Dеfendant appeals his conviction on five counts of rape in the first degree upon his daughter. He had been charged by two different grand juries with eight counts of rape, two counts of sexual abuse in the second degree and one count of sodomy in the first degree. One rape count was dismissed on the state’s motion before triаl and defendant was acquitted on the remaining charges.
Defendant assigns as error the following:
1) Failure to suppress evidence seized from defendant’s home pursuant to a search warrant predicated on an affidavit which contained allegedly stale information;
2) Failure to dismiss indictments returned by the second grand jury allegedly on the same evidence presentеd in the first grand jury proceeding without court order as required by ORS 132.430(2);
3) Failure to dismiss indictments returned by the second grand jury because the state had failed to present defendant’s allegedly exculpatory testimony given before the first grand jury;
4) Refusal to allow defendant to lay a proper foundation for impeaching the complainant with priоr statements made to the grand jury;
5) Permitting expert testimony concerning the reactions of victims in positions similar to complainant’s;
6) Refusal to direct a verdict in favor of defendant on one charge where the events, as described by the complainant, allegedly could not have occurred; and
7) Refusal to give jury instructions relating to the credibility of a complainant in a rape case and to the introduction of evidence less satisfactory than that which could have been adduced.
*934 At the outset we wish to indicate that we do not reach defendant’s fourth assignment of error inasmuch as it relates exclusively to the sexual abuse charges on which dеfendant was acquitted. 1
The Search Warrant
Complainant was first interviewed by police on March 1,1979. After a 45 minute interview, an affidavit was prepared requesting a warrant to search defendant’s home for certain sexual devices allegedly used on complainant within the last six months. The search was conducted on March 5, 1979. The indictments subsequently returned сharging sexual abuse in the second degree by means of these devices alleged that the incidents had occurred between September 7, 1977, and June 12, 1978 (complainant’s recollection was that the acts had occurred during the school year.)
Defendant filed a motion to suppress the devices seized and a motion to controvert the six month time frame stated in the affidavit. He contends on appeal that, because the time element in the affidavit was incorrect, the reference to time must be stricken and the remaining information in the affidavit is insufficient to establish probable cause that the items sought would be on the premises.
ORS 133.693(5) states that, where infоrmation in the affidavit has been controverted,
"[t]he court shall determine whether, under applicable law, any inaccuracy, untruthfulness or lack of good faith requires suppression.”
This statute was intended to incorporate case law relating to the procedure for dealing with inaccuracies in the affidavit.
State v. Hughes,
*935
In
State v. McManus,
"We hold that а statement in an affidavit supporting a warrant must be removed if it is intentionally false. Negligent statements in an affidavit need not be excised, but we require that the entire supporting affidavit be re-examined in light of the controverting statements given at the hearing. Would the magistrate as a reasonable, cautious man have issued the warrant if he had known the correct facts and drawn the correct inferences in arriving at probable cause when he issued the warrant? * * *”
The officer who prepared the affidavit here testified at the hearing that, during the brief initial interview, complainant was very reluctant to discuss any of the incidents and that he had to proceed by means оf leading questions which complainant generally answered either yes or no. He admitted at the hearing that the six month time frame was incorrect. It is clear that the trial judge found that the error was not intentional. Therefore, the proper approach is not, as defendant contends, to strike all reference to the time frame but to inquire whether, had the affidavit alleged that the acts occurred between September, 1977, and June, 1978, the affidavit would support issuance of the search warrant.
Compare State v. Hughes, supra
at 501 (apparently intentional overstatements of affiant’s information required the court to completely disregard those statements);
State v. Diaz,
Assuming that the affidavit had alleged an eighteen month, as opposed to a six month, time frame, we hold that the search warrant would properly have issued. In
State v. Vely,
*936 "No permissible or reasonable time lapse can be specified. Whether the lapse of time is deemed to have been so long that it reasonably cannot be inferred that contraband is present at the premises will depend upon all the circumstances. * * *”37 Or App at 238 .
In
State v. Kirkpatrick,
In this case, the sexual devices sought were not illegal to possess nor readily consumable. They are not, unlike narcotics, the object of trafficking. Under the circumstanсes, it was likely that the items would still be in defendant’s possession despite the lapse of as much as eighteen months since their alleged use on complainant. They were therefore admissible at trial.
The Grand Jury Proceedings
The evidence presented to the first grand jury on April 17, 1979, was the product of the 45 minute interview with complainant previously referred to. Defendant also testified. His testimony consisted of a denial of all charges and an explanation why his daughter might fabricate charges against him. Based on the evidence, the grand jury returned two indictments for rape. No action was taken on other alleged rapes. Thereafter, further interviews with complainant and other witnesses wеre conducted and corroborative evidence gathered which resulted in discovery of further incidents and a more accurate time-frame for the charges made by the first grand jury. This evidence was submitted to the second grand jury on June 7, 1979, which indicted on the other nine charges. Defendant did not testify before this grand jury.
Defendant argues that, undеr ORS 132.430(2), evidence submitted to the first grand jury could not be submitted to the second without a court order and that *937 his allegedly exculpatory testimony should have been made available to the second grand jury. The trial court found:
"Well, I find that there wasn’t any intentional effort on the part of the District Attorney to withhold denials by the defendant, constituted by eithеr his prior testimony in the first Grand Jury or failing to notify him of the second Grand Jury. I don’t see anything improper about that, nor do I find anything unethical about it. And there is no evidence that the first Grand Jury found a not true bill on any of the alleged acts on which they acted upon [sic] and returned the indictments at the second Grand Jury. So based on what I see in the record, I оverrule the motion for dismissal of the indictments returned * * *." 2
ORS 132.430 states, in pertinent part:
"(1) When a person has been held to answer a criminal charge and the indictment in relation thereto is not found 'a true bill,’ it must be indorsed hot a true bill,’ which indorsement must be signed by the foreman and filed with the clerk of the court, in whose office it shall remain a public record. * * *
"(2) When an indictment indorsed 'not a true bill’ has been filed with the clerk of the court, the effect thereof is to dismiss the charge; and the same cannot be again submitted to or inquired of by the grand jury unless the court so orders.”
We have held that this statute does not apply where a defendant has not been held to answer.
State v. Ranklin,
In support of the argument that his testimony should have been brought to the attention of the second grand jury, defendant relies on cases holding that the prosecution at a grand jury violates due process if it fails to make available exculpatory evidence known at the time of the proceeding.
See, e.g., United States v. Mandel,
What evidence is exculpatory must be gauged according to the function of the grand jury. it is bound by law to consider all the evidence before it *939 (ORS 132.320(4)), its function is not to weigh credibility, but to determine whether all the evidence, "if unexplained or uncontradicted, ” establishes a crime. ORS 132.390. Therefore, the prosecution need not present evidence which merely explains or contradicts, only that which objectively refutes the facts as they appear from the state’s evidence. Due process does not require more. United States v. Mandel, supra at 1042.
Defendant in his testimony denied all charges. He offered no evidence that any of complainant’s statements were
objectively
untrue. The net effect of the testimony is to challenge complainant’s credibility. Unless the person charged admits guilt, he will deny the chаrges. A holding that the evidence here was exculpatory is tantamount to requiring the state to allow the defendant to testify whenever it is aware that he denies the charge. This would unduly burden the grand jury process.
See Loraine v. United States,
396 F2d 335 (9th Cir 1968) (government need not produce all evidence in its possession tending to undermine credibility of its witnesses);
State v. Chang, rev’d sub nom State v. Bell,
Expert Testimony
A Children’s Services Division caseworker with substantial experience working with sexually abused children was permitted to testify that it was not uncommon for children, as complainant here testified, to *940 perceive and remember that the sexual acts had occurred during sleep. Dеfendant does not challenge the witness’ qualifications as an expert witness but contends that this testimony amounts to expert comment on the evidence aimed at bolstering complainant’s credibility.
Expert evidence relating to a witness’ credibility is admissible if it goes to the ability of the witness to perceive, remember or relate.
See State v. Longoria,
We believe the evidence here was proper. The average juror would not have experience dealing with sexually abused children and may believe accounts of this nature questionablе. The evidence was that it is not uncommon for abused children to perceive and remember sexual encounters in this manner. The testimony was helpful to the jury and is admissible. 5
Directed Verdict
Defendant contends that one of the incidents upon which he was convicted could not have occurred as complainant described and that the trial court improperly denied his motion fоr judgment of acquittal on the charge. The incident in question took place one afternoon while defendant was preparing to leave on a business trip. Complainant’s testimony as to the time frame of the events involved estimates based largely on the normal time at which defendant and his wife returned from work and the average time each event would have consumed. While the jury could have considered the complainant’s testimony improbable
*941
and acquitted defendant, it could also (as it apparently did), by allowing some deviation in the time estimates, have found the account credible. The judgment of acquittal was properly denied. ORS 136.445;
State v. Krummacher,
Jury Instructions
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to give two requested instructions. The first instruction reads:
"A charge such as that made against the defendant in this case is one which is easily made, and once made, difficult to defend against, even if the defendant is innocent. From the nature of a case such as this, the complaining witness and the defendant usually are the only witnesses. Therefore, you are instructed that the law requires that you examine the testimony of the prosecuting witness with caution.”
Defendant correctly points out that this instruction was approved in
State v. Stocker,
We also believe refusal to give the "less satisfactory evidence” instruction (based on Uniform Jury Instruction No. 205.01) was not an abuse of discretion. The instruction reads:
"In evaluating the evidence, you may consider that which was within the power of the State of Oregon to produce. If you find that weaker or less satisfactory evidеnce is offered by the State of Oregon and it appears to you that stronger or more satisfactory evidence is within the power of the State to produce, the evidence offered should be viewed with distrust.”
Complainant’s testimony indicated that defendant had placed a towel under her during several of the incidents. Defendant argued to the jury that the state *942 should have obtained family towels and tested them for semen stains. The testimony related apparently to instances which occurred several years before trial. Under the circumstances, refusal to give the instruction was proper.
Affirmed.
Notes
The grand jury testimony of complainant was that certain sexual dеvices had been used on her during a particular school year. The indictment alleged that the acts occurred between September of one year and June of the following year. Before trial complainant changed her recollection and testified at trial that the acts had occurred in August before school started. This question relates exclusively to the sexual abuse charges. Any general impeachment value to defendant was minimal.
The trial court examined the notes of the first grand jury
in camera
pursuant to
State ex. rel. Johnson v. Roth,
The court in Mandel found no due process violation where the government did not present certain testimony contradicting allegations in the indictment. Noting that', under the normal grand jury scheme, it is not intended to be an adversary рroceeding, the court stated:
"It would be difficult in the usual case for a court to know at the pretrial stage what evidence is sufficient to negate guilt. The court does not know what evidence the grand jury had before it in order to determine what further evidence it should have had. It would be an undue interference with the grand jury for a court to attempt to surmise what significance the grand jury would have attached to the testimony of various witnesses who were not called before it. Only in a case in which the evidence clearly would have negated guilt or undermined the authority of the grand jury to act at all should a court act. Otherwise, a court runs the risk of interfering too much with the grand process and does so largely on the basis of guessing what evidence a grand jury might have found persuasive.”415 F Supp at 1041-42 .
Defendant relies on
Johnson v. Superior Court of San Joaquin County,
15 Cal 3d 248, 124 Cal Rptr 32,
In
State v. LeBrun,