56 Conn. App. 384 | Conn. App. Ct. | 2000
The defendant, Anthony Hicks, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of sale of a narcotic substance in violation of General Statutes § 21a-277 (a).
The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. On the evening of December 12, 1995, the Connecticut state police statewide narcotics task force coordinated apian with the Bristol police department to purchase crack cocaine from the defendant. Detective Matthew Barnwell of the task force telephoned the defendant at a number listed in the defendant’s name. A male whose voice Barnwell did not recognize answered the telephone. Barnwell asked if he could purchase crack cocaine and was told, “No problem, come on by.” Barnwell drove to the defendant’s residence and wore a body wire so that officers assisting him could hear Barnwell.
Barnwell knocked on the door, and a Hispanic female let him into the apartment. Inside, Barnwell observed
I
The defendant claims that there was insufficient evidence to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he transferred and sold crack cocaine to the undercover detective in violation of § 21a-277 (a). We disagree.
The defendant acknowledges that he failed to preserve his claim of evidentiary insufficiency but, as an alternative to proper preservation, requests review under State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 567 A.2d 823 (1989).
General Statutes § 21a-240 (50) defines sale, insofar as it applies to illegal drug transactions, as “any form of delivery which includes barter, exchange or gift, or offer therefor, and each such transaction made by any person whether as principal, proprietor, agent, servant or employee. . . .’’The definition of sale is quite broad and intended to encompass a variety of situations. See State v. Avila, 166 Conn. 569, 580 n.1, 353 A.2d 776 (1974).
The defendant relies on State v. Mierez, 24 Conn. App. 543, 550-54, 590 A.2d 469, cert. denied, 219 Conn. 910, 593 A.2d 136 (1991), in which this court held that the evidence presented was insufficient to sustain a conviction because of the lack of evidence of a sale or transmission of narcotics by the defendant. In Mierez, the defendant was obseived by police performing what appeared to be narcotics transactions on a sidewalk curb. Id., 546. Two or three times, the defendant was observed approaching stopped cars and exchanging unidentifiable small items with the drivers. Id. Police apprehended the defendant and found a white powder later determined to be narcotics in his possession. Id., 546-47.
This court overturned the conviction, stating that “[t]he officers who engaged in the surveillance of the defendant’s activities described the items that they
Similarly, in State v. Arbelo, 37 Conn. App. 156, 655 A.2d 263 (1995), we overturned a conviction because of the absence of evidence of a drug sale. “The weakness in the state’s case here is that no state’s witness saw money pass from [the purported purchaser] to the defendant, nor did any state’s witness see any drugs pass from the defendant to [the purported purchaser]. Additionally, there is a paucity of circumstantial evidence supporting the state’s theory that the brief contact between the defendant and [the purported purchaser] resulted in a drug sale.” Id., 160; see State v. Davis, 38 Conn. App. 621, 625-29, 662 A.2d 812, cert. denied, 235 Conn. 919, 665 A.2d 907 (1995) (primary flaw in state’s case was that it offered no witnesses who actually saw drugs pass between alleged buyer and seller).
Significant differences exist between the facts in Mierez and its progeny and the present case. In Mierez, Arbelo and Davis, no witnesses existed who actually viewed the transmission of narcotics between one party and another. In contrast, not only did Barnwell witness the entire transaction, but he was the undercover buyer who actually purchased the narcotics. Barnwell viewed exactly what was being passed to him during the trans
We agree with the state that sufficient evidence exists •to support the defendant’s conviction. The jury reasonably could have found that the defendant’s motions to the female in the room combined with her response could constitute a nonverbal command to retrieve narcotics from the coffee table. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the female removed the drugs from the table and gave them to the defendant, who then gave them directly to the undercover detective in exchange for money. Barnwell testified that he had absolutely no doubt that it was the defendant who consummated the drug transaction. These facts and their supporting reasonable inferences constitute sufficient evidence that reasonably could lead a jury to conclude that the defendant sold the crack cocaine to Barnwell, thus meeting the requirements of § 2 la-277 (a).
II
The defendant contends that the state improperly commented on the credibility of witnesses and his failure to testify such that he was deprived of his fundamental right to a fair trial pursuant to the fifth and fourteenth amendments to the United States constitution and article first, § 8, of the constitution of Connecticut. We are not persuaded.
Before we address the defendant’s contentions, we note that these claims of prosecutorial misconduct were not preserved at trial. Accordingly, the defendant seeks review under State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239-40.
“[T]o deprive a defendant of his constitutional right to a fair trial . . . the prosecutor’s conduct must have
“In determining whether this claim of prosecutorial misconduct deprived the defendant of his due process right to a fair trial, we must first decide whether the prosecutor’s remarks were, in fact, improper, and, if so, whether they substantially prejudiced the defendant. State v. Provost, 49 Conn. App. 56, 64-65, 713 A.2d 879, cert. granted on other grounds, 247 Conn. 914, 722 A.2d 808 (1998); see also State v. Oehman, 212 Conn. 325, 336, 562 A.2d 493 (1989). In doing so, we have focused on several factors, [i]ncluded among those factors are the extent to which the misconduct was invited by defense conduct or argument; State v. Falcone, 191 Conn. 12, 23, 463 A.2d 558 (1983); the severity of the misconduct; see United States v. Modica, 663 F.2d 1173, 1181 (2d Cir. 1981) [cert. denied, 456 U.S. 989, 102 S. Ct. 2269, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1284 (1982)]; the frequency of the misconduct; State v. Couture, 194 Conn. 530, 562-63, 482 A.2d 300 (1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1192, 105 S. Ct. 967, 83 L. Ed. 2d 971 (1985); see State v. Doehrer, [200 Conn. 642, 654, 513 A.2d 58 (1986)]; State v. Palmer, [196 Conn. 157, 164, 491 A.2d 1075 (1985)]; the centrality of the misconduct to the critical issues in the case; Hawthorne v. United States, 476 A.2d 164, 172 (D.C. App. 1984); the strength of the curative measures adopted; United States v. Modica, supra, 1181; Harris v. United States, 402 F.2d 656, 657 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1968);
We do not scrutinize each individual comment in a vacuum, but rather, “we must review the comments complained of in the context of the entire trial.” State v. Robinson, 227 Conn. 711, 746, 631 A.2d 288 (1993). Accordingly, “the burden [falls] on the defendant to demonstrate that the remarks were so prejudicial that he was deprived of a fair trial and the entire proceedings were tainted.” Id.
A
We turn to the defendant’s argument that the prosecutor improperly commented on the credibility of Barn-well’s testimony. “The prosecutor may not express his own opinion, either directly or indirectly, as to the credibility of witnesses. . . . Nor may he express his opinion, directly or indirectly, as to the guilt of the defendant. . . . Such expressions of personal opinion are a form of unsworn and unchecked testimony. . . . These expressions of opinion are particularly difficult for the jury to ignore because of the special position held by the prosecutor. . . . The jury is aware that he has prepared and presented the case and consequently, may have access to matters not in evidence . . . which the jury may infer to have precipitated the personal opinions.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Williams, 204 Conn. 523, 541-44, 529 A.2d 653 (1987).
During closing argument to the jury, the prosecutor stated in relevant part: “Now, the case hinges on Detective Barnwell and your believing Detective Barnwell . . . and if you don’t believe him, if you thought that he wasn’t telling the truth, if you thought that he was lying, then you ought not to convict [the defendant],
Our review of the record leads us to conclude that the alleged misconduct did not rise to the level of substantial prejudice. No pattern or practice of misconduct existed with regard to the prosecutor’s statement of evidential credibility. Indeed, a prosecutor may properly comment on the credibility of a witness where, as here, “the comment reflects reasonable inferences from the evidence adduced at trial.” Jenkins v. Commissioner of Correction, 52 Conn. App. 385, 401, 726 A.2d 657, cert. denied, 249 Conn. 920, 733 A.2d 233 (1999). Finally, “[t]he mere use of phrases such as T submit,’ T find,’ or T believe’ does not constitute improper argument.” Id., 400. The prosecutor neither personally guaranteed the witness’ credibility nor implied that he had knowledge of the witness’ credibility outside the record.
B
We next turn to the defendant’s argument that the prosecutor made an improper reference that indirectly
The challenged remarks are: “Now, you also have to remember that if the defense concedes that this transaction took place and that it was cocaine and all of this
The prosecutor’s comments were not improper. The challenged remarks were “comment by the prosecutor on the overall quality of the defendant’s evidence [that did] not [call] specific attention to the failure of the accused to testify.” State v. Magnotti, 198 Conn. 209, 220, 502 A.2d 404 (1986). “The accused, by his failure to testify, cannot insulate himself from general comment on the weakness of his case, even though his failure so to testify may be perceived by the jury as having contributed to the general weakness about which comment is made.” Id. Also, the prosecutor’s statement that there was “not a scintilla of evidence that anyone else did it” may reasonably refer to the fact that the jury never heard any evidence offered by defense counsel, not the defendant himself, that contradicted the prosecutor’s evidence that pointed to the defendant as the individual who committed the crime. See State v. Marra, 222 Conn. 506, 535, 610 A.2d 1113 (1992). The prosecutor’s relatively general comments do not rise to the improper level of specific, repeated, rhetorical questions to which only the defendant could supply the answers. See State v. Correia, 33 Conn. App. 457, 467-68, 636 A.2d 860, cert. denied, 229 Conn. 911, 642 A.2d 1208, cert. denied, 513 U.S. 898, 115 S. Ct. 253, 130 L. Ed. 2d 174 (1994); State v. Allen, 9 Conn. App. 169, 178-81, 517 A.2d 1043 (1986), rev’d on other grounds, 205 Conn. 370, 533 A.2d 559 (1987).
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
General Statutes § 21a-277 provides in relevant part: “Penalty for illegal manufacture, distribution, sale, prescription, dispensing, (a) Any person who manufactures, distributes, sells, prescribes, dispenses, compounds, transports with the intent to sell or dispense, possesses with the intent to sell or dispense, offers, gives or administers to another person any controlled substance which is a hallucinogenic substance other than marijuana, or a narcotic substance, except, as authorized in this chapter, for a first offense, shall be imprisoned not more than fifteen years and may be fined not more than fifty thousand dollars or be both fined and imprisoned; and for a second offense shall be imprisoned not more than thirty years and may be fined not more than one hundred thousand dollars, or be both fined and imprisoned; and for each subsequent offense, shall be imprisoned not more than thirty years and may be fined not more than two hundred fifty thousand dollars, or be both fined and imprisoned. ...”
“In State v. Golding, [supra, 213 Conn. 239-40] . . . [our Supreme Court] stated that a defendant can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right; (3) the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial; and (4) if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . [The court] noted that [it] would remain free to dispose of the claim by focusing on whichever condition is most relevant in the particular circumstances.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Watlington, 216 Conn. 188, 192, 579 A.2d 490 (1990).
See footnote 2.
Moreover, it is important to note that as with other challenges made here, the defendant did not object and failed to ask for any curative instruction with regard to this issue. “The defendant, therefore, presumably did not regard those remarks . . . as seriously prejudicial at trial.” State v. Cox, 50 Conn. App. 175, 180, 718 A.2d 60 (1998), aff'd, 251 Conn. 54, 738 A.2d 652 (1999).