21 Conn. App. 235 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1990
In the first case, the defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction, after a jury trial, of sale of narcotics by a person who is not drug-dependent, in violation of General Statutes § 21a-278 (b). In the second case, he appeals from the order revoking his probation and putting into effect a suspended sentence imposed for an earlier conviction.
In the first appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court erred (1) in unfairly marshalling the evidence against him in its jury instructions, (2) in refusing to charge that the information and arguments of counsel were not evidence, (3) in denying his motion to dismiss because of prearrest delay, and (4) in denying his motion for a mistrial following improper remarks made by the prosecutor during closing argument. Our resolution of the appeal of the narcotics conviction necessarily controls our disposition of the claim involving the probation revocation. We find no error.
The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. On or about June 12, 1986, the defendant sold cocaine to an undercover police officer attached to the Naugatuck Valley street crime unit. The unit was engaged in an undercover investigation of narcotics trafficking in the Naugatuck Valley. The unit’s work was part of a cooperative effort, ending in January, 1987, with the federal drug enforcement administration and the federal bureau of investigation.
Following the conclusion of the unit’s investigation, an arrest warrant was issued for the defendant on January 28,1987. The arrest, however, was not made until June 11,1987. During this period, the police made
I
In his first claim, the defendant argues that the trial court, in summarizing the facts during the jury instructions, marshalled the state’s evidence to the virtual exclusion of the defendant’s. This, he asserts, had the effect of a directed verdict for the state and violated his federal and state constitutional rights to a fair trial.
We have long recognized that a judge’s instructions to the jury may not concentrate solely on the state’s case and exclude evidence presented by the defendant, thereby sinking the defendant’s case completely out of view. State v. Gallman, 16 Conn. App. 433, 434-35,
The defendant was the only witness testifying on his behalf, and his testimony was limited to an assertion that while he could not remember specifically where he was on the night in question, he was not present when the alleged drug sale took place. Therefore, he claims, he could not have made the sale to the undercover officer. The law does not require “exact parity in the time spent on comments on both the prosecution and defense portions of a case”; State v. Cazimovski, 20 Conn. App. 190, 192-93, 565 A.2d 254 (1989); nor is it error for the court to comment on the claims of one party in more detail and at greater length than those of the opposition. State v. LaCasse, supra, 85. Whenever a court comments on the evidence, “ ‘ “the charge must to some extent uncover the weakness of a weak case, the difficulties of a difficult case, or the strength of a strong case.” . . .’” (Citations omitted.) Id.
Furthermore, it is rudimentary jurisprudence that the jury charge must be considered as a whole to see if the case was fairly presented to the jury. State v. Sinclair, 20 Conn. App. 586, 597, 569 A.2d 551 (1990). The jury was properly instructed on at least two occasions that its recollection of the evidence, and not the trial court’s, was controlling.
II
A
The defendant’s next claim of error arises from the court’s failure to instruct the jury that the information was not evidence but was merely the formal means of accusing the defendant of a crime.
We conclude that the cases relied upon by the state represent the better reasoned approach and we adopt the rule contained therein. The trial court clearly informed the jury that it was to base its verdict solely on the evidence and the court’s instruction on the law. A full and complete instruction on the presumption of innocence was given, and the court repeatedly told the jury that the state had the burden of proof on each and every element of the crime. In view of these detailed instructions, the jury was not misled into viewing the information as evidence of guilt. State v. Keffer, supra. The instruction sought is unquestionably a correct statement of the law,
B
The defendant also claims that the trial court erred in not giving his requested instruction to the effect that the final arguments of counsel were not evidence. The failure of the court to charge in the explicit language of the defendant’s request is not error if the point was fairly covered in the charge as given. State v. Colton, 174 Conn. 135, 141, 384 A.2d 343 (1977). The instruction as given here adequately addressed the defendant’s concerns.
Ill
The defendant claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss because of prearrest
The gist of the defendant’s claim of prejudice is that the delay impaired his ability to present a specific or concrete alibi defense. He argues that because a year had elapsed between the crime and his arrest, he could not remember where he was or with whom he was at the time of the crime. Thus, he claims, it was impossible for him to secure witnesses on his behalf who could recall the events of the evening in question. The defendant’s claim of prejudice is speculative at best. It is well established that vague assertions of dimmed memory and inability to locate possible witnesses are not enough to demonstrate actual prejudice. See State v. John, 210 Conn. 652, 686, 557 A.2d 93, cert. denied, U.S. 110 S. Ct. 84, 107 L. Ed. 2d 50 (1989) (five year prearrest delay found not to be prejudicial); State v. Little-john, 199 Conn. 631, 645-47, 508 A.2d 1376 (1986) (over four year prearrest delay not prejudicial despite defendant’s claim of failed memory). Accordingly, the defendant failed to demonstrate that actual and substantial prejudice resulted from the delay. Therefore, the trial court properly denied his motion to dismiss.
IV
The defendant grounds his final claim of error on remarks he contends were made by the state’s attorney during closing argument. Because the arguments
With remarkable prescience, the defendant anticipated this ruling and claims in the alternative that the trial court erroneously denied his motion for a mistrial because the arguments were not recorded. This claim has no merit. Arguments of counsel are not recorded unless requested by one of the parties. General Statutes § 51-61 (a).
V
In the second appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court erred in revoking his probation for an earlier, unrelated criminal case. His conviction of the sale of narcotics in violation of General Statutes § 21a-278 (b) constituted the alleged violation of probation. Since we find no error on the appeal from that conviction, it follows that there is no error here.
There is no error on either appeal.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Although the defendant purports to rely on both the federal and state constitutions, he offers no separate analysis under the state constitution. Accordingly, we decline to undertake such analysis. State v. Blackwell, 20 Conn. App. 193, 199 n.5, 565 A.2d 549 (1989).
The court properly included an instruction that “[i]f I refer to certain facts orto certain evidence in the case you are not to assume that I mean
The court concluded its instruction with the remarks that “[i]f I may have made any reference to the position of the state or of the defendant or more of the one than of the other, it is not my intention to convey to you directly or indirectly how the court feels as to what should be the outcome of this case.”
The defendant sought the following instruction: “I remind you that the piece of paper containing the charge, the information is not evidence, but is merely the formal manner of accusing a person of a crime. You must not consider it as evidence of guilt or draw any inference of guilt from the fact that the accused has been arrested and charged.”
See State v. Avis, 209 Conn. 290, 307, 551 A.2d 26 (1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1097, 109 S. Ct. 1570, 103 L. Ed. 2d 937 (1989); 5 Connecticut Practice, D. Borden & L. Orland, Criminal Jury Instructions § 2.8.
The pertinent part of General Statutes § 51-61 (a) provides as follows: “[The court reporter] shall attend the court and make accurate records of all proceedings in the court, except ... the arguments of counsel, provided upon the request of any party, he shall make accurate records of the arguments of counsel.” (Emphasis added.)