State v. HamiltonState v. Hamilton
APPELLATE PRACTICE: Sufficient Evidence: Substantial. In аn action at law the appellate court will not pass upon the weight of the evidence any further than to determine whether the verdict of the jury is supported by substantial evidence. - CARNAL KNOWLEDGE: Penetration: Proof. In a prosecution for carnal knowledge, proof of penetration may be established by circumstantial evidence, and slight proof of actual penetration is sufficient.
- INSTRUCTION: Credibility of Witness: False As to One Material Fact. An instruction on the crеdibility of the witnesses should not indiscriminately contain the clause that “if you believe that any witness has knowingly sworn falsely to any material fact, you are at liberty to reject all or any portion of such witness‘s testimony,” but where the testimony of defendant as to material facts is at variance with that of other witnesses, the trial court, in the exercise of a sound judicial discretion, may add such clause to the usual instruction.
- WITNESS: Self-Incrimination: Constitutional Exеmption: Asserted by Another. The right of the prosecutrix, who was brought by defendant from another state to this and who with him has been charged in the Federal Court with a violation of the Mann Act, to claim her constitutional privilege of refusing to testify, is a right personal to her, and where she was told of her constitutional privilege before she testified in the trial of defendant, charged with carnal knowledge of her, and declined to claim such privilege, defendant cannot, either at the trial or on appeal, claim it for her;
and being a competent witness for the State an assignment that she was not advised of her constitutional right is without merit. - INSTRUCTION: What Defendant Said Against Himself: Presumed to Be True. An instruction relating to voluntary statements made by defendant relating to the offense charged in the indictment which tells the jury that “the defendant is entitled to what he said for himself, if true, and the State is entitled to the benefit оf anything he may have said against himself in any statement proved by the State; what the defendant said against himself, if anything, the law presumes to be true, unless negatived by some other evidence in the cause, because said against himself; what the defendant said for himself, the jury are not bound to believe, because it was said in a statement proved by the State, but the jury may believe or disbelieve it as it is shown to be true or false by the evidence in the cause,” although given at the request of the State, has been uniformly approved by an unbroken line of decisions in this State for eighty years, and is again approved.
Headnote 1: Criminal Law, 17 C. J. sec. 3595. Headnote 2: Rape, 33 Cyc. 1487. Headnote 3: Criminal Law, 16 C. J. sec. 2442. Headnote 4: Witnesses, 40 Cyc. 2548, 2547. Headnote 5: Criminal Law, 16 C. J. sec. 2422.
Appeal from St. Louis City Circuit Court.—Hon. J. Hugo Grimm, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
William E. Fish and Roy A. Fish for appellant.
(1) The court should have sustained the motion for a new trial as the verdict was against the weight of evidence. (2) The court erred in giving instruction numbered 4, and especially the latter part of said instruction. State v. Mangrum, 245 S. W. 817.
Jesse W. Barrett, Attorney-General, and Robert W. Otto, Assistant Attorney-General, for respondent.
(1) The court did not err in refusing to advise the prosecuting witness of her constitutional privilege. (a) The privilege against self-incrimination afforded by
OPINION
RAILEY, C.—On June 2, 1923, the Grand Jury of the City of St. Louis, Missouri, returned into the cir-
The case was tried before a jury on June 26, 1923, and, on the same day, the following verdict was returned:
“We, the jury in the above entitled cause, find the defendant guilty of rape, аs charged in the indictment, and assess the punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary for (10) years.”
A motion for a new trial was filed and overruled. Thereafter, allocution was granted defendant, the motion for a new trial overruled, judgment rendered, sentence pronounced in accordance with the terms of the verdict, and an appeal was granted said defendant to this court.
The evidence on behalf of the State tends to show that Bessie Carter, an unmarried female of the age of fifteen years, on October 29, 1922, was living with her mother at Alton, Illinois; that she met the defendant, Harry Hamilton, about September or October, 1922, and continued to meet him thereafter on occasions when she would happen to go down town; that on March 31, 1923, she accompanied the defendant to St. Louis, Missouri, arriving at the latter place about ten o‘clock at night; that the defendant took her to the Portola Hotel in said city, on said night, and registered as “Mr. and Mrs. Thocker;” that they were assigned to Room 18 in said hotel; that after arriving at said room, defendant insisted on Bessie Carter going to bed, which she did; that during the night, the prosecutrix awakened, found the defendant undressed and lying beside her in bed; that during the night defendant “did something to her;”
“Q. Were you asked, ‘Did he put his private parts in yours? A. Yes, sir‘? Do you remember how you answered it? A. Yes, sir.
“THE COURT: Do you remembеr now that he did or not? A. Yes, sir.
“MR. JOHNSTON: Q. Do you remember did you bleed any that night? A. No, sir.
“Q. Did it hurt you? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Where did you hurt—in your private parts? A. Yes, sir.”
Defendant‘s evidence is substantially as follows: That Bessie Carter lived with her mother in Alton, Illinois; that the mother had known defendant since December 1, 1922, and that he frequently called at her home; that he (defendant) asked the mother for permission to marry Bessie Carter, the prosecutrix, and the mother consented to the marriage; that defendant and prosecutrix came to St. Lоuis for the purpose of being married; that defendant took prosecutrix to the Portola Hotel upon arriving at St. Louis about ten o‘clock at night; that after their arrival, defendant and prosecu-
The remaining questions presented by the record will be considered in the opinion.
I.
Appellant in his brief makes but two assignments of error as follows: “First. The court should hаve sustained the motion for a new trial, as the verdict was against the weight of evidence.”
This court from its earliest history to the present time has held with marked unanimity, that in actions at law brought here by appeal, it will not pass upon the weight of the evidence before the jury, except in so far as to determine in a case of this character, whether the verdict of the jury is supported by substantial evidence. [Burtch v. Ry. Co., 236 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 340; Barnett v. Hastain, 256 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 752, and cases cited.] The appellant interposed no demurrer to the evidence at the conclusion of either the State‘s case, or at the conclusion of the whole case. He does not allege in his assignment of errors that the trial court should have directed a verdict of acquittal. He simply asserts that his motion for a new trial should have been sustained, because it charges that the evidence failed to show the male organ of defendant penetrated the female organ of prosecutrix. Having carefully read the entire record and briefs in the case, we will consider the above assignment as though the question involved therein was properly presented for our consideration.
“MR. FISH: If the court pleases, we want to make a short statement. The mother of this girl and the father of this girl have retained me as her attorney, to defend her in the Juvenile Court, and also in the United States Court, where a charge on the Mann Act is pending against the prosecuting witness and the defendant, and as her attorney, I want to now advise her of her constitutional rights; that is, that she doesn‘t have to testify here in this case unless she wants to; that she claims her constitutional rights, on the ground that anything she said here might incriminate her in some other court; and that she does not have to testify at this time unless she wants to testify, and can refuse to testify in this case. . . .
“MR. FISH: Q. You understand, Bessie, if you don‘t want to testify you don‘t have to. . . .
“MR. FISH: I am her attorney and acquainting her with her constitutional rights, and of course she can do as she pleases.”
The witness continued her testimony heretofore set out, without claiming any personal privilege. The jury had the right to consider the above suggestions of Mr. Fish, in determining whether the prosecutrix told the whole truth in regard to penetration, when she was in bed with defendant, in a darkened room, with the defendant on top of her, with his finger or penis in her female organ, etc.
Why did the defendant and prosecutrix leave Alton, a city of 25,000 inhabitants, after night, and come to St. Louis when they could have married at Alton, and
The foregoing authorities, especially those outside of our State, clearly sustain the finding of the jury on the facts aforesaid, as to penetration. We gather from these authorities that penetration, however slight, is sufficient, and that it may be shown from facts and circumstances detailed in evidence as developed in this case.
It is manifest, however, from reading the record, that the jury believed the defendant brought the prosecutrix to St. Louis for аssignation purposes, and that he had sexual intercourse with her in Room 18 aforesaid, at the time and place charged in the information. The evidence was sufficient to warrant the jury in reaching this conclusion. The foregoing assignment of error is accordingly overruled.
II.
The second assignment of error in appellant‘s brief reads as follows: “The court erred in giving Instruction No. 4, and especially the latter part of said instruction.” The pоrtion complained of appears at the conclusion of the last paragraph of instruction No. 4, which reads as follows:
“You are further instructed that you are the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and of the weight to be given to their testimony. In determining such credibility and weight you will take into consideration the character of the witness, his or her manner on the stand, his or her interest, if any, in the result of the trial, his or her relation to or fеeling towards the defendant or towards the prosecuting witness, the probability or improbability of his or her statements, as well as all the facts and circumstances given in evidence. In this connection you are further instructed that if you believe that any witness has knowingly sworn falsely to any material fact, you are at liberty
to reject all or any portion of such witness‘s testimony.” (Italics ours.)
The complaint is leveled at the italicised portion of said instruction. It may be conceded at the outset, that the above instruction should not be given indiscriminately, but only where there is evidence in the cause which would warrant the court, in the exercise of a sound judicial discretion, in giving same. The testimony of the defendant heretofore set out is so at variance with that given by other witnesses in regard to material facts, that a typical case is here presented for the giving of this instruction, if its validity can be upheld under the established rules of legal procedurе in this State. Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus, is recognized as one of the leading maxims of legal jurisprudence. From the early history of our State to the present time, the principle of law announced in the above maxim has been thoroughly recognized as being properly presented in the italicised portion of the instruction complained of in this case. It is not only called into requisition by the State, as in this case, but more frequently by the defense in both civil and criminаl actions. In the case of State v. Mix, 15 Mo. l. c. 159, the court, at the instance of the State, over defendant‘s objection, gave Instruction 6, which reads as follows:
“If the jury believe from the evidence that McAfee, or any other witness, has willfully and knowingly testified falsely to any material fact in the cause, they are at liberty to reject the whole or any part of the testimony of such witness, which is inconsistent with other truthful evidence in the cause.” (Italics ours.)
The cоurt refused Instruction 7, as asked by defendant, as follows:
“If the jury believe from the evidence that the witness, McAfee, willfully testified falsely to any material fact in the case, they are authorized to discredit and reject the whole of his testimony.”
The case upon both sides was represented by able lawyers, and Judge RYLAND, after due consideration, re-
It will be observed from reading the above authorities, that the instruction complained of here has been recognized as proper in an unbroken line of decisions running through a period of more than seventy years. We are now asked by counsel for appellant tо overturn this elementary principle of law in our State, on the strength of the opinion of the Supreme Court of Arkansas in Mangrum v. State, 245 S. W. 816, and following. The rule of law declared in the Arkansas cases, has been especially considered by this court in State v. Mix, 15 Mo. l. c. 159; Brown v. Railroad Co., 66 Mo. l. c. 599-600; State v. Patrick, 107 Mo. l. c. 162; and in State v. Barnes, 204 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 266. In each of these cases, as well as in the others cited, we refused to follow the rule established in our sister State of Arkansas, and adhered to the Missouri rule, as declared in the foregoing cases. The above assignment is likewise overruled.
III.
No other alleged errors are complained of in appellant‘s brief. No motion in arrest of judgment was filed, nor is there any complaint against the sufficiency of the information or the verdict of the jury.
In the motion for a new trial, it is asserted, that the prosecutrix should have been advised as to her constitutional rights, in regard to testifying as a witness for the State. She was advised by appellant‘s counsеl that she could not be compelled to testify as a witness for the State. She claimed no privilege of that kind in the court below, and is asserting none here. The question as to whether she could be compelled to testify might have been presented by her as a personal privilege, but the defendant is in no position to assert that right in his behalf. She was not the defendant‘s wife, and was a competent witness for the State. The defendant might havе refused to testify as to those matters which were calculated to incriminate him, but he cannot assert in his behalf, a personal privilege that belonged alone to prosecutrix. [8 Cyc. 791; State ex rel. v. McIntosh, 205 Mo. l. c. 604-5; Greene County v. Lydy, 263 Mo. l. c. 87.]
V.
Complaint is made in the motion for a new trial, as to instructions numbered 1, 2 and 3, given by the court. Those numbered 1 and 2, correctly state the law in regard to rape, and an attempt to commit a rape. Under the latter, the jury was authorized, if the evidence warranted it, to simply impose upon defendant a fine of one hundred dollars. The authorities cited by the State fully support the correctness of both of said instructions, and as no specific objection is pointed out as to either we have not deemed it necessary to consider the matter further.
VI.
Instruction 3, given by the court, is also complained of in the motion for a new trial, but no specific objection is lodged against it, nor is аny error assigned in appellant‘s brief in regard to said instruction. It reads as follows:
“If you believe and find from the evidence that the defendant made any voluntary statement or statements
in relation to the offense charged in the indictment after such offense is alleged to have been committed, you must consider such statement or statements all together, and in the light of the circumstances under which you may believe they were made. The dеfendant is entitled to what he said for himself, if true, and the State is entitled to the benefit of anything he may have said against himself in any statement or statements proved by the State. What the defendant said against himself, if anything, the law presumes to be true, unless negatived by some other evidence in the cause, because said against himself. What the defendant said for himself, the jury are not bound to believe, because it was said in a statement or statements рroved by the State, but the jury may believe or disbelieve it as it is shown to be true or false by the evidence in this cause; it is for the jury to consider, under all the facts and circumstances in evidence, how much of the whole statement or statements, of the defendant proved by the State, the jury, from the evidence in this case, deem worthy of belief.”
This instruction, like that part of Number 4, heretofore considered, has been recognized as a proper declaration of law, in cases of this character, from the early history of the State to the present time. [State v. McCleave, 256 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 816; State v. Long, 253 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 732; State v. Johnson, 252 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 625; State v. Parr, 246 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 905; State v. Glazebrook, 242 S. W. (Mo.) l. c. 933; State v. Schnurr, 285 Mo. l. c. 76, 225 S. W. 678; State v. Wansong, 271 Mo. l. c. 60, 195 S. W. l. c. 1002-3; State v. Simenson, 263 Mo. l. c. 267-8, 172 S. W. 601; State v. Powers, 255 Mo. l. c. 269, 164 S. W. 466; State v. Creeley, 254 Mo. l. c. 395, 162 S. W. 737; State v. Davis, 226 Mo. l. c. 511; State v. Knowles, 185 Mo. l. c. 176; State v. Darrah, 152 Mo. l. c. 541; State v. Young, 119 Mo. 495, l. c. 524; State v. Brown, 104 Mo. 365; State v. Curtis, 70 Mo. l. c. 596-7; State v. West, 69 Mo. 401; State v. Carlisle, 57 Mo. l. c. 106; Green v. State, 13 Mo. l. c. 392.]
Some of the other authorities cited made the same announcement. With a uniform line of decisions holding the same way, through a period of over eighty years, we think the book should be closed as to the validity of the instruction under consideration; and that it should no longer be considered a debatable question, in the absence of legislative enactment on the subject.
VII.
We have not only considered the two assignments of error made by appellant, but have carefully read the instructions and all the testimony in the case. We find that the instructions were as favorable tо defendant as he had any legal right to expect. No error was committed by the court, to the prejudice of appellant, in the admission or rejection of testimony. We are of the opinion, that he received a fair and impartial trial before an intelligent jury, and was legally convicted upon substantial evidence. The judgment below is accordingly affirmed. Higbee, C., concurs.
PER CURIAM:—The foregoing opinion of RAILEY, C., is adopted as the opinion of the court. All of the judges concur.