State v. Herron
29 P. 819
Mont.
1892
Check Treatment
He "Witt, J.

It is not questioned but a loaded rifle is a deadly weapon. In this case a rifle was used. It was used with threats. The defendant said that he would blow Nelson’s head off. He thus threatened to do that which he could do only if the gun were loaded. The gun could be used, as threatened to be used, only when loadеd. Under these circumstances, on an information for an attempt, must the State prove that the gun was loaded, or is it a matter of defense tо show the fact (if it be a fact) that there was no load in the gun ? This was the proposition fairly before the District Court, and that upon which we will decidе the appeal. It seems to be a first impression in this jurisdiction. "Whether the instrument in question was a deadly weapon has been held to be a question of fact for the jury. (Doering v. State, 49 Ind. 56; 19 Am. Rep. 669.) Also, that it was a matter of law for the court. (State v. Rigg, 10 Nev. 284; Bishop on Criminal Law, § 335.) It has also been held that it is sometimes a mixed question of law and fact. (Bishop on Criminal Law, § 335, note 4.) But we way pass a decision of that point.

The District Court took the matter as a question of law, and we will only inquire whether it was correctly decided from that point of view. The authorities are not uniform. In State v. Napper, 6 Nev. 113, it was directly held, in a case of this nature, that the court should have directed a verdict for the defendant, for the reason that it was not proven that the pistol was loaded. This case cites State v. Swails, 8 Ind. 524; 65 Am. Dec. 772. But the latter was a very different case. There it seems to have appeared ‍​​‌‌‌​​​​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‍affirmatively that the gun was charged with only powder and a light cotton wad, and the court held, in the State’s appeal, that the following instruction was not error: “If you believe from the evidence that at the time the defendant fired the gun at said Lee, it was not charged with anything but powder and a light cotton wad, Swails being at the distance of forty feet from Lee at the time, and that at that distance the life of Lee was not at all endangered or put in *233jeopardy by the act of Swails in discharging the gun at him, in consequence of the manner in which it was loaded, the defendant cannot be convicted, although he may have thought that the gun was properly loaded with powder and ball, and although he may have intended to murder Lee.” This casе is also referred to in Wharton’s Criminal Law, section 1280, cited in the Nevada case above. The Nevada case also cites State v. Neal, 37 Me. 468. -But the Mainе case does not go to any such extent as does the Nevada case. The case of Fastbinder v. State, 42 Ohio St. 341, decided by a divided court, and cited by respondent, was decided largely upon the ground that the circumstances of the case did not show an intent to commit the offense chargеd.

It is said in State v. Shepard, 10 Iowa, 126: “Mr. Greenleaf (vol. 1, § 59) states that the presenting a ‍​​‌‌‌​​​​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‍gun or pistol at a person is an assault. But he adds that ‘ whether it be an assault to present a gun or pistol, not loaded, but doing it in a manner to terrify the person aimed at, is a point upon which learned judges have differed in opinion.’ It. is held to bе such in Regina v. St. George, 9 Car. & P. 483; State v. Smith, 2 Humph. 457. (And see Vaughan v. State, 3 Smedes & M. 553; State v. Benedict, 11 Vt. 236; 34 Am. Dec. 688. But on the contrary, see Blake v. Barnard, 9 Car. & P. 626; Regina v. Baker, 1 Car. & K. 254; Regina v. James, 1 Car. & K. 530, which last two cases, however, were under a statute.) Wharton’s Criminal Law,, page 545, says that it is not an assault, and cites only the above cаse of Regina v. James.” This opinion further holds: “After reviewing the question in its various lights, we are inclined to hold with those who regard it as an assault where the person aimed at does not know but that the gun is loaded, or has no reason to believe that it is not.” Simply pointing a pistol at one, or drawing a weapon, is not, in itself, an assault, if the person so acting says or does that which makes it clear that he has no intention to commit an assault. Such was the situatiоn in the oft-cited example of him who laid his hand on his sword and said: “If it were not assize time, I' would not take such language from you.” And also the instance of one remarking: “If it were not for your gray hairs, I would tear your heart out.” As remarked in Keefe v. State, *23419 Ark. 192: “ In these cases there was held to be no assault, becausе the words explained the act, and took away the idea of an intent to commit an assault.”- (See, also, Richels v. State, 1 Sneed, 606, and State v. Church, 63 N. C. 15.)

But in the case at bar defendаnt’s declarations of his intent to commit the assault are very plain. Nor does it matter that he put his threats ‍​​‌‌‌​​​​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‍in an alternative — that is, using the language, “ Turn аround, or I will blow your head off.” In the language of the Arkansas case, su/pra: “But where the weapon is drawn, and the threat to use it is merely conditional, it mаy nevertheless be an assault. As where the defendant, standing within a few feet of the prosecutor, presented a pistol at him, saying, ‘If you do not turn the Negro loose, I will shoot you,’ etc. (State v. Cherry, 11 Ired. 475.) So, where the defendant raised an ax, within striking distance of another, and said, ‘Give up the gun or I’ll split you down,’ and the person at the time did not give up the gun, but proposed some arrangement upon which the defendant let the ax down, it was held that he was guilty of аn assault. (State v. Morgan, 3 Ired. 186; 38 Am. Dec. 714.” See, also, Beach v. Hancock, 27 N. H. 223; 59 Am. Dec. 373, and Richels v. State, supra) Cases wherein it appears in evidence that the gun was not loaded are not in point. If the gun had been shown to be unloaded, that would have presented another question, upon which we are not now called upon to pass.

This case is a prosecution for an attempt^ The attempt is clear. The intent is expressly declared by defendant himself.* The ability is proven, that is, if the gun was loaded. Under these circumstances it has been held that the gun is presumed to be loaded (see Keefe v. State, Beach v. Hancock, and Richels v. State, supra), and that the fact that it was unloaded was a matter ‍​​‌‌‌​​​​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‍of defense. (See сases last cited, and Crow v. State, 41 Tex. 468.) We find the following in Bussell on Crimes (vol. 1, p. 1019): “It has been laid down by a very learned judge, notwithstanding a contrary opinion in an earliеr case, that if a person present a pistol, purporting to be a loaded pistol, so near as to produce dauger to life if thе pistol had gone off, it is an assault in point of law, although in fact the pistol be unloaded. The learned judge said: ‘My idea is that it is an assault to *235present a pistol at all, whether loaded or not. If you threw the powder out of the pan, or took the precussion cap off, and said tо the party, “ This is an empty pistol,” then that would be no assault, for there the party must see that it was not possible that he should be injured; but if a person рresents a pistol which has the appearance of being loaded, and puts the party into fear and alarm, that is what it is the object Of thе law to prevent.’ ” (Regina v. St. George, 9 Car. & P. 483. See, also, Wharton’s Criminal Law, § 1244, and State v. Church, supra.)

Although there is a division of views in the decided cases, we think that the better opinion is that, if a firearm is the alleged deadly weapon — a weapon the only ordinary use of which is by its being loaded — if it be pointed at the complainant in a threatening manner, if defendant make threats to shoot, if the circumstances are such as would exist if one were using a loaded gun — in short, that if all the elements of the offense be made out, as required by the criminal laws and procedure, except the direct, we may say visual, proof that the weapon is loaded — under these circumstances a direction to the jury to acquit is error; and the fact that the gun was unloaded (if such be the fact) is a matter of defense. Sueh viеw seems to be held by the weight of authority, and such is the only practical view in the enforcement of the statute in reference to assaults with dеadly weapons of this character.

It is therefore ordered that the judgment of the District ‍​​‌‌‌​​​​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‍Court be reversed, and the case remanded for a new trial.

Reversed.

Blake, C. J., and Harwood, J., concur.