122 N.C. 1047
N.C.
1898
Clark, J.:

The defendant was indicted for perjury committed in an action wherein one “Abram Hester was plaintiff and Thos. R. Robertson was defendant” and the record offered in evidence showed that “Abram Hester was plaintiff and Thomas Robertson was defendant.” The defendant prayed the court to charge that this was a fatal variance between allegation and proof, *1048 and that the jury must find the defendant not guilty. There was evidence of the identity of Thomas Robertson and Thos. R. Robertson, which indeed was not denied, nor indeed questioned in any other way than by the prayer for instruction. His Honor declined to give the prayer for instructions, but told the jury that it was their duty to determine the identity of the persons named, and if they entertained a reasonable doubt concerning the same, they should acquit.

The defendant has no ground of complaint. It does not appear that he was in any wise prejudiced and his exception is one of the “refinements” which the Act of 181L, now The Code, Sec. 1183, was enacted to root out of the law. In State v. Brown, 79 N. C., 642, the indictment charged that the perjury had been committed in a. case ‘ ‘between the State and the said Benjamin Brown,” while the proper title of the cause was “The State upon the relation of Maria Williams against Benjamin Brown.” This was held no material variance. In State v. Collins, 85 N. C., 511, the perjury was alleged to have been committed in an action between “the State as plaintiff and the said James N. Collins, as defendant.” The l’ecord introduced showed that the action was entitled “The State and Cornelia Burnett against James N. Collins.” The court held “the discrepancy immaterial and the exception untenable.” To the same effect is State v. Peters, 107 N. C., 876, In State v. Hare, 95 N. C., 682, it was held an immaterial variance that the perjury was charged to have been committed on the trial of “Willis Eain,” while the record was that it was on the trial of ‘ ‘Willie Fanes”. In State v. Davis, 69 N. C., 495, the false oath was alleged to have been made in an action “before Joseph Q. Pratt, a Justice of the Peace in and for said county,” *1049 instead of a “court of the Justice of the Peace for Township A of Chowan County,” as should have been done. This was held a mere “refinement” and cured by the Act of 1811 (now Code 1183.) In State v. Lane, 80 N. C., 407, the defendant was charged with forging an order addressed to “Dulks & Helker,” and signed “J. B. Runkins.” The proof was that the name of the drawee firm was “Helker & Duts,” and the name of the party forged was “J. B. Rankin.” The court held that there being “no uncertainty as to who were meant, this was not a substantia] and fatal variance.” In State v. Collins, 115 N. C., 716, the defendant was charged with forging the signature of “Major Vass.” The proof was that the order was signed “Mage Vase.” This court approved an instruction to the jury that if they found that the defendant was attempting to induce the belief that W. W. Vass had signed the order, and that he was commonly known as “Major Vass,” as charged in the bill, the spelling, “Mage Vase,” was not a fatal variance, and many similar cases are cited in that opinion. Among others, State v. Houser, 44 N. C., 410, in which the property was laid in “William Michaels” and the proof was that the true name was “William H. Michael,” and it was not a material variance — a case closely resembling this. Also 83 Ala., 79, where the name laid in an indictment was “George Rooks” and the proof was of “Geo. W. Rux,” and 97 Mo., 311, where the name in the indictment was “J. D. Hubba,” and the proof was “Joel D. Hubbard.”

On a trial for larceny where ownership was laid in “Elizabeth Williams,” and the proof was that “Betsy Williams” was the owner, the identity of these parties was properly left to the jury. State v. Godet, 29 N. C., 210, as likewise the identity of S. L. Williams and *1050 Samuel L. Williams, when one was named in the indictment and the other in the proof. State McMillan, 68 N. C., 440. To dike purport as to name of deceased, in a trial for murder (State v. Henderson, Id., 348.) Besides middle names and middle initials are immaterial and variances in that respect will not be considered, for the common law recognizes only one Christian name, 16 Am. and Eng. Enc., Law 114, and judicial notice will be taken of the ordinary abbreviations of Christian names. Ib.. 115, “Th.” was held equivalent to “Thomas,” in Ogden v. Gibbon, 5 N J. L., 518, 531.

The practical sense of the age demánds that guilt or innocence shall be determined upon proof and that immaterial variances and refinements and technicalities shall not avail defendants when they are not in truth prejudiced thereby. The legislative department has made this very plain in numerous enactments, notably in The Code, Sections 1183, 1189, 908 and in many other sections and in the comparatively recent statutes providing short forms of indictment for murder (Acts 1887, Ch., 58, State v. Arnold, 107 N. C., 861), perjury (Acts 1889' Ch., 83 ; State v. Gates, 107 N. C., 832), and the like. It is not astonishing that defendants who have no meritorious ground of exception should clutch at shadowy nothings, but our courts have faithfully followed the letter and spirit of the legislation which favors trials upon the merits. As far back as State v. Moses, 13 N. C., 452 (at p. 464), the elder Ruffin, speaking of the Act (now Code, Sec. 1183) which provides that “No judgment shall be arrested by reason of any informality or refinement,” says: “This law was certainly designed to uphold the execution of public justice by freeing the courts from those fetters of form, technicality and refine *1051 ment (italics his) which do not concern the substance of the charge and the proof to support it. Many of the sages of the law had before called nice objections of this sort a disease of the law and a reproach to the bench, and lamented that they were bound down to strict and precise precedents. . . .We think the legislature meant to disallow the whole of them and only require the substance, that is a direct averment of those facts and circumstances which constitute the crime to be set forth. It is to be remarked that the Act directs the court to proceed to judgment without regard to two things — one the form, the other refinement.” This decision has been followed and cited time and again. In State v. Smith, 63 N. C., 234, the court says: ‘‘The Act of- 1811 (now Code, Sec. 1183) has the almost universal approval of the bench and bar. It needs no higher endorsement than that of the late Chief Justice Ruffin (State v. Moses, 13 N. C., 452). . . . The Act has received a very liberal construction and its efficacy has reached and healed numerous defects in the substance as well as in the form of indictments. . . . It is evident that the courts have looked with no favor on technical objections, and the legislature has been moving in the same direction. The current is all one way, sweeping off by degrees “informalities and “refinements” until indeed a plain, intelligible and explicit statement of the charge is all that is now required.”

“Ever since 1811 it has been the evident tendency,” says Ashe, J., in State v. Parker, 81 N. C., 531, “of our courts as well as our law makers to strip criminal actions of the many refinements and useless technicalities with which they have been fettered by the common law, the adherence to which often resulted in the *1052 obstruction of justice and the escape of malefactors from merited punishment.” To the same purport, State v. Kirkman, 104 N. C., 911, at p. 912; State v. Harris, 106 N. C., 682, at p. 689 ; State v. Haddock, 109 N. C., 873, at p. 875; State v. Shade, 115 N. C., 757; State v. Darden, 117 N. C., 697; State v. Neal, 120 N. C., 613.

No error.