220 Conn. 417 | Conn. | 1991
Lead Opinion
After a jury trial, the defendant, Shawn Henning, was convicted of felony murder in violation of General Statutes § BSa-Mc.
On appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court improperly: (1) denied his motion for judgment of acquittal because the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty of felony murder in violation of General Statutes § 53a-54c; and (2) failed to charge the jury on burglary in the third degree
The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. During the early morning hours of November 29, 1985, the defendant and two companions, Ralph
On Sunday, December 1,1985, the defendant, Birch and Yablonski drove the Buick from New Hampshire to Danbury. They arrived in Danbury in the early evening and went to the residence of a friend, Douglas Stanley. While at Stanley’s residence, the defendant and Yablonski “freebased” cocaine. The defendant, Birch and Yablonski left Stanley’s apartment between 11:10 and 11:20 p.m. and drove to New Milford in the Buick. The defendant and Birch dropped off Yablonski at her home on Aspetuck Road at approximately 11:55 p.m. The defendant and Birch drove to a residential area approximately two miles away, driving north on Aspetuck Avenue to its intersection with Marwick Manor.
I
The defendant’s principal claim on appeal is that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the jury’s verdict finding him guilty of felony murder in violation of General Statutes § 53a-54c. This court has consistently employed a two-part analysis in reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. State v. Famiglietti, 219 Conn. 605, 609-10, 595 A.2d 306 (1991). We first review the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the guilty verdict. State v. Tweedy, 219 Conn. 489, 500, 594 A.2d 906 (1991). We then determine, upon the facts thus established and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom, whether any rational trier of fact could have concluded that the cumulative effect of the evidence established the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. “We do not sit as a thirteenth juror who may cast a vote against the verdict based upon our feeling that some doubt of guilt is shown by the cold printed record.” State v. Stepney, 191 Conn. 233, 255, 464 A.2d 758 (1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1084, 104 S. Ct. 1455, 79 L. Ed. 2d 772, reh. denied, 466 U.S. 954, 104 S. Ct. 2163, 80 L. Ed. 2d 547 (1984). Rather, we must defer to the jury’s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses based on its firsthand observation of their conduct, demeanor and attitude. Id.
In undertaking the foregoing analysis, the probative force of the evidence is not diminished because it consists, in whole or in part, of circumstantial evidence.
The defendant specifically claims that: (1) the lack of scientific or forensic evidence prevented the state from meeting its burden of proof; (2) his actions in the days following the crime were more consistent with innocence than with guilt; and (3) statements he made to his grandmother and a friend in the months after the crime were consistent with his innocence. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to upholding the verdict, as we must, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient.
The defendant first focuses on the lack of forensic or scientific evidence in the state’s case. Since direct and circumstantial evidence have equal probative value, however, the absence of forensic or scientific evidence does not make the evidence insufficient per se. State v. Grant, supra, 600. A review of the record reveals the following evidence: First, two distinct sets of footwear imprints in the blood of the victim were found at the scene of the stabbing. There was uncontroverted expert testimony from Henry C. Lee, M.D., director of the state forensic laboratory, that the imprints were made during a struggle before the victim collapsed to the floor. The same two imprints were tracked in the victim’s blood into areas of the house where items of personal property were missing. In addition, the defendant’s former girlfriend, Tina Yablonski, testified that the defendant and Birch drove in the direction of
The defendant next contends that his actions in the days immediately following the crime are more consistent with innocence than with guilt. “ ‘[I]n viewing evidence which could yield contrary inferences, the jury is not barred from drawing those inferences consistent with guilt and is not required to draw only those inferences consistent with innocence. . . . State v. Tatem, 194 Conn. 594, 598, 483 A.2d 1087 (1984); State v. Foord, [142 Conn. 285, 294, 113 A.2d 591 (1955)].’ State v. Dumlao, 3 Conn. App. 607, 616-17, 491 A.2d 404 (1985).” State v. Grant, supra, 604. The jury may draw such inferences from the evidence or facts established by the evidence as it deems to be reasonable and logical. Id. The jury reasonably and logically could have inferred the defendant’s consciousness of guilt from his actions and statements to police after the murder.
Tina Yablonski testified that she, the defendant and Birch had two discussions about the murder during
On December 5, 1985, the defendant hid the Buick in heavy underbrush near the reservoir in New Milford. After the police, with Birch in the car, encountered the defendant walking on a nearby road, he led them to where the car was hidden. Later that day, the defendant spoke with state police detective Scott O’Mara, and claimed that he had not told McCafferty about the car on December 4, because the car was stolen. The defendant told O’Mara that he, Birch and Yablonski had left Stanley’s apartment in Danbury on the morning of December 2, 1985, between 12:30 and 2:30 and had driven to Yablonski’s house. He said that he and Birch had then gone to either his father’s house or the reservoir.
On December 9, 1985, the defendant again spoke with McCafferty. McCafferty confronted the defendant with the conflict between his account of when he, Birch and Yablonski had left the Stanley residence and the account of Effie Coates, the woman who lived with Douglas Stanley. According to McCafferty, the defendant then said: “I have to remember where I was. I know I was with Ricky and Tina.” McCafferty also testified that the defendant’s leg began to shake violently when McCafferty told him that residents at Marwick Manor had heard the Buick on the night of the murder and that the police knew where he had parked and turned around. According to McCafferty, the defendant then stated that he, Birch and Yablonski may have turned around in the victim’s driveway. When McCafferty inquired how the defendant had entered the victim’s house, the defendant responded: “Tina and I did not go into the house.” McCafferty then asked the defendant whether he was saying that Birch had entered the house, to which the defendant responded that McCafferty would have to ask Birch. Finally, the defendant twice denied having killed anyone. From the evidence of the defendant’s actions and statements to police after the crime, including the defendant’s own testimony, the jury was entitled to infer consciousness of guilt and firsthand knowledge of the murder.
Finally, the defendant asserts that statements he made regarding the crime to his grandmother and a
Timothy Saadloff, who described himself as the defendant’s best friend, testified that he had received a telephone call from the defendant sometime in 1986. The defendant said that he was in a “little bit of trouble.” He told Saadloff that he and a friend had broken into a house, and had surprised the man who lived there, who they thought was not at home. The defendant told Saadloff that the man had been murdered, but that he did not do it and that his friend had done it. Saadloff recalled that the defendant had used the word “stabbing” when referring to how the man had been killed.
II
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly failed to charge the jury on burglary in the third degree as a lesser offense included in the charge of felony murder.
Since the defendant neither requested an instruction on burglary in the third degree as a lesser included offense of felony murder nor took an exception to the trial court’s charge, this court is not bound to review the defendant’s claim.
We need spend little time on the first three conditions of the Whistnant test. We will assume, for the purposes of this analysis, that the first condition has been satisfied. It is clear from the information
The fourth condition is the critical factor in the present case. We must first differentiate the elements of burglary in the third degree from those of felony murder, and then determine if these elements were sufficiently in dispute to permit the jury consistently to find the defendant innocent of felony murder but guilty of burglary. State v. Whistnant, supra, 588. General Statutes § 53a-54c, which defines felony murder, provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of murder when, acting either alone or with one or more persons, he commits . . . burglary . . . and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime ... he, or another participant, if any, causes the death of a person other than one of the participants . . . .” Burglary in the third degree is defined in General Statutes § 53a-103 as “entering] or remaining] unlawfully in a building with intent to commit a crime therein.” Since felony murder, as defined in § 53a-54c, includes the crime of burglary, the only elements that differentiate burglary from felony murder are indicated by the language, “in the course of and in furtherance of such crime . . . he, or another participant, if any, causes the death of a person other than one of the participants.”
In State v. Morin, 180 Conn. 599, 602, 430 A.2d 1297 (1980), the defendant was charged with felony murder, and he requested a lesser included offense instruction on burglary or robbery in the first degree. The only issue that was arguably in dispute was the cause of death of the eighty year old victim, who died more than four months after the defendant had severely beaten him while robbing him in his home. Id., 605. This court found that, despite the time lapse between the injuries inflicted by the defendant and the victim’s death, the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, supported the jury’s conclusion that the victim’s death was caused by the defendant in the course of a burglary or robbery. Id., 609. Thus, the jury could not consistently have found the defendant guilty of the lesser crimes of robbery or burglary and not guilty of felony murder. Id.
In the present case, the causal link between the burglary and the victim’s death was more direct than it
Participation in the underlying felony is sufficient to sustain a conviction of felony murder.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion Shea, Callahan and Covello, Js., concurred.
“[General Statutes] Sec. 53a-54c. felony murder. A person is guilty of murder when, acting either alone or with one or more persons, he commits or attempts to commit . . . burglary . . . and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or of flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if any, causes the death of a person other than one of the participants . . . .”
“[General Statutes] Sec. 53a-103. burglary in the third degree: CLASS D felony, (a) A person is guilty of burglary in the third degree when he enters or remains unlawfully in a building with intent to commit a crime therein.
“(b) Burglary in the third degree is a class D felony.”
Testimony at the trial indicated that Aspetuck Road and Aspetuck Avenue are distinct roads.
Two witnesses, Alice Kennel and Brian Church, heard the car pull into Marwick Manor from their second floor bedrooms at 16 and 68 Marwick Manor, respectively. Kennel described the car as “terribly noisy,” while Church referred to a “very loud” muffler sound.
According to Yablonski, on one of these occasions the defendant said: “What if we get caught? What if they suspect us?”
The defendant, Birch and Yablonski agreed to tell the police that they had left Douglas Stanley’s apartment in Danbury between 12:30 and 1 a.m. on December 2, 1985, and had hitchhiked from there to New Milford. In his trial testimony, the defendant admitted that he had agreed to tell a false story to the police, and that he had in fact done so.
The defendant admitted having said words to this effect.
The defendant told a different story at trial. He testified that, after leaving the Stanley residence in Danbury at approximately 11:30 p.m., he, Birch and Yablonski stopped for approximately forty-five minutes to smoke cocaine. After the defendant and Birch drove Yablonski to her house, they drove to two different locations in New Milford to siphon gas. They then returned to the defendant’s father’s house.
The defendant told O’Mara that he thought someone had interrupted a burglary and that it would have been sufficient to knock out the victim rather than “slice” him.
The defendant’s grandmother testified that the defendant had told her that there was a dog in the area where the man was killed. She recalled the defendant saying during the early 1986 conversation that the dog had been killed. A dachshund, belonging to the victim’s daughter, was in the house on the night of the crime but was apparently unharmed. In light of the substantial other evidence against the defendant, this inconsistency between the defendant’s statement and the facts does not affect the overall sufficiency of the evidence.
The defendant raises two additional claims, both of which relate to the claim for a lesser included offense charge. First, the defendant claims that alibi should be treated as a defense, and that there was sufficient evidence of alibi presented to require a jury charge regarding lesser included offenses to felony murder. Second, the defendant asserts that the trial court erred by failing to remedy its error during the defendant’s postverdict motion for acquittal. The defendant claims that the trial court should have remedied its error by acquitting him of the felony murder charge and finding him guilty of burglary in the third degree. The defendant abandoned the foregoing claims at oral argument. Moreover, since we find that the trial court properly omitted the lesser included offense instruction, these claims must necessarily fail.
“[General Statutes] Sec. 53a-102. burglary in the second degree: class c felony, (a) A person is guilty of burglary in the second degree when he enters or remains unlawfully in a dwelling at night with intent to commit a crime therein.
“(b) Burglary in the second degree is a class C felony.”
The relevant portion of the defendant’s request to charge read as follows: “3. LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSES. If you find that the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused entered or remained unlawfully in the premises with the intent to commit a crime therein, but do not find that the entry or remaining unlawfully took place at night beyond a reasonable doubt then you shall determine whether the accused committed the crime of burglary in the third degree.”
Pursuant to Practice Book § 4185, this court “shall not be bound to consider a claim unless it was distinctly raised at the trial or arose subsequent to the trial.” In criminal cases, this section does not bar review where a defendant claims, and this court finds, denial of a “fundamental constitutional right and a fair trial.” State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61, 70, 327 A.2d 576 (1973); see also State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989). No such claim was raised in the present case.
The first count of the information alleged that “at the Town or City of New Milford on or about 9:30 p.m. on December 1,1985, and 4:30 a.m. on December 2, 1985, the said Shawn Henning acting with another person, to wit: Ralph ‘Ricky’ Birch committed and attempted to commit burglary at 74 Aspetuck Avenue, New Milford and in the course of and in furtherance of such burglary or in flight therefrom, the said Shawn Henning or Ralph ‘Ricky’ Birch did cause the death of another person not a participant in the crime, to wit: Everett Carr in violation of Connecticut General Statutes § 53a-54c.”
Evidence that would justify a conviction of burglary in the third degree includes: (1) the testimony that a very loud car driving north on Aspetuck Avenue pulled up and parked near the Carrs’ residence between 12:10 and 12:30 a.m. on December 2,1985, and drove away approximately thirty minutes later; (2) evidence that items of personal property were missing from the Carrs’ house; and (3) the defendant’s statements to Mildred Henning and Timothy Saadloff, in which the defendant admitted participating in a burglary at which a man was killed.
Participation in the underlying felony may not be enough to sustain a conviction, when a defendant, who was not the only participant in the underlying felony, asserts the affirmative defense that he “(A) Did not commit the homicidal act or in any way solicit, request, command, importune, cause or aid the commission thereof; and (B) was not armed with a deadly weapon, or any dangerous instrument; and (C) had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant was armed with such a weapon or instrument; and (D) had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant intended to engage in conduct likely to result in death or serious physical injury.” General Statutes § 53a-54c. This statutory defense was not raised by the defendant in the present case.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring. I agree with the majority that the judgment of felony murder should be affirmed. I, however, disagree with the majority’s consideration of whether there was sufficient evidence to instruct the jury on the lesser included crime of burglary in the third degree. Whistnant makes clear that to be entitled to a jury instruction on a lesser included offense, the party seeking the charge (either the state or the defendant) must request such an instruction. State v. Whistnant, 179 Conn. 576, 588, 427 A.2d 414 (1980). In this case the majority correctly points out the “defendant neither requested an instruction on burglary in the third degree as a lesser included offense of felony murder nor took an exception to the trial court’s charge. . . .” Preclusion of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, if that be the purpose of the majority in reviewing the merits of the claim, should be left to another day in another forum. Accordingly, I concur in the result.