Thе warrant charges a violation of G.S. 14-72.1. The defendant may challenge the constitutionality of this statute by a demurrer, or by a motion to quash the warrant.
S. v. Glidden Company,
G.S. 14-72.1 reads: “Whoever, without authority, willfully conceals the goods or merchandise of any store, not theretofore purchased by such person, while still upon the premises of such store, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars ($100.00), or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Such goods оr merchandise found concealed upon or about the person and which have not theretofore been purchased by such person shall be prima facie evidence of a willful concealment.”
Article I, Section 17, of the North Carolina Constitution, states: “No person ought to be taken, imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the law of the land.”
The phrase, “the law of the land,” used in the above quoted part of
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the State Constitution and “due process of law” are interchangeable terms.
Eason v. Spence,
The Legislature, unless it is limited by constitutional provisions imposed by the State and Federal Constitutions, has the inherent power .to define and punish any act as a crime, beсause it is indisputedly a part of the police power of the State. The expediency of making any such enactment is a matter of which the Legislature is the proper judge. However, the act of the Legislature declaring what shall constitute a crime must have some substantial relation to the ends sought to be accomplished.
S. v. Yarboro,
In passing upon the constitutionality of this statute there is a presumption that it is constitutional, and it must bе so held by the courts, unless it is in conflict with some constitutional provision.
S. v. Warren, 252
N.C. 690,
It is within the power of the Legislature to declare an act criminal irrespective of the intent of the doer of the act. The doing of the act expressly inhibited by the statute constitutes the crime. Whether a criminal intent is a necessary element of a statutory offense is a matter of construction to be determined from the language of the statute in view of its manifest purpose and design.
S. v. Correll,
Such legislation eliminating intent as an essential element of a statutory crime “is enacted and is sustained, for the most part, on grounds of necessity, and is not violative of federal or other constitutional prohibitions.” 22 C.J.S., Criminal Law, p. 102.
This Court said in the Lattimore case: “It is true that an act may become criminal only by rеason of the intent with which it is done, but the performance of an act which is expressly forbidden by statute may constitute an offense in itself without regard to the question of intent.”
12 Am. Jur., Constitutional Law, Section 629, states: “The legislature has power to enact provisions, evеn in criminal actions, that where certain facts have been proved, they shall be prima facie evidence of the main fact in question if the fact proved has some fair relation to, or natural connection with, the main fact. There is no vested right to the rule of evidence that everyone shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty, which prevents the legislature from mak
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ing the doing of certain acts prima facie proof of guilt or of some element of guilt.” To the same effect:
S. v. Barrett,
Speaking directly to the point in the Fowler and Brincefield case this Court says: “Thе defendants assail the constitutionality of chapter 434, Public Laws 1933, amending C.S., 4428, which makes the possession of tickets, certificates or orders used in the operation of a lottery prima facie evidence of a violation of said section, but the cоnnection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed seems to be a rational one, hence the objection must fail.”
The sly, stealthy, crafty nature of the crime of shoplifting and the small individual thefts make detection, prosecution аnd conviction of the shoplifter for larceny a most difficult and perilous matter. When a merchant accosts a shoplifter, and takes out a warrant against him for larceny, and the shoplifter is acquitted when tried, the merchant risks a lawsuit for large damages fоr malicious prosecution, false imprisonment, false arrest, or similar tort. Faced with such a formidable array of deterrents, many a merchant stands by and watches his property disappear without a fair, legally protected, opportunity to protect it, if his sole remedy is a successful prosecution for larceny, in which offense superadded to the wrongful taking there must be a felonious intent. S.
v. Griffin,
According to an exhaustive investigation by us in the Supreme Court Library it appears that 44 states have enacted statutes in respect to shoplifting. In 1961 Colorado, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, and Wyoming enacted such statutes. According to our investigation the follow *32 ing States apparently have no statutes dealing with the specific offense of shoplifting, Alaska, California, Delaware, Hawaii, New Jersey and Vermont, and also the District of Columbia. These many statutes in respect to shoplifting vary in many ways. The Idaho, Maine, New Hampshire and Virginia statutes аre very similar to ours.
It is manifest that our shoplifting statute has a rational, real and substantial relation to the end sought to be accomplished, which is the protection of our merchants from shoplifting, and that such was the manifest purpose and design of the legislation. It is also manifest from the language of our shoplifting statute, in view of its manifest purpose and design, that the Legislature intended that a felonious intent or a criminal intent should not be a necessary element of the statutory crime of shoplifting, and so enacted the stаtute, for the Legislature must have realized that the remedies heretofore provided by law for the protection of the goods and wares displayed for sale by merchants have not provided them adequate protection from sustaining very substantial lossеs from shoplifters. The statute states: “Such goods or merchandise found concealed upon or about the person and which have not theretofore been purchased by such person shall be prima facie evidence of a willful conceаlment.” Undoubtedly, there is a rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed.
Our shoplifting statute, G.S. 14-72.1, violates no provision of Article I, Section 17, of the North Carolina Constitution, nor the due process clause of the Fedеral Constitution, because it does not require any felonious intent or any criminal intent on the part of the person who, without authority, willfully conceals the goods and merchandise of a store, not theretofore purchased by such person, while still on the prеmises of such store, and because the fact that “such goods or merchandise found concealed upon or about the person and which have not theretofore been purchased by such person shall be prima facie evidence of а willful concealment.”
“A criminal statute must be definite as to the persons within the scope of the statute and the acts which are penalized. If it is not defí-nate, the due process clause of State Constitutions and of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Federal Constitution, whichever is applicable, is violated. If the statute is so vague and uncertain that a reasonable man would be compelled to speculate at his peril whether the statute permits or prohibits the act he contemplates committing, thе statute is unconstitutional. The legislature, in the exercise of its power to declare what shall constitute a crime or punishable offense, must inform the citizen with reasonable precision what acts it intends to prohibit, so that he may have a certain understandable rule of conduct. If on its face a criminal statute is repugnant to the due process
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clause, specifications of details of the offense intended to be charged will not serve to validate it, it being the statute and not the accusation under it that prescribes the rule to govern conduct and warns against transgression. ... In determining whether a statute is sufficiently certain and definite the courts apply higher standards in the case of a criminal than a civil statute. . . . While a penal statute must be sufficiently definite to apprise a person of ordinary intelligence of the conduct which is prohibited, it is not necessary that the forbidden conduct be described with mathematical precision or absolute certainty. ... A statute is not unconstitutional as indefinite because it employs general terms, when such terms convey to a person of ordinary understanding and intelligence an adequate description of the prohibited act, for impossible standards of certainty are not required. Reasonable certainty is sufficient.” Wharton’s Criminal Law and Procedure, 1957, Vol. I, Section 18. To the same effect, 22 C.J.S., Criminal Law, Section 24(2)a; 14 Am. Jur., Criminal Law, Section 19. See also,
S. v. Partlow,
This is said in
Boyce Motor Lines v. U. S.,
The statutory offense created by G.S. 14-72.1 is composed of four essential elements: Whoever, one, without authority, two, willfully conceals the goods or merchandise of any store, three, not theretofore purchased by such person, four, while still upon the premises of the store, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. "Willfully conceals” as used in the statute means that the concealing is done under the circumstances set forth in the statute voluntarily, intentiоnally, purposely and deliberately, indicating a purpose to do it without authority, and in violation of law, and this is an essential element of the statutory offense of shoplfting.
S. v. Dickens,
This statute defines with sufficient clarity and definiteness the acts *34 which are penalized, and informs а person of ordinary intelligence with reasonable precision what acts it intends to prohibí so that he may know what acts he should avoid, in order that he may not “cross the line” and bring himself within its penalties. The statute omits no essential provisions which go to impress the inhibitеd acts committed as being wrongful and criminal. It is sufficiently definite to guide the judge in its application and the lawyer in defending one charged with its violation.
G.S. 14-72.1 violates neither Article I, Section 17, of the North Carolina Constitution, nor the due process clauses of the Fedеral Constitution, by reason of, as defendant contends, vagueness and uncertainty, and of not informing a person of ordinary intelligence with reasonable precision of the acts it prohibits. Defendant’s contention in this respect is untenable.
There is no merit in defendant’s contention that her demurrer to the warrant and her motion to quash it, should be allowed, because the offense charged therein is not based on a violation of the common law.
After a thorough investigation we have found no case where the constitutionality of a shoplifting statute substantially similar to ours, or in any way similar to ours, has been tested in the courts of the various States. The briefs of the Attorney General and of the defendant have referred us to no such case.
The trial court erred in allowing defendant’s demurrer to the warrant and her motion to quash it, and the order of the judge allowing her motion is
Reversed.