State v. HertzogState v. Hertzog
Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General, Santa Fe, NM, John Woykovsky, Assistant Attorney General, Albuquerque, NM, for Appellee
Mark A. Keller Law Office, Terri Keller, Albuquerque, NM, for Appellant
HANISEE, Chief Judge.
{1} Nathanial Hertzog (Defendant) appeals his conviction for leaving the scene of an accident (great bodily harm or death) in the fourth degree, contrary to
BACKGROUND
{2} On the evening of September 12, 2015, Defendant and his girlfriend, Stephanie Frost (Victim), visited the home of their friends, Steve and Samantha Rogers. Over the course of the visit (approximately two and a half hours), Defendant had a “couple of beers,” and Victim had five or six shots of hard liquor. Defendant and Victim then left the Rogers’ home in seemingly good spirits with Defendant driving his Chevy Avalanche truck.
{3} During the drive an argument erupted between Defendant and Victim. Victim punched Defendant in the face and then jumped out of the moving truck near Lomas and Wyoming Boulevards. The truck was traveling at approximately forty miles per hour at the time. Defendant braked momentarily following the event, and although he was aware that Victim had jumped out of the truck, he did not stop at or near the scene to investigate Victim‘s condition, report the incident, provide identification, or render assistance. According to Defendant, he continued driving and turned around at the next intersection, but as he drove past the area where Victim had jumped out, he believed he saw her sitting up on the sidewalk with people around her. Instead of stopping, Defendant departed the area. Defendant then called Steve to ask that he pick up Victim, explaining that she “freaked out[,]” “started punching [Defendant],” “jumped out of the truck[,]” and “was [now] sitting up . . . on the curb.” Steve told Defendant, “Don‘t worry about it.” He and Samantha would pick Victim up and “give her a ride home.”
{4} When Steve and Samantha arrived at the scene about ten minutes after Defendant‘s call, there were multiple police officers at the scene, and there was a blanket over Victim. Based on witness testimony, it came to light that when Victim jumped out of Defendant‘s truck, she fell to the ground, and the truck‘s rear passenger tire ran over her head, crushing her skull and killing her instantly, after which her body rolled toward the curb in the far right lane. After the incident, Defendant told the investigating officer that he did not know that he had run over Victim and did not learn that Victim had died until the following day.
{5} In June 2016 Defendant was charged with knowingly leaving the scene of an accident resulting in great bodily harm or death, contrary to
{6} The medical examiner thereafter testified that he determined the cause of Victim‘s death was a blunt head injury, but he was unable to determine whether the manner of death was an accident, homicide, or suicide. An expert in accident reconstruction testified that it was unusual that Victim‘s body fell underneath Defendant‘s vehicle, but not unusual that Defendant may not have felt a noticeable vibration when his vehicle went over Victim‘s body considering he drove a 5,400 pound truck and there are asphalt and concrete cracks on Lomas Boulevard. The expert further testified that any driver may have attributed such vibration to normal driving conditions. However, the expert also admitted that it was more likely than not that an individual who jumps out of a moving vehicle would be injured, but that the extent of the injury would depend on how the individual lands. Following a three-day trial, the jury convicted Defendant of the lesser charge of leaving the scene of an accident resulting in great bodily harm or death, a fourth degree felony, and Defendant was sentenced to a term of incarceration of eighteen months, of which nine months were suspended, for a total incarceration term of nine months. Defendant appeals from his conviction.
DISCUSSION
I. The District Court Did Not Err in Its Instruction Regarding Leaving the Scene of an Accident
{7} Defendant‘s primary argument on appeal is that the given jury instruction for leaving the scene of an accident was improper because it failed to define what constitutes an “accident.” The parties stipulated that a conviction for leaving the scene of an accident requires, as a threshold matter, that Defendant knew he was involved in an accident. Defendant contends an accident is limited to circumstances in which a driver is aware that his or her vehicle collided with or struck another vehicle, person, stationary object, or animal, and that a definitional instruction was necessary to ensure that the jury understood such. Because we conclude that the term accident encompasses a circumstance where a passenger jumps from a moving vehicle, we disagree.
{8}
The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close thereto as possible, but shall then immediately return to and in every event shall remain at the scene of the accident until he has fulfilled the requirements of [
NMSA 1978,] Section 66-7-203 [(1978)] .1
(Emphasis added.) Defendant was convicted of violating Subsection (B) of
{9} Because there are no uniform jury instructions for the crimes that
- [D]efendant was the driver of a motor vehicle involved in an accident which resulted in the death of [Victim];
-
[D]efendant knew that there was an accident; - [D]efendant knowingly failed to stop his vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close as possible without obstructing traffic more than necessary, [and] knowingly failed to comply with the requirements of . . .
Section 66-7-203 [.]2
{10} Defendant‘s proposed instructions were materially the same except for the second element: instead of stating, “[D]efendant knew there was an accident[,]” the proposed instructions attempted to define what constituted the accident, stating, “[D]efendant knowingly collided with or otherwise injured another person/or [D]efendant knew that there was an accident that occurred involving his car and [Victim]” and “the accident resulted in great bodily harm or death to [Victim].” After lengthy discussion regarding the statute and the appropriate jury instruction, the district court declined to include Defendant‘s proposed language.
{11} Since the issue was preserved, we review the jury instructions for reversible error. See State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d 1134 (“The standard of review we apply to jury instructions depends on whether the issue has been preserved. If the error has been preserved we review the instructions for reversible error.“). Our inquiry seeks “to determine whether a reasonable juror would have been confused or misdirected by the jury instruction[,]” and whether the instruction “through omission or misstatement, fail[s] to provide the juror with an accurate rendition of the relevant law.” State v. Luna, 2018-NMCA-025, ¶ 19, __ P.3d __ (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “The propriety of jury instructions given . . . is a mixed question of law and fact[,]” which we review de novo. State v. Lucero, 2010-NMSC-011, ¶ 11, 147 N.M. 747, 228 P.3d 1167 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover, “[w]hen evidence at trial supports the giving of an instruction on a defendant‘s theory of the case, failure to so instruct is reversible error.” State v. Brown, 1996-NMSC-073, ¶ 34, 122 N.M. 724, 931 P.2d 69.
{12} The term “accident” is not defined within the definition section of the New Mexico Motor Vehicle Code, and our courts have yet to define the word; therefore, the question before us is one of first impression. See
{13} Defendant‘s challenge to the jury instruction requires us to interpret the phrase “involved in an accident” under
{14} To determine the appropriate construction, we first consider the ordinary and plain meaning of the term “accident.” See McWhorter, 2005-NMCA-133, ¶ 5. Black‘s Law Dictionary (Black‘s) defines “accident” as “[a]n unintended and unforeseen injurious occurrence; something that does not occur in the usual course of events or that could not be reasonably anticipated [and] any unwanted or harmful event occurring suddenly, as a collision, spill, fall, or the like, irrespective of cause or blame.” Black‘s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). However, Black‘s also defines “automobile accident” and “car accident” as “[a]n accident in which a motor vehicle collides with another vehicle or with a person, animal, or object, usu[ally] causing damage or injury.” Id. (emphasis added). Notably,
{15} Even if we assume for purposes of discussion that the term “accident” is susceptible to different interpretations, the statute‘s history and purpose require us to reject Defendant‘s interpretation. See Almanzar, 2014-NMSC-001, ¶ 15. Our hit and run statute,
The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person shall immediately stop such vehicle at the scene of such accident or as close thereto as possible but shall then forthwith return to and in every event shall remain at the scene of the accident until such driver has fulfilled the requirements of §10-104. Every such stop shall be made without obstructing traffic more than is necessary.
National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws & Ordinances (NCUTLO), Uniform Vehicle Code & Model Traffic Ordinance ch. 10, § 10-102(a), (2000), http://iamtraffic.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/UVC2000.pdf. An annotation to UVC Section 10-102 further explains that New Mexico, along with thirty-one other states, enacted the statute in verbatim or in substantial conformity with UVC § 10-102. Traffic Laws Annotated (TLA) § 10-102, at 30 (1979). Only Kentucky and Massachusetts modified the statutory language
{16} Our interpretation of “involved in an accident” also recognizes that the underlying policy objectives of our hit-and-run statutes are to prohibit drivers from evading criminal or civil liability, to ensure people receive necessary aid or medical attention, and to deter drivers from thwarting or impeding investigations and avoiding liability for the harm they cause by failing to stop or failing to comply with
{17} We also find persuasive the decisions of other courts in states with hit-and-run statutes nearly identical to New Mexico‘s. See TLA § 10-102 at 30. Courts in those states have rejected overly narrow constructions of the sort advanced by Defendant. In Rodgers, 909 P.2d at 446, the defendant‘s hit-and-run conviction was based on him leaving the scene when a passenger in his vehicle jumped out of his vehicle, which was traveling over fifty miles per hour, and suffered a fatal head injury from either her fall or from being run over by a second vehicle. The Arizona Court of Appeals held that the text of its hit-and-run statute “does not support the assertion that the statutory duties are triggered only by the occurrence of a collision” and concluded that “the defendant was ‘involved in an accident’ from the moment the victim leapt from [the defendant‘s] car.” Id. at 448; see Sheldon v. State, 100 S.W.3d 497, 501-02 (Tex. App. 2003) (rejecting the defendant‘s argument that he was not involved in an accident because the victim‘s death was not caused by a collision).
{18} Based on the plain meaning of the term, the history of
(“When this Court engages in the judicial construction of a statute it is explaining its understanding of what the statute has meant continuously since the date when it became law.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Accordingly, the district court did not err by refusing to give Defendant‘s proposed instruction, which purported to limit the definition of accident to collision. Rather than preventing the jury from being confused and misled, Defendant‘s proposed instruction would itself have confused and misled the jury.
II. The State Presented Sufficient Evidence to Support Defendant‘s Conviction
{19} Defendant further contends that his conviction for leaving the scene of an accident
{20} We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to determine “whether substantial evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v. Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 52, 345 P.3d 1056 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The reviewing court “view[s] the evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176. “Our appellate courts will not invade the jury‘s province as fact-finder by second-guessing the jury‘s decision concerning the credibility of witnesses, reweighing the evidence, or substituting its judgment for that of the jury.” State v. Gwynne, 2018-NMCA-033, ¶ 49, 417 P.3d 1157 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), cert. denied, __-NMCERT-___ (No. S-1-SC-36926, Apr. 10, 2018). “Jury instructions become the law of the case against which the sufficiency of the evidence is to be measured.” State v. Smith, 1986-NMCA-089, ¶ 7, 104 N.M. 729, 726 P.2d 883.
{21} Per its instructions, in order to convict Defendant of leaving the scene of an accident, the jury had to find that: (1) “[D]efendant was the driver of a motor vehicle involved in an accident which resulted in the death of [Victim]“; (2) “[D]efendant knew that there was an accident“; and (3) “[D]efendant knowingly failed to stop his vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close as possible without obstructing traffic more than necessary, [and] knowingly failed to comply with the requirements of . . .
{22} The testimonial evidence at trial conclusively established the only element challenged on appeal: whether Defendant knew his vehicle was involved in an accident. Indeed, Defendant admitted that he was aware that Victim jumped from his vehicle while it was traveling approximately forty miles per hour—an event that qualifies as an accident for purposes of New Mexico‘s hit-and-run statute. Because a reasonable juror could conclude that Defendant was “involved in an accident,” we must reject Defendant‘s claim that the evidence is not sufficient to support his conviction.
CONCLUSION
{23} For these reasons, we affirm Defendant‘s conviction.
{24} IT IS SO ORDERED.
J. MILES HANISEE, Chief Judge
WE CONCUR:
MEGAN P. DUFFY, Judge
ZACHARY A. IVES, Judge