State v. HigginsState v. Higgins
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- Before:
- Wollheim
Dеfendant appeals her conviction for assault in the fourth degree,
We review the facts in the light most favorable to the state. State v. Cervantes, 319 Or 121, 125, 873 P2d 316 (1994). Defendant and her husband had an argument during the day. Later, her husband left without telling defendant where he was going. Around midnight, the husband returned home and immediately went to bed. Smelling alcohol on her husband’s breath, defendаnt began questioning him about where he had gone that evening, but he refused to say anything. Defendant became angry and began yelling at her husband. At various points she shook, scratched, and slapped bim in an effort to get him to sрeak. Eventually, defendant pushed her husband out of bed.
The husband called 9-1-1 and requested police assistance. When Officer McGrath arrived, defendant admitted that she had “lost it” and that she had slapped her husband. McGrath noted four to six red scrape marks on the husband’s neck and arm. There was no bleeding, and the scrapes did not require medical attention. The husband told McGrath that an argument had occurred and that defendant had slаpped and “clawed” him. The officer then arrested defendant for assault in the fourth degree and harassment.
On appeal, defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence from which a jury could have cоncluded that defendant was guilty of assault in the fourth degree or of harassment. Defendant claims the trial court should have granted her motions for judgment of acquittal on both charges. The state argues that the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motions for judgment of acquittal because the state presented sufficient evidence of “physical injury” to support the assault in the fourth degree conviction, as well as sufficient evidence of “offensive physical contact” to support the harassment conviction.
In determining whether there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction, “the relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Williams, 313 Or 19, 24, 828 P2d 1006, cert den 506 US 858 (1992).
We address the assault charge first.
Whether the husband suffered an impairment of his physical condition is a matter of statutory construction. Accordingly, we follow the methodology established by PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 317 Or 606, 610-12, 859 P2d 1143 (1993). To determine the intent of the legislature, we look first to the text and context of the statute, then, if necessary, to its legislative history and other aids to statutory construction. Id. Words of common usage should be given their “plain, natural and ordinary meaning.” Id. at 611. In addition, dictionaries may be consulted to help ascertain the meaning of words within a statute. Steele v. Employment Department, 143 Or App 105, 112, 923 P2d 1252 (1996), aff‘d 328 Or 292, 974 P2d 207 (1999).
The legislature has defined physical injury to include “impairment of physical condition.”
The legislature’s intended meaning of impaired physical condition is further elucidated by examining the context of
After examining the text and context of
Examining the facts here, there is no evidence that the husband suffered an impairment of his physical condition. Although he experienced marks on his neck and arm as the result of defendant’s actions, there is no evidence of a diminished ability to use these body parts. The husband suffered no pain and required no medical attention. He was not even aware that defendant’s strikes left visible marks on his skin. We therefore hold that scratches and scrapes that go unnoticed by the victim, that are not accompanied by pain and that do not result in the reduction of one’s ability to use the body or a bodily organ for аny period of time, do not constitute an impairment of
This result is consistent with our prior opinions examining physical injury. In State v. Capwell, 52 Or App 43, 46, 627 P2d 905 (1981), an off-duty police officer was struck several times in the arms with a gas can and kicked at least once. However, we concluded that, since there was no bruising, swelling or other indication of injury to the victim, the victim did not suffer an impairment of physical condition. Id. We similarly concluded that there was no impairment of physical condition in State v. Rice, 48 Or App 115, 117-18, 616 P2d 538, rev den 289 Or 741 (1980). In Rice, the defendant struck thе rear windshield of a vehicle with a pickaxe, causing flying glass to strike the victim. The victim did not notice that she had a “slight cut” on her cheek until her daughter commented on it some time after the incident. The victim felt no pain and received no medical attention. The cut was not noticeable after two or three days and it left no scar. While noting that a scratch or scratches may, in some circumstances, constitute a physicаl injury, we concluded that in that instance, the cut was so slight as to not constitute an impairment of physical condition. The nature of the injury in Rice is similar to the one here. The husband did not notice the scrapes, felt no pain, did nоt seek medical attention and otherwise experienced no harm to the body or one of its organs. The conclusions of no impairment of physical condition are likewise similar here and in .Rice.
In contrast to the above cases, we have concluded that physical injury exists when there is an impairment of the body or one of its organs. In State v. Cetto, 66 Or App 337, 340, 674 P2d 66, rev den 296 Or 712 (1984), we noted that a child’s swollen, bloody lip and facial bruises resulting from slapping werе sufficient evidence to establish physical injury. Since there was conflicting evidence whether the child felt any substantial pain, id., the conviction for assault in the fourth degree apparently rested on the conclusion that these injuries constituted an impairment of physical condition. That result is consistent with our interpretation here. A swollen lip impairs the ordinary function of a body part, the mouth. Similar impairment was not established in the present case, Capwell or Rice. We have also concluded that physical injury exists as the result of the combination of pain, swelling, and bruising. State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. Salmon, 83 Or App 238, 241-42, 730 P2d 1285 (1986). In Salmon, the defendant threw a relish container, striking the victim in the face and causing redness and swelling in the eye area. Id. at 240. The victim said the blow hurt but did not describe the pain as lasting. However, the swelling near the eye continued for nearly two days and eventually bruised. The conclusion that the victim suffered physical injury is consistent with our interpretation of impairment of physical condition, because the swelling around the victim’s eye in Salmon reduced her ability to use a body part, her eye, in its ordinary fashion for several days. Unlike the injuries suffered by the victims in Cetto and Salmon, there is no evidence in this case that the scratches received by the husband reduced his ability to use his body.
Because we conclude that the husband did not suffer either substantial pain or an impairment of physical condition, a rational trier of fact could not have found all the essential elements of assault in the fourth degree beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal for assault in the fourth degree, and we accordingly reverse.
We turn to the harassment charge. A person who subjects another person to offensive physical contact with the intent of harassing or annoying the other person commits the crime of harassment.
Conviction for assault in the fourth degree reversed; otherwise affirmed.
Notes
Despite numerical sequencing that may suggest otherwise, assault in the third degree,