62 Minn. 474 | Minn. | 1895
Lead Opinion
Defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree on an indictment charging that he procured and induced one Claus Blixt to kill and murder one Catherine Gring, and aided and abetted him in so doing. From an order denying defendant’s motion for a new trial, he appeals to this court, and the case comes up on a bill of exceptions.
From the evidence returned it appears that Catherine Gring was a young, unmarried woman, who carried on a dressmaking business in Minneapolis, and resided with her niece in the Ozark Flats, an apartment building in that city, owned by the father of the defendant. Defendant is a young, unmarried man. He, his father and mother, and his brother Adry Hayward, also occupied rooms or flats in that building; and Claus Blixt was the engineer who attended to the furnace and ran the heating plant in the building. On the evening of December 3, 1894, Miss Gring was found lying dead on a main-traveled road at the outskirts of the city, with a bullet hole in her head, the bullet having entered just back of the right ear. About a week prior to this the deceased made and delivered to defendant her promissory notes for $7,000, and assigned to him life insurance policies which she had, with his assistance, just procured on her own life, for the aggregate sum of $10,000. The defendant, his brother Adry, and Claus Blixt were all arrested by the authorities, on suspicion. Blixt confessed to committing the murder, and implicated the defendant.
1. On the trial Adry testified, on behalf of the state, that defendant had told him repeatedly that he was going to do away with the dressmaker, and had tried on a number of occasions to induce the witness to murder her after he (defendant) had procured insurance
We are of the opinion that these exceptions are not well taken. It is true that it is error to admit evidence of other, independent crimes, unless the evidence is in some way relevant to the issue. But we are of the opinion that this evidence was relevant. The evidence tends to show that defendant was still trying to induce the witness to take part in the commission of the crime; that the witness was considerably alarmed at the risks the defendant was about to incur, and was also agitated with superstitious fear. It is fairly to be inferred that the object of defendant in making these admissions was to allay these fears, and nerve the witness up so that he would take part in the commission of the murder. These admissions are connected and material parts of the conversation between the parties.
2. One Yallely was called as a witness for the state, and permitted to testify that he was a hackman, and had been for years; that he was well acquainted with defendant, who had frequently employed him; that in July, prior to the murder, defendant, while sitting in his hack about 4 o’clock one morning, asked him some questions. .Said the witness: “A. Well, he was questioning me. in regard to
We are of the opinion that the evidence was competent. It is true that the conversation testified to occurred some four or five months before the murder. But it appears by the evidence that intimate business and social relations existed between defendant and Miss Ging at the time of that conversation, that he then was, and for some time prior thereto had been, using her money in divers schemes and speculations, in which she was being made his dupe. Before this testimony was given Adry Hayward testified that in September, the month following the time of this conversation, defendant, while discussing ways of murdering the girl, told him of a hackman whose assistance he could obtain. Said the witness: "He said to me at different times about that time that he also proposed getting the girl out in a hack, — getting a certain -hackman in town; * * * and he said this man would do anything for him. That he could get her out in that way.” Under these circumstances, it was a question for the jury whether or not, at the time defendant had the conversation with Vallely, he contemplated the murder of Miss Ging, and whether his questions related thereto.
3. A Mrs. Hazleton was called as a witness on behalf of the state, and testified that she saw Miss Ging in a certain dry-goods store in Minneapolis about 4:35 p. m. the day of the murder; that they re
We are of the opinion that the evidence was competent. It appears by other evidence in the case that at 5:15 that evening deceased ordered a horse and buggy from a livery stable for her use at 7 o’clock, and at 7:08 she took the livery rig and drove it away. Blixt testified that shortly afterwards he and defendant met Miss Ging with the horse and buggy at an appointed place, several blocks away,, in the direction in which she was afterwards found murdered; that at defendant’s request he (Blixt) got in the buggy with the deceased,, and drove her out to the place of the murder, where defendant promised her he would again meet her shortly afterwards; that this was. done so as to get her to go with Blixt to the place where he was. to shoot her, according to the previous arrangement between him and defendant. All of this evidence throws light on the statement of Miss Ging to the witness Mrs. Hazleton that she had a business engagement with Mr. Hayward. This statement forms a connected part of the evidence, and tends to characterize her subsequent acts and her departure on the fatal ride soon after she made the statement. This statement was not mere self-serving, hearsay evidence, but a verbal act, just as relevant as would be evidence that prior to her departure she put on her cloak or hat. Similar evidence of the declarations of the deceased prior to his departure was held competent in each of the following cases: Hunter v. State, 40 N. J. Law, 495; State v. Dickinson, 41 Wis. 299; State v. Hayden, 9 Reporter, 237, cited in Wharton, Cr. Ev. (9th Ed.) § 263, p. 196, note 3.
4. Blixt testified that the deceased was looking out of the side of the buggy when he shot her, and that immediately afterwards she' threw herself back and sat still. Defendant offered to prove by two-physicians that, after a person was shot as the deceased was, he would instantly become limp. The offer was refused. We are of the opinion that this ruling was not error. Even if, as stated by one of
5. Blixt testified that, prior to the commission of the homicide, defendant gave him a part of the contents of a bottle of whisky, and made him drink it, but would not give him the bottle. It is to be inferred that the whisky was given to Blixt to nerve him for the commission of the deed. The state also proved that defendant purchased such a bottle of whisky at a certain saloon in Minneapolis on the same day. Defendant, in his testimony on his own behalf, admitted that he did purchase this bottle of whisky, but denied that he gave it to Blixt, and stated that he put it in the water closet in the bath room in his mother’s flat, where he believed it still was. Later in the trial the defense produced a witness by whom it offered to prove that since the aforesaid testimony was given he found a similar bottle of whisky in the place referred to. The court refused the offer, and we are of the opinion that the ruling was not error. It was more than six weeks after the time it .was claimed that the bottle was put in this place until the witness claimed that he found it. There was ample opportunity in the meantime to have had the bottle refilled, and to put it, or a similar bottle of whisky, in this place. Such evidence is so easily manufactured as to have little or no weight as corroboration, and it was not error to rule it out.
6. One Woods and one Stevens were called as witnesses for the defense. They stated that in the company of each other they were going along the road together at the time. Each stated that shortly after the time of the homicide he saw the buggy returning along the road to the city. Stevens testified first, and his description of the maTi in the buggy did not correspond with that of Blixt. On cross-
We are of the opinion that this was not error. It was proper to allow these witnesses to be cross-examined as to the conversations they had between themselves about this matter, and what was said, for the purpose of ascertaining how much concert of action there was between the witnesses, and how much the story of either or both had been developed, changed, or modified by such conversations or otherwise.
7. Adry Hayward testified that, in one of the conversations with the defendant in which he tried to dissuade defendant from carrying out the proposed scheme of doing away with Miss Gring, he told defendant, “If you don’t get the idea out of your head, I will report you,” “Harry, if you do that, you will hang”; that thereupon defendant became very angry and excited, and assaulted the witness, and threatened to do him bodily harm; that he went home from the office where they were, and got his revolver, for the purpose of having it to protect himself with it. The wife of the witness Adry was afterwards called, and testified that on this occasion he came home at an unusual hour, for him,' — during the business hours of the day, —and that after he went away she discovered that he had taken his revolver with him. The evidence so given by her was proper corroboration of the witness Adry, and defendant’s exception to it was not well taken.
8. On cross-examination, when recalled late in the trial, Adry Hayward was asked if he was still boarding at the expense of the state. The court sustained an objection to the question, and this is assigned as error. This was certainly proper cross-examination, and of a character which it would be error to prevent, if the witness had not already, earlier in the trial, been fully cross-examined on this
9. After the defendant rested, Adry Hayward was called by the state in rebuttal, and on cross-examination at that time was asked if he did not come out of the Ozark Flats at a certain time on the evening of the murder, and go off on a certain street, in a certain direction. This was apparently for the purpose of connecting him with the murder. The question was objected to on the ground that it was not proper cross-examination at that time, and the objection sustained. After the state again rested, one Kennedy was called as a witness by the defense, and asked if he did not see Adry at the time in question coming out of the Ozark Flats, and going away as. above suggested. The court sustained the objections to this question, and the further offer to prove the same facts by this witness. Counsel for defendant stated that he did not offer this evidence as. rebuttal, but as a part of his original case, and that he did not discover the evidence until after he had rested the original case of the-defense. Thereupon the court stated that the man Kennedy had been around .the court room almost every day, and refused to receive the evidence. All of these rulings are assigned as error.
Conceding that the evidence was competent if offered at the proper time, we cannot hold that it was error to refuse to receive it out of its order, at the close of a long and exhaustive trial. The witness Kennedy was the last witness called in the case, and to open up at that time a new question would tend to protract still more an already long and protracted trial. It is true that after these rulings defendant’s counsel asked the judge if there was any question about the order of proof, and the judge answered “No.” But the offers of proof were not renewed after this answer, and it is fairly to-be inferred from the prior remarks of the judge that he did make a question about the order of proof, and the failure of the defense to-offer this evidence earlier in the case. All we can hold, from the record, is that between the time of these remarks and the subsequent-answer to the question of counsel the judge must have changed his mind, but we cannot tell whether he did so before or after he had made the rulings in question. Under these circumstances, we can
10. After the witness Adry Hayward had testified at considerable length, and with nothing in his testimony or in the case to suggest that he was not in all respects a perfectly competent witness, defendant’s attorney made the following objection, and the following proceedings took place: “Mr. Erwin: May it please the court, for the purpose of saving my rights, I want to enter an objection to the testimony of this witness, in this: that he is not competent to testify to anything in relation to this homicide against Harry Hayward, upon the ground that he labors under a delusion, and is in fact insane upon the subject. The Court: Well, I don’t see that he is any more insane at the present time than the attorney is. Mr. Erwin: If your honor please, the law requires me to make an objection upon any proposition of which I expect to avail myself, and I wish to take an exception to the court’s ruling at this time, and also to the court’s remark before the jury.” Whether the remark of the trial judge was, under the circumstances, justified, or whether it was ill advised, we need not consider. It was simply an emphatic assertion of an opinion that the witness was, from all appearances, then sane, and it was not, in any view of the matter, error.
11. The next question we will consider is the rejection by the court of offers of evidence afterwards made by defendant to prove that Adry Hayward was insane, for the purpose of impeaching his testimony.
On cross-examination the witness Adry testified concerning a dispute or a row he had with his father, mother, and brother Harry on October 7, nearly two months before the date of the murder. Hia statements as to what occurred at the time showed nothing unnatural or extraordinary as to him. Then the following proceedings took place: “Q. In a conversation with your mother at the Ozark in the latter part of August, do you recollect that you told your mother that your father was in the habit of going to a certain house of ill fame, and told her what the people said of him? A. I did not. Q. Did you state that you were certain of it, and did you grow violent when your statements were not believed by your mother? (Objected to as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial, and not cross-ex
These questions are in substance correctly stated in the sixteenth assignment of error, as follows: (a) Whether he did not during the summer of 1894 think that his father was having him watched, and frequently accuse his father of the same, (b) Whether he (the witness) did not several times (during August, September, and October prior) say to his father that men were watching him and looking into the windows after him. (c) Whether he did not after September 27, 1894, accuse his parents of attempting to get into his room, (d) Whether he did not tell his parents that when he was on his hunting trip in September, 1894, a traveling man whom he did not know accosted him, and said, ‘Young man, you have had trouble, but your troubles are not over,” and whether he did not say at the same time that he was so impressed by this that he returned to have his life insured, (e) Whether he did not say that he was careful not to let the man get in a position to get any advantage of him, and that no one else had noticed it, and that the man looked like a Minneapolis bnm. (f) Whether he had not accused the members of his family of being in a league or conspiracy to kill him. (g) Whether he had not written to his brother Dr. Hayward that defendant and his father were in league against him, and that he had allied himself to Elder Stewart to prevent defendant getting an undue influence over his father. The last two questions referred to letters claimed to have
After the state rested the defendant called as a witness Mrs. L. L. Hayward (his and Adry’s mother), to whom the following questions were put by defendant, objected to by the state, the objection sustained, and defendant excepted:
“Q. Has your son Adry acted in a strange, peculiar manner during his boyhood and early manhood?” “Q. Please state if there were any strange or peculiar actions in your son Adry. State them fully to the jury, giving time, place, and circumstances, and what was done for him in that regard.” “Q. State, upon what you know, and what you have testified to in answer to these questions— Give your opinion whether at times your son Adry has or has not been insane, and state at what time.” “Q. You state whether or not, at the time of your son’s courtship with his present wife, you know anything about his. strange and peculiar actions, growing out of jealousy in regard to attentions paid to her by other gentlemen suitors.” “Q. Please state to the jury whether your son has been overpowered by unreasonable fears at any time, and give all the circumstances connected therewith.” “Q. State what treatment was given by you or by your husband to your son Adry during the time he was afflicted with these unaccountable fears, and under whose advice — what physician’s advice — you made that treatment, if any.” “Q. State up to what time— What was the last time that these unaccountable fears were noticed ,by you in your son?”
The witness then gave her version of the dispute or row which occurred on October 7, to which we have already referred. She stated in substance that Adry was excited, and abusive to her, his father, and Harry.' She was then asked how Adry looked on that occasion; what was his appearance; how were his eyes; what was his pallor; to describe him, — and whether or not, from what she testified to and what she saw of him at that time, it was her opinion that he was in
W. W. Hayward, the father of defendant and Adry, was also called as a witness for defendant, and the following proceedings took place: “Q. Now, Mr. Hayward, I will ask you to state whether there have ever been in the lifetime of Adry — from his boyhood up to the present time — any strange, peculiar actions, doings, or sayings, which led you to believe in any way that he was either generally or at times out of his mind. (Objected to as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial, and too broad. Objection sustained. Exception.) * * * Mr. Erwin: I offer to show by this witness that the ancestry of the witness Adry Hayward, through several generations, both collateral and direct line, were in their lifetime insane; and we further offer to prove that the conduct and manner of the said Adry Hayward, for a number of years last past, have been on many occasions both strange and unnatural; that he has on occasions, during this said time, exhibited unnatural and unfounded fear and insane delusions. This proof is offered as a part of a proposed case of the present insanity of Adry Hayward upon the subject-matter of his testimony, which is necessary to obtain the opinion of experts as to his present insanity. The Court: The objection is sustained. Mr. Erwin: Exception. * * * Mr. Erwin: Now, in this case, I have never claimed that Adry Hayward was generally insane on all subjects. That is not my proposition. My proposition is this: That Adry Hayward generally is sane on almost all subjects, but that by reason of his mental weakness or lesion, coming down to him naturally through his ancestors, matters and things brought to his mind operate differently upon his mind than they do upon ordinary sound and healthy persons. * * * Mr. Erwin: I want to correct your Honor. Your Honor thinks that I want to make the charge of general insanity. That is not true. I want to show that his ideas and his testimony upon the subject-matter of this murder of Catherine (ring are delusions and not true.”
After the introduction of further testimony on behalf of defendant, he renewed several of his offers to prove that Adry was insane, and
These rulings show the position the trial judge finally took as to the character of evidence which he held necessary to impeach the witness for insanity, and the order of its introduction which he prescribed. All of these offers of evidence, and the judge’s rulings thereon, can be •considered and disposed of together.
In all these offers of evidence, defendant did not offer to prove any permanent or habitual insanity, or anything but temporary aberrations, occurring from one month to several years prior to the time of the transactions testified to by the witness Adry; and none of these alleged aberrations or delusions was the same delusion under which it is claimed the witness was laboring at the time of the trial, and at the time of the transactions as to which he testified. It is sometimes said in the books that, if it appears that the person was once insane, it is presumed that such insanity continued. But it is well settled that it is only habitual insanity, which has continued so long as to raise a presumption that it is permanent, that is presumed to continue. Lawson, Insan. Def. Crime, 861, § 82a; 1 Wharton, Cr. Law § 63; State v. Reddick, 7 Kan. 143; People v. Francis, 38 Cal. 183;
12. The next question we will consider is the rejection by the court of the offers made by defendant to prove that ancestors and relatives of the witness Adry had been insane, for the purpose of proving that he was insane.
Defendant offered to prove by a number of depositions, and by the testimony of the father and mother of the witness, that several of his relatives and ancestors had been insane. As far as appears from the evidence returned to this court, there was, as before stated, nothing-developed on the examination or cross-examination of the witness Adry which tended to prove that he was in any respect insane. Such evidence of insanity of ancestors and relatives can only be used to corroborate other evidence that the party himself is insane, and is irrelevant where there is no such other evidence. This is the rule even where the insanity is a direct, not a collateral, issue. State v. Cunningham, 72 N. C. 469; State v. Spencer, supra. Lawson, Insan. Def. Crime, 864, § 83. “They were all offers collateral or secondary to the proof of insanity, and were not admissible until direct evidence of the prisoner’s insanity had been given. A court is not bound to hear evidence of the insanity of a man’s relatives * * * until some evidence has been given that the prisoner himself has shown signs of his own insanity. Now, when these offers were made no evidence of his own insanity had been given. That he had at long in
18. The next question is whether, if neither one of these classes of proof is alone sufficient, are not both together sufficient, without other evidence, to go to the jury as evidence on which they might find Adry insane? If evidence of insanity of some of his ancestors and relatives is not enough alone, and evidence of his prior temporary mental aberrations is not enough alone, are not both of these together sufficient to make his sanity at the time of the transactions testified to, and at the time of trial, a question for the jury? Whether or not the evidence would be sufficient if the question of his sanity or insanity was a direct issue in the case, and not merely a collateral issue, we need not decide. It being a collateral issue, we are of the opinion that the evidence was not sufficient.
There is a vast difference between trying the question of insanity as a direct issue in the case, and trying it as a collateral issue. A multiplicity of such collateral issues tends to prolong the trial and distract the jury, and they often cause the judge, as well as the jury, to lose sight of the main issues in the case. To prevent such multiplicity of collateral issues, and the evils resulting therefrom, has always been a strong policy of the law. It is the principal reason why the character of a witness cannot, as a general rule, be attacked by the evidence of other witnesses, except in showing his general reputation. It is often the case that the credit of the witness might be much more effectually destroyed by proving by other witnesses his specific acts and other specific facts in relation to him, but the multiplicity of issues thus raised would be intolerable. To prevent such a multiplicity of collateral issues, it has sometimes been held that evidence of the insanity of the witness can only be received on a challenge to his competency when he is offered, that the issue must be tried by the judge, and if the witness is found competent the evidence cannot be subsequently introduced before the jury to impeach his credibility. See Campbell v. State, 23 Ala. 44. This is the position taken by the state in this case, and seems to have been the position at first taken by the trial court, but that court subsequently receded from that position. We are of the opinion that the position is wholly untenable.
According to the modern doctrine, inmates of lunatic asylums, and’
It does not follow that because an insane witness is held competent he must also be held credible. The jury are to take his testimony for what it is worth. But how are they to determine what it is worth, if they cannot be allowed to learn the nature, degree, and peculiarities of the insanity under which the witness is laboring? Only by the
The question before us is whether, under the circumstances, the evidence offered was sufficient to go to the jury to establish insanity. We must presume that Adry Hayward appeared perfectly sane, as there is nothing to show the contrary. Every one is presumed to be sane until the contrary appears, and we must hold in this case that the appearance of the witness, and his long and exhaustive examination and cross-examination, only added to this presumption. The defense did not offer to prove that the witness was ever habitually insane on any topic or subject which had any connection with the alleged illusion under which it is claimed he was laboring at the time to which his testimony related and at the time of the trial, or that he was ever habitually insane on any topic or subject whatever, or that he had any insanity of a permanent or habitual character at all. The only evidence offered was of prior, casual, and temporary illusions, no two of which appeared to belong to the same type. Such evidence, and the evidence of insanity of ancestors and relatives, was not sufficient, and the trial court was justified in refusing to receive the same until some less remote evidence was given of insanity of the witness at the time of trial, or at the times to which his testimony related. But no such evidence was offered. The fact that what he testified to was contradicted by other witnesses did not, as contended by appellant, prove that what he testified to was an insane delusion. To hold otherwise would be to hold that when a witness testifies falsely it is evidence that he is insane, and that every conflict of evidence tends to prove that one witness or the other is laboring under an insane delusion.
This disposes of all the questions in the case, and the order appealed from should be affirmed. It is so ordered.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the result, and with the reasons given for the decision of the court, with one exception.
The evidence of the witness Mrs. Hazleton, to the effect that Miss Gfing stated to the witness some two hours before her murder that she had a business engagement that evening with the defendant, was