The state appeals pretrial orders in two consolidated cases that suppressed evidence that the police had obtained in a search of defendants’ home under a search warrаnt. The police discovered marijuana and marijuana-related items in the search, which led the state to charge defendants with a number of crimes. Defendants moved to suppress the evidence from the search. The trial court granted defendants’ motions, and the state appeals the resulting orders. See ORS 138.060(l)(c) (authorizes state to appeal pretrial orders suppressing evidence). For the reasons stаted below, we reverse and remand.
A magistrate issued a search warrant that authorized the police to search defendants’ home for evidence of marijuana-related crimes. The warrant was suрported by an affidavit from Sweet Home Police Officer Ogden. Ogden stated in his affidavit that he had received information from Officer McCubbins about a traffic stop involving defendant Yunke. The facts of the traffic stop, as related by McCubbins to Ogden, are as follows.
McCubbins was on patrol when he stopped Yunke for running a red light. McCubbins smelled the odor of marijuana emanating from Yunke’s car, and he asked Yunke for his medical-marijuanа card because he knew that Yunke had had one. Yunke handed McCubbins an expired medical-marijuana card and explained that the Oregon Department of Human Services had issued him a new card and had told him that he could use his expired card until he received his new one. Later in the stop, Yunke gave McCubbins permission to search his car, which led to the discovery of 11 ounces of marijuana, the bulk of which was storеd in three grocery bags. One of those bags contained four Ziplock baggies that each contained approximately one ounce of marijuana. The police also found a pistol and a knife in the car. McCubbins seized the marijuana and asked Yunke to bring a copy of
The affidavit went on to explain that the police had initiated a criminal investigation when, two days after the stop, Yunke had not submitted anything to thе police to substantiate his claim that he had applied to renew his medical-marijuana card. The police contacted the Oregon Department of Human Services and learned that, althоugh Yunke had had a medical-marijuana card that had allowed him to possess and grow limited amounts of marijuana, his card had expired and he had not applied to renew it. The police also were tоld that Yunke’s expired card had authorized him to grow marijuana at his home in Lebanon, Oregon.
The affidavit included statements by Ogden about his experience and knowledge of marijuana resulting from his work as a poliсe officer. He stated that “user amounts of marijuana are 1/8 ounce and less[;] [a]nything more than *** 1/8 ounce of marijuana [is] considered [a] dealer amount.” He also asserted that “individuals who sell and keep controlled substances, conceal controlled substances for future sales *** within buildings and vehicles under their control.”
A magistrate issued a warrant to search Yunke’s home. In the ensuing search of the home—where Yunke lived with his codefendant Heyne and their two children—the police found marijuana and marijuana-related items, which led the state to charge defendants with various crimes.
Defendants moved to suppress the evidence obtained in the search of their home on the ground that Ogden’s affidavit did not contain sufficient facts to establish probable cause to believe that marijuana-related evidence would be found there. Defendants argued that, to establish probable cause to search their home, a supporting affidavit had to contain facts sufficient to permit the magistrate to conclude that Yunke had possessed the marijuana found in his car and that marijuana or evidence of marijuana possession or delivery would likely be found in Yunke’s home. Defendants
Our task on review of the court’s suppression orders is to determine whether a neutral and detached magistrate could conclude, based on the facts and circumstances shown by Ogden’s affidavit, that there was probable cause to believe that a search of dеfendants’ home would reveal evidence of Yunke’s possession or delivery of marijuana. See State v. Castilleja,
We agree with defendants that, to establish probable cause in this case, the supporting affidavit had to contain sufficient facts to connect defendant’s home to the marijuana seized from Yunke, but we nonetheless conclude that Ogden’s affidavit did that. Ogden’s affidavit stated that Yunke was found with 11 ounces of marijuana in his car at a time whеn his medical-marijuana card had expired. Given that Yunke’s medical-marijuana card had expired, a magistrate could readily conclude that Yunke unlawfully possessed the marijuana seized from his car. See ORS 475.864 (making possession of marijuana unlawful). Further, given that Ogden had seized 11 ounces of marijuana from Yunke’s car, that some of the marijuana was packaged in baggies containing one-ounce amounts, and that Ogden had stаted that a quantity of marijuana greater than an eighth of an ounce was a dealer quantity, a reasonable magistrate could conclude that Yunke was dealing marijuana. See ORS 475.860 (making delivery of marijuana unlawful). Finally, the magistrate could conclude that evidence related to marijuana possession or delivery would likely be found at Yunke’s Lebanon
The Supreme Court upheld a search warrant under similar circumstances in State v. Goodman,
The Supreme Court rejected the challenge to the search warrant. The court quoted at length from the affidavit in support of the warrаnt, which discussed the need for those involved in growing marijuana outdoors to use a variety of tools and materials that were not found at the outdoor site and to conduct some marijuana-production and mаrijuana-processing activities indoors. Based on those facts, the court reasoned that the fact that the defendant lived at his home and was involved in the marijuana-growing operation connected his home to the operation:
“The first fact linking the garden and the residence is that defendant, whose connection to the garden was demonstrated in the affidavit, lived at the residence to be searchеd. That fact links the garden and the house; in other words, the facts in the affidavit connecting the garden to defendant and defendant to the house connect the garden to the house. By extension, defendant alsо provides a link between the house and items of physical evidence from the garden.”
Id. at 327. Further, the affidavit established that there was a high likelihood that evidence relating to the garden would be found in a seсure location, such as a residence, and,
Here, the facts in Ogden’s affidavit establish as great a likelihood that marijuana-related evidence would be found at defendants’ home as did the facts in Goodman establish that marijuana-related evidence would be fоund at the defendant’s home in that case. The affidavit linked Yunke to the marijuana in the car and linked him to his home, which, in light of the statement in Ogden’s affidavit that people who sell controlled substances conceal them in vehicles and buildings that they control, provided a basis to believe that evidence of marijuana possession or dealing would be found at Yunke’s home. The fact that Yunke’s Lebanon home also was identified as the place at which Yunke had been authorized under his expired medical-marijuana card to grow and keep marijuana further tied Yunke’s home to the marijuana found in Yunke’s car. Hence, a reasonable magistrate could conclude that it was likely that marijuana and marijuana-related items would be found at Yunke’s home. The trial court erred in concluding otherwise and in granting defendants’ suppression motiоns.
On appeal, part of orders suppressing evidence reversed; otherwise affirmed. Affirmed on cross-appeal.
Notes
Defendant Heyne cross-appeals and contends that the trial court errеd when it refused to suppress incriminating statements that she had made to the police when they executed the search warrant. That argument is premised on the assumption that the search was unlawful. Because we conclude that the search warrant was valid, defendant’s cross-appeal is unavailing.