instructed the jurors that they were not to consider such testimony in reaching their verdict. Defendant was convicted of criminal abortion.
On appeal, this Court reversed on the ground that the rebuttal testimony with regard to treatment of the three named women was so prejudicial to the defendant that no instruction could cure the error. The Court stated:
". . . It is apparent that the trial judge, when he reached the conclusion that the evidence was inadmissible, did all that he could do to remove the harmful effect of it. But it had been with the jury over night, and must have found lodgment in their minds. And evidence tending to show that defendant committed other like offenses is calculated to prejudice the defendant in the minds of the jurors, and was not subject to correction. [Citation omitted.] Conviction of a defendant under such circumstances ought to to stand."
To similar effect, see State v. Gavin, 232 N.C. 323, 59 S.E.2d 823; State v. Broom, 222 N.C. 324, 22 S.E.2d 926.
A more recent case reversing a conviction upon similar reasoning is State v. Aycoth, 270 N.C. 270, 154 S.E.2d 59. In Aycoth, during the cross-examination of an officer who was a State's witness, counsel for one of the defendants asked whether the witness knew, of his own knowledge, who owned the automobile in the possession of defendants at the time of their arrest for the crime for which they were on trial. The witness replied that Aycoth had said that the car was his at an earlier time "when we arrested him on another charge in his yard. His wife asked me to go search the car and see if I could find some articles that was [sic] left in the car setting [sic] in the yard when he was indicted for murder." The Court allowed the motion to strike this unresponsive answer and instructed the jury to disregard such statements relating to the earlier arrest and indictment. Aycoth's motion for mistrial was, however, denied.
On appeal, this Court, quoting and relying upon the above-quoted statement from State v. Strickland, supra, held that the prejudicial effect of defendant's statements could not have been erased by the Court's instruction to disregard such testimony.
Both counsel and defendant in a criminal case are always faced with a difficult task in deciding whether the accused should testify and be subjected to cross-examination. Here defendant did not testify. If defendant had a previous criminal record, that fact, in all probability, strongly influenced his decision to forego his right to testify. The effect of the prosecutor's questions was to inform the jury that defendant had previously been convicted of other separate and distinct criminal offenses, including assault. The motion for mistrial was not made until the next day, and after denying the motion, the able trial judge, who had presided with learning and fairness throughout the trial, immediately sought to remove from the minds of the jurors the harmful effect of the incompetent evidence. However, it must be noted that the instructions then given were not specific as to the content of the challenged questions, and by this time the evidence must have found secure lodgment in the minds of the jurors. The questions posed by the prosecutor were loaded with prejudice, and we are of the opinion that under *51 the circumstances of this capital case, the harmful effect of the evidence could not have been removed by the Court's instruction. For this reason defendant is entitled to a new trial.
We do not deem it necessary to consider the remaining assignments of error since in all probability they will not recur at the next trial.
New trial.
COPELAND, J., dissents.