Appellant, Steven L. Hughes, was convicted of first degree robbery by means of a dangerous and deadly weapon, § 560.135, RSMo Supp.1975, and felony car tampering, § 560.175, RSMo 1969. He was sentenced to consecutive terms of thirty years’ imprisonment for the robbery and five years’ imprisonment on the tampering offense. Appellant seeks reversal of his convictions, alleging that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence statements made by appellant to police investigating the robbery, in admitting into evidence a gun allegedly used in the robbery, and in admitting in evidence testimony concerning appellant’s escape from custody pending trial. The case was transferred from the Court of Appeals, Southern District, after opinion, and we decide it as though on original appeal. Mo. Const, art. Y, § 3. We affirm.
On December 28, 1976, at approximately 7:00 p. m., a white pickup truck with a red top was “hot-wired” and stolen from the parking lot of Battlefield Mall in Springfield, Missouri. Approximately one half hour later two men in a red and white pickup stopped in front of an Apeo service station located on the Skaggs shopping center parking lot on South Glenstone Avenue in Springfield. The man on the passenger side of the truck entered the station, displayed a short barrelled, rusted, .22 caliber revolver, and robbed the lone attendant Barry Bertram of approximately two hundred and twenty dollars. The two men then drove across the parking lot, abandoned the pickup, and joined a third man who drove them to Joplin, Missouri.
On January 13, 1977, Officers Wells and Phillips of the Joplin Police Department arrested Charles Bruce Miller, Jr., at his apartment in Joplin in connection with multiple robberies in the Joplin area. The officers found a .22 caliber revolver in Miller’s apartment and collected it as evidence in a Joplin robbery. As a result of information obtained from Miller concerning the gun and the Joplin robberies, the same officers arrested appellant early the next morning at his home in Joplin for investigation of illegal sale of a firearm. Officers Wells and Phillips later arrested Donald Trimble in connection with the investigation of the Joplin robberies.
On January 14, 1977, Officers Wells and Phillips questioned appellant concerning offenses in the Joplin area. The officers also questioned Miller and Trimble individually and then together with appellant. From the interviews, the officers gathered information implicating the three in the Springfield Apeo station robbery. Three days later, Officers Hobson and Brinkman of the Springfield Police Department interviewed the appellant in Joplin concerning the Springfield service station robbery. On both occasions, the officers advised appellant of his Miranda rights and obtained appellant’s signature on forms which indicated that he understood his rights and that he waived his right to remain silent and his right to counsel. On both occasions appellant made a statement detailing his role in the Springfield robbery. In addition, appellant implicated himself in a number of Joplin crimes to the Joplin officers.
In subsequent proceedings, appellant was charged with burglary and stealing arising out of the incidents in the Joplin area. Appellant pleaded guilty to those charges and was sentenced to two years in the Missouri Department of Corrections. On June 24, 1977, he was transferred to the Greene County Jail in Springfield to await trial for the Apeo station robbery. In the early morning on August 30, 1977, appellant escaped from jail with two other prisoners but was recaptured within twenty minutes of his escape.
On September 16, 1977, appellant filed a pre-trial motion to suppress evidence of statements made to the Springfield Officers Hobson and Brinkman on the ground that the statements were made involuntarily and *725 were made in reliance upon a promise of leniency made by Officer Phillips in an interview with appellant the afternoon of his arrest. The court overruled the motion after a pre-trial hearing into the voluntariness of the statements. On December 6, 1977, the day before trial, appellant filed a written motion to suppress evidence of statements made to Joplin Police Officers Wells and Phillips, alleging that they were made in reliance upon Officer Phillip’s promise of leniency. On December 6, 1977, appellant filed a written motion in limine to prevent the state from referring to or producing a handgun and a mugshot of appellant in the presence of the jury until the state established the relevance, materiality and competence of those items out of the jury’s hearing. The trial court overruled both the motion to suppress and the motion in limine on the first' day of trial.
Barry Bertram testified at trial, and identified appellant as the person who demanded the money from him at gunpoint. He also identified the pickup truck from a photograph of the stolen pickup as the vehicle used in the robbery. He also testified that State’s Exhibit 4, the gun found in Miller’s apartment, looked exactly like the gun used in the robbery.
The Joplin and Springfield officers testified that appellant made statements on two separate occasions in which he admitted to driving the truck in the Apeo station robbery. 1 The officers testified that appellant stated that he, Trimble and Miller had stolen the pickup from a shopping center parking lot, he and Trimble committed the robbery, and that he and Trimble then met with Miller, who drove them back to Joplin. Officer Wells also testified that, when questioned about the .22 caliber revolver found in Miller’s apartment, appellant stated that he had sold the gun to Miller. Officer Phillips identified State’s Exhibit 4 as the gun taken from Miller’s apartment.
Deputy Sheriff Otis Hoppe testified that while he was working at the Greene County Jail on the morning of August 30, 1977, he observed three men running from the jail. He stated that he found a basement window loosened, and afterwards determined that appellant was one of three men who were missing from the jail. Deputy Hoppe also testified that appellant and one of the other escapees were brought back to the jail approximately twenty minutes later. Lieutenant Raymond Hargrove of the Springfield Police Department testified that he received a radio dispatch at 2:55 a. m. on August 30, 1977, about an escape of prisoners from the Greene County Jail, and that he apprehended appellant about six blocks from the jail shortly thereafter.
Appellant testified, and denied that he admitted to participation in the Apeo station robbery, or to the sale of the gun to Miller. He admitted his escape from the Greene County Jail, but explained that his motive for escaping was to see his month-old son. On direct examination, appellant denied that he had understood his rights at the time he was questioned by the Joplin and Springfield police officers; however, on cross-examination he stated several times that he had understood his rights at the time that the officers questioned him. Appellant also testified in the pre-trial hearing on the motion to suppress evidence of statements made to the Springfield officers that Officer Phillips had promised him that if he confessed to the Joplin burglary, Phillips would “do his best to prevent other charges being filed against me.” Appellant claims that he relied on that promise in his conversations with the Joplin officers and that he continued to rely on that promise when he was questioned by the Springfield officers.
On December 8, 1977, the jury found appellant guilty of first degree robbery and felony car tampering. On December 19, 1977, appellant’s motion for a new trial was considered and overruled and consecutive *726 sentences of 30 years’ imprisonment for first degree robbery and five years’ imprisonment for car tampering were imposed. On December 21, 1977, appellant filed a notice of appeal with the Circuit Court of Greene County. On July 20, 1979, the Court of Appeals, Southern District, filed a written opinion to affirm appellant’s conviction and on August 8, 1979, the court of appeals overruled appellant’s motion for rehearing or transfer to this Court. On appellant’s application, we ordered the case transferred to this Court on September 11, 1979.
Appellant alleges that it was error for the trial court to admit three types of evidence: (1) the testimony of the Joplin and Springfield police officers concerning statements which appellant made to them; (2) the handgun that was introduced into evidence; and (3) the testimony concerning appellant’s escape from the custody of the Greene County Jail while awaiting trial on the robbery and car tampering charges. We will consider each allegation of error separately.
I„
Appellant contends the trial court erred in failing to suppress evidence of his oral confessions. Appellant denies confessing involvement in the Springfield robbery and maintains that any statements made pertaining-to that incident were induced by a promise allegedly made by Officer Wells that if appellant cooperated, Wells “would make sure I got charged with only one charge and one charge, only.” Appellant claims he relied on the promise of leniency when he made statements concerning the robbery in Springfield to the Joplin and Springfield police officers. 2
The admissibility of a confession depends upon whether it was compelled within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Brady v. United States,
When a criminal defendant alleges that his inculpatory statements, made while he was held in custody, are not admissible because involuntarily made, the state must bear the burden of proving the voluntariness of the confessions.
Miranda v. Arizona,
*727
The determination of the voluntariness of a statement is made in the first instance by the trial court. The trial court must determine the credibility of witnesses, and where evidence is in conflict, make factual findings. On appeal, the question is “whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain the trial court’s finding that the statement was voluntarily given.”
Alewine,
The trial court heard evidence of statements made to police officers, and the court found that the statements were made voluntarily and were admissible into evidence. The jury was also instructed concerning the issue of voluntariness and told to disregard the confessions if they found the statements were made involuntarily.
See State
v.
Kurtz,
Appellant recites the conflicting testimony on whether the statements were induced by promises, and emphasizes alleged inconsistencies in the officers’ testimony as to when and to whom the confessions were made. Appellant suggests that the failure to make a written record of the confessions renders their existence questionable. The officers on the other hand, unequivocally testified that no promises were made, that appellant requested that his statements not be recorded, and that it was common practice to take oral statements. Officer Hob-son did take notes on a legal pad of the confession made to the Springfield officers which were later transcribed into the police record. We find that there was sufficient evidence in the record to support the trial court’s initial finding that appellant knowingly waived his rights and that appellant made the statements in question voluntarily and not in reliance on promises of leniency. We also find that the evidence was sufficient to support a jury finding that appellant made the statements freely and voluntarily.
II
Appellant also challenges the admissibility of the .22 caliber revolver found in
*728
Charles Miller’s apartment. Appellant contends the weapon lacked probative value because it was not positively identified and because there was no evidence directly connecting the gun to him. It is a general rule that weapons “not connected with the defendant or the crime are not admissible unless they possess some probative value.”
State v. Wynne,
[A] weapon or instrument found in the possession of accused or of his criminal associates which, although not identified as the one actually used, is similar in form and character thereto, or which, from the circumstances of the finding justifies an inference of the likelihood or possibility of its having been used, is admissible for the purpose of showing availability to accused of the means of committing the crime in the manner in which it is shown to have occurred
Id. at 23, quoting 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 712, p. 966 (Emphasis added.)
Appellant emphasizes that the gun was found over two weeks after the robbery and that it was not found in the possession of the appellant. He also argues that because Mr. Bertram did not testify that State’s Exhibit 4 was in fact the same revolver as that used in the robbery admission of the weapon was reversible error. Identification of a weapon allegedly used in the commission of a crime need not be wholly unqualified in order to make the instrument itself admissible.
State v. Kern,
Ill
Appellant contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of appellant’s escape from jail while awaiting trial. Appellant concedes that evidence of escape is generally admissible as bearing on appellant’s consciousness of guilt of the pending charges, and that this Court has held evidence of escape admissible even when the criminal defendant was being held on two or more distinct charges at the time of the escape. State
v. Collett,
In
State v. Tyler,
We are of the view that the cases wherein that rule has been applied have confused the admissibility of evidence with the weight to be given by a jury to the evidence adduced as to the circumstances of defendant’s confinement and escape when he is confined on two or more charges at the time. That is to say, except in those instances where the trial court, as with any other issue, should declare as a matter of law that the evidence is insufficient for a jury reasonably to find that defendant escaped or fled wholly or partially on account of the pendency of the charge on trial, the question of whether an escape shows a consciousness of guilt of the offense on trial is a jury question.
In
State v. Collett,
In Hudson, the defendant was charged with two separate robberies of the same person. Evidence of the defendant’s escape pending trial was introduced in a trial for one of the robberies, and the defendant appealed his conviction. In affirming the conviction, the court stated:
There is no question that the law of Missouri has been and is that flight and escape may be shown as bearing on the issue of guilt. [Citations omitted.] Evidence of escape, even though the defendant is confined on two or more separate charges, is admissible, the weight to be determined by the jury.
Id. at 3. 5
Appellant seeks to distinguish Tyler and the cases following Tyler from the instant case. He emphasizes that Tyler involved two charges that were pending at the time *730 of escape while in this case appellant was confined on burglary and stealing convictions for which he already had been sentenced to a certain term of confinement, a term which would not be affected by the outcome of the trial on the robbery and car tampering charges. Appellant contends that this circumstance renders the evidence of escape insufficient as a matter of law for the jury to find that he escaped on account of the pending charges. Appellant testified at trial that his escape was not motivated by consciousness of guilt of the robbery and car tampering offenses, but that the escape was motivated solely by the desire to see his month-old son.
We do not consider the instant case sufficiently distinct from
Tyler
to warrant a different result. Even if appellant escaped to avoid serving the sentences on the burglary and stealing convictions, this does not necessarily mean that appellant did not also escape to avoid conviction on the pending charges. This is not a case in which the evidence of escape is insufficient as a matter of law for a jury to find that appellant escaped “wholly or partially on account of the pendency of the charge on trial.”
Tyler,
For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the judgment of the trial court. The judgment is affirmed.
Notes
. This evidence is corroborated by the statements given by Trimble and Miller, but is inconsistent with the testimony of Barry Bertram, who firmly maintained that appellant was the gunman. The jury was properly instructed that it could find appellant guilty under each count if it believed that appellant “acted either alone or knowingly and with common purpose together with another.”
. Appellant relies on
State v. Hoopes,
. It may be noted that under MAI-Cr 5.40, no instruction in flight or counter-flight is permissible, but “[ejvidence of a defendant’s flight and any explanation or excuse therefor is admissible. In addition, counsel may draw the jury’s attention to the evidence and argue permissible inferences or lack of them to the jury.”
. This “exclusionary rule” was adopted in two early cases,
People v. McKeon,
One consequence of this rule would be to permit evidence of escape against a person charged with only one offense but to exclude such evidence against a person charged with multiple offenses. “Such procedure would reward the professional criminal and punish the neophyte.”
People v. Neiman,
. Courts in other jurisdictions have held evidence that the defendant escaped or attempted to escape from custody while awaiting trial on multiple charges is admissible in a trial on one of the charges.
Centeno v. State,
A fact situation similar to the case at bar is present in
People v. Keep,