Following his trial, a jury convicted the defendant of various offenses stemming from events which occurred on 19 July 1998. He appeals from his conviction and sentence.
In the summer of 1997, the defendant met and befriended Kris Wall. Around November of that year, Ms. Wall separated from her husband. The nature of the relationship between the defendant and Ms. Wall is controverted; but, the record on appeal shows that Ms. Wall made attempts to end their relationship sometime during the late spring or early summer of 1998. In May 1998, Ms. Wall gave birth to a son.
On 19 July 1998, the defendant called Ms. Wall around 5 a.m. and again around 10:30 a.m. Shortly thereafter, the defendant arrived at Ms. Wall’s house, entering unannounced and uninvited, and confronted her. The two argued and Ms. Wall fled from her house, with the defendant in pursuit. Clothed only in a t-shirt, Ms. Wall ran into the home of Michael Lawing, whose front door was open, and the defendant followed her inside. While pointing a gun ¿t Mr. Lawing, the defendant ordered Mr. Lawing to lie face down on the floor. After Mr. Lawing сomplied with this order, the defendant and Ms. Wall continued to argue in Mr. Lawing’s house.
The defendant then dragged Ms. Wall outside. After Ms. Wall refused to leave with the defendant, he retrieved his keys from Ms. Wall’s house and departed. Shortly thereafter, John Ruisi, a police officer employed with the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, arrived and spoke with Ms. Wall. The defendant called Ms. Wall and spoke with Officer Ruisi. Officer Ruisi later took Ms. Wall to the hospital, where he prepared a written statement for her which she signed. The defendant turned himself in later that day.
*181 In August 1998, the defendant was indicted for multiple offenses, including assault by pointing a gun, communicating threats, assault on a female, damage to personal property, and possession of a firearm by a felon. In June 1999, the defendant was indicted for second-degree kidnaping under a superceding indictment arising out of the same events. At the close of the State’s evidence, the trial court dismissed the damage to pеrsonal property charge but denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss the charge of second-degree kid-naping. On 22 June 1999, the jury returned verdicts of guilty on the remaining charges and the trial court entered judgment accordingly. After consolidating the cases under the second-degree kid-naping charge for sentencing purposes, the trial court enhanced the defendant’s sentence for the kidnaping conviction under the firearm enhancement statute, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A (Supp. 1996).
The defendant appealed, asserting as assignments of error that the trial court erred in: (1) denying his motion to dismiss the charge of second-degree kidnaping; (2) enhancing his sentence on the count of second-degree kidnaping under the firearm enhancement provision found in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A; (3) allowing into evidence alleged hearsay statements of Ms. Wall; and (4) refusing to permit him to introduce evidence of a specific prior bad act of Ms. Wall. The defendant has also filed a motion for appropriate relief in light of the United States Supreme Court’s recent decisions in
Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. -,
First, the defendant argues that the State failed to prove the specific intent necessary to support a conviction for second-degree kidnaping; specifically, that he unlawfully confined, restrained or removed Ms. Wall for the purpose of terrorizing her. We disagree.
As kidnaping is a specific intent crime, the State bears the burden of proving that the defendant “unlawfully confined, restrained, or removed the [victim] for one of the eight purposes set out in the statute.”
State v. Moore,
*182 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-39 provides in relevant part that:
(a) Any person who shall unlawfully confine, restrain, or remove from one place to another, any other person 16 years of age or over without the consent of such person, . . . shall be guilty of kidnapping if such confinement, restraint or removal is for the purpose of: . . .
(3) [Terrorizing the person so confined, restrained or removed . . . ;
(b) There shall be two degrees of kidnapping as defined by subsection (a). ... If the person kidnapped was released in a safe place by the defendant and had not been seriously injured or sexually assaulted, the offense is kidnapping in the second degree and is punishable as a Class E felony.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-39. The superceding indictment for second-degree kidnaping in the present case stated the following:
The jurors for the State upon their oath present that on or about the 19th day of July, 1998, in Mecklenburg County, Eric Earl Guice did unlawfully, wilfully and feloniously kidnap Kris Lavanta Wall, a person who had attained the age of sixteen (16) years, by unlawfully confining, restraining and removing her from one place to another, without her consent, and for the purpose of terrorizing.
The State was therеfore limited at trial to proving that the defendant acted with the specific purpose of terrorizing Ms. Wall, and the jury was only allowed to convict the defendant on that theory.
See Moore,
In reviewing the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to dismiss for insufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction, “we must examine the evidence adduced at trial in the light most favorable to the State to determine if there is substantial evidence of every essential element of the crime.”
State v. McKinnon,
In determining whether there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s conclusion that the defendant sought to terrorize Ms. Wall, “the test is not whether subjectively [Ms. Wall] was in fact terrorized, but whether the evidence supports a finding that thе defendant’s purpose was to terrorize her.”
Moore,
When viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence presented at trial showed that the defendant called Ms. Wall twice and entered her home uninvited and unannounced despite her threats to call the police. Ms. Wall testified that the defendant punched her repeatedly in the face and pointed a gun in her face, and demanded that she give him the gun she kept in her house. After she complied with this demand, Ms. Wall — clothed only in a t-shirt — fled to Mr. Lawing’s house, where she was pursued and tracked down by the defendant. The defendant entered Mr. Lawing’s house in pursuit of Ms. Wall, pointed a gun at him — a tоtal stranger — and forced him to lie down on the floor. The defendant struggled further with Ms. Wall, pushed a table against her, choked her, and dragged her outside. After Ms. Wall again implored the defendant to leave, the defendant finally departed. During the course of the struggle with the defendant, Ms. Wall suffered multiple bumps on her head, bruises on her arms, and fractured ribs. We conclude that the State presented substantial evidence from which a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant acted with the purpose of terrorizing Ms. Wall.
The defendant next contends that the trial court erred by enhancing his sentence for the second-degree kidnaping conviction as a result of his use of a firearm during the crime. Upon the jury returning guilty verdicts on all charges, the trial court held a sentencing hearing and consolidated all charges under the second-degree kidnaping charge for sentencing purposes. The trial court sentenced thе defendant to a minimum term of 29 months imprisonment for the kid- *184 naping conviction, and enhanced the sentence, citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A, by 60 additional months for a minimum of 89 months imprisonment.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A provides in part that:
(a) If a person is convicted of a Class . . . E felony and the court finds that the person used, displayed, or threatened to use or display a firearm at the time of the felony, the court shall increase the minimum term of imprisonment to which the person is sentenced by 60 months.
Second-degree kidnaping constitutes a Class E felony. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-39. Subsection (b) of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A provides:
Subsection (a) of this section does not apply in any of the following circumstances:
(2) The evidence of the use, display, or threatened use or display of a firearm is needed to prove an element of the underlying . . . felony.
The defendant argues that the trial court’s enhancement of the defendant’s sentence for second-degree kidnaping under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A was improper as the use of the gun by the defendant was necessary for the State to prove the essential element of terrorizing to support the kidnaping charge. Alternatively, the defendant argues that the trial court improperly enhanced the sentence on the second-degree kidnaping charge for using a firearm when he was contemporaneously convicted on charges of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and assault by pointing a gun. As to both theories, we disagree.
As to the defendant’s first theory, we note that the use of a firearm is not an essential element of the crime of second-degree kid-naping, regardless of the purpose alleged.
See
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-39. Therefore, the State need not have shown that the defendant used, displayed, or threatened to use or display a firearm to prove that he intended to terrorize Ms. Wall. As our Supreme Court has stated, “[b]ecause the use or display of a firearm is not an essential element of second-degree kidnapping, the trial court was not precluded from relying on evidence оf defendant’s use of the firearm and enhancing defendant’s term of imprisonment pursuant to the firearm enhance
*185
ment section.”
State v. Ruff,
As for the defendant’s alternative argument that his “contemporaneous convictions” on firearm-related charges prevents the use of the firearm as a sentence-enhancement factor, we again disagree. First, we note that the defendant’s convictions were consolidated by the trial court under the second-degree kidnaping charge, for which conviction he was sentenced. The defendant cites
State v. Lattimore,
decided under the former Fair Sentencing Act, N.C.G.S. ch. 15A, art. 81A (1988). However, our legislature has since repealed the Fair Sentencing Act. Act of July 24, 1993, ch. 538, sec. 14, 1993 N.C. Sess. Laws 2298, 2318. Since defendant was found guilty and sentenced for crimes occurring after 1 October 1994, the Structured Sentencing Act, N.C.G.S. ch. 15A, art. 81B (1997), provides the controlling law. N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.10 (1997).
Ruff,
The defendant also challenges the constitutionality of the firearm enhancement provision in his motion for appropriate relief. According to the defendant, the recent holdings by the United States Supreme Court in
Jones v. United States,
We first point out that the defendant’s motion for appropriate relief is properly before this Court. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1418(a) (1999);
State v. Brock,
Article I, Section 19 of the North Carolina Constitution provides the basis for due process in North Carolina:
No person shall be taken, imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the law of the land. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws; nor shall any person be subjected to discrimination by the State because of race, color, religion, оr national origin.
N.C. Const, art I, § 19. Our courts have long held that “[t]he ‘law of the land’ clause has the same meaning as ‘due process of law’ under the Federal Constitution.”
Summey Outdoor Advertising, Inc. v. County of Henderson,
The term “due process” has a dual significance, insofar as it “provides two types of protection for individuals against improper governmental action.”
State v. Thompson,
“Substantive due process” protection prevents the government from engaging in conduct that “shocks the conscience,” ... or interferes with rights “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.”
Thompson,
“Procedural due process” protection ensures that when government action depriving a person of life, liberty, or property sur *188 vives substantive due process review, that action is implemented in a fair manner.
Id. (citations omitted).
An individual’s liberty interest is substantial, and due process must be afforded when a state seeks to deprive an individual of that liberty interest.
See Townes,
The defendant in this case does not contest — and indeed we hold — that the General Assembly had a reasonable basis for enacting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A. “[T]he governmental objectives of the statute are legitimate and permissible. The legislation is not arbitrary and is substantially related to the legislative goals.”
Id.) see Apprendi,
530 U.S. at -,
As the substantive basis for the firearm enhancement statute is not at issue, we consider whether the statute comports with Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process requirements.
See Townes,
*189
At issue in
Jones
was the federal carjacking statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2119 (1988 ed., Supp. V), and in particular certain provisions of the statute that established higher penalties to be imposed when the proscribed conduct resulted in serious bodily injury or death. The United States Supreme Court considered whether the fact of resulting serious bodily injury or death was a mere sentencing factor, or rather an additional element of the offense that must bе charged in the indictment, proven beyond a reasonable doubt, and submitted to a jury for its verdict.
[U]nder the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the notice and jury trial guarantees of the Sixth Amendment, any fact (other than prior conviction) that increases the maximum penalty for a crime must be charged in an indictment, submitted to a jury, and proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Because our prior cases suggest rather than establish this principle, our concern about the Government’s reading of the statute rises only to the level of doubt, not certainty.
Id.
at 243 n. 6,
However, the United States Supreme Court recognized the possibility of two differing views of the carjacking statute: The construction advocated by the government, urging that the fact of “serious bodily harm” or death under the statute is a mere sentencing factor, and the opposing view treating the fact of such harm or death as an element of an offense. With these differing views in mind, the United States Supreme Court noted the rule that “ ‘where a statute is susceptible of two constructions, by one of which grave and doubtful constitutional questions arise and by the other of which such ques
*190
tions are avoided, our duty is to adopt the latter.’ ”
Id.
at 239,
As the construction advocated by the government would “open [the statute] to constitutional doubt in light of a series of cases over the past quarter century, dealing with due process and the guarantee of trial by jury,”
id.
at 240,
In
Apprendi,
the United States Supreme Court considered a challenge to New Jersey’s hate-crime statute, which provided for sentence enhancement if the trial judge found, by a prеponderance of the evidence, that the defendant acted to intimidate on the basis of “race, color, gender, handicap, religion, sexual orientation or ethnicity.” 530 U.S. at -,
*191
The United States Supreme Court elevated the above-quoted language in
Jones
from dicta to the status of constitutional law with respect to state prosecutions of state offenses, finding that New Jersey’s hate-crime statute violated due process. In so doing, it held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. at -,
We should be clear that nothing in this history suggests that it is impermissible for judges to exercise discretion — taking into consideration various factors relating both to offense and offender — in imposing a judgment within the range prescribed by statute. We have often noted that judges in this country have long exercised discretion of this nature in imposing sentence within statutory limits in the individual case.
530 U.S. at -,
The defendant in this case first argues in his motion that the enhancement of his sentence under the firearm enhancement statute should be vacated, as the elements required for the enhancement, i.e., that the defendant “used, displayed, or threatened to use or display a firearm at the time of the felony,” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A, were not alleged in the second-degree kidnaping indictment. According to the defendant, the omission of such facts rendered the indictment deficient, and the trial court therefore lacked the jurisdiction to impose the firearm enhancement.
The State does not contest that these facts were not alleged in the indictment, but argues that the
Apprendi
decision does not require such facts to be alleged in the indictment in state cases. Notably, it is the
Jones
decision, concerning the prosecution of a federal crime in
*192
federal court, that includes language (quoted,
supra)
requiring such facts to be charged in the indictment.
Apprendi has not here asserted a constitutional claim based on the omission of any reference to sentence enhancement or racial bias in the indictment. He relies entirely on the fact that the “due process of law” that the Fourteenth Amendment requires the States to provide to persons accused of crimes encompasses the right to a trial by jury, Duncan v. Louisiana,391 U.S. 145 ,88 S. Ct. 1444 ,20 L. Ed. 2d 491 (1968), and the right to have every element of the offense proved beyond a reasonable doubt, In re Winship,397 U.S. 358 ,90 S. Ct. 1068 ,25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970). That Amendment has not, however, been construed to include the Fifth Amendment right to “presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury” that was implicated in our recent decision in Almendarez-Torres v. United States,523 U.S. 224 ,118 S. Ct. 1219 ,140 L. Ed. 2d 350 (1998). We thus do not address the indictment question separately today.
Id.
at -n. 3,
Thus, the
Apprendi
decision does not support the defendant’s assertion that “[t]he Trial Court did not have jurisdiction to impose the 60-month firearm enhancement” on the grounds that “the facts underlying their imposition were not alleged in the indictments.” Indeed, we are unaware of any United States Supreme Court case which has applied the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in a manner which requires that a state indictment for a state offense must contain each element and fact which might increase the maximum punishment for the crime charged.
See State v. Wallace,
The defendant next asserts that, in light of the Apprendi decision, the firearm enhancement statute is unconstitutional on its face, and as applied to him in this case, as it permits the trial court to make the requisite factual findings, instead of requiring that such factual determinations be submitted to the jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
The defendant contends in his motion that, in determining the maximum penalty authorized by statute, one must consider the particular defendant’s prior record level, as well as the existence or absence of aggravating or mitigating factors, as found by the trial court. Given the defendant’s prior record level in the instant casе of Level II and the absence of any finding of aggravating or mitigating factors, the defendant was subject to the presumptive range of minimum durations of punishment (23-29 months) for the offense of second-degree kidnaping, a Class E felony. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17 (Supp. 1996); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-39. The trial court imposed a minimum sentence of 29 months, which corresponds to a maximum term of imprisonment of 44 months. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17(e). The trial court then imposed the firearm enhancement, increasing the defendant’s minimum term of imprisonment by 60 months to 89 months, which corresponds to a maximum term of imprisonment of 116 months. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A(a); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17(e). The defendant contends that his resulting sentence of 89 to 116 months was unconstitutional, as it far exceeded the “prescribed statutory maximum” for second-degree kid-naping, which, according to the defendant, was only 44 months.
The State counters that “the prescribed statutory maximum for an offense is the ultimate maximum possible provided by statute,” such that the defendant’s prior record level, and the absence or existence of aggravating or mitigating factors, is irrelevant in determining the maximum statutory punishment, and we need only look at the maximum punishment possible for the class of felony for which the defendant was convicted. Thus, by virtue of a jury’s guilty verdict for a particular class of felony, the defendant would be subjected to the maximum punishment theoretically available to an offender commit *194 ting that class of felony, assuming the highest prior record level (Level VI) and a finding of aggravating circumstances. 1
Regardless of the manner in which the “prescribed statutory maximum” punishment is calculated, the State acknowledges that the firearm enhancement provision is unconstitutional as it was applied to the defendant in the instant case. Even assuming the State’s asserted calculation of the “prescribed statutory maximum” punishment is correct, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17(c) provides that for a defendant with prior record Level VI, and upon a finding of aggravating factors, the range of minimum durations of imprisonment for a Class E felony is 59-74 months. A minimum sentence of 74 months imprisonment (the absolute uppermost minimum term for a Class E felony) would correspond to a maximum term of 98 months. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.17(e). While the defendant contends the prescribed statutory maximum in this instance is 44 months, the State would apparently argue that the maximum penalty is 98 months. As the imposed sentence of 89 months minimum and 116 months maximum exceeded even the absolute uppermost statutory minimum of 74 months and maximum of 98 months, as calculated, the State concedes that the 60-month firearm enhancement was unconstitutionally applied in this instance. We agree.
Nonetheless, the State argues that the defendant has failed to establish that the statute is facially unconstitutional. Our Supreme Court has recently considered the requisite burden of proof in establishing the facial unconstitutionality of a statute, stating:
“A facial challenge to a legislative [a]ct is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.” United States v. Salerno, *195481 U.S. 739 , 745,107 S. Ct. 2095 , 2100,95 L. Ed.2d 697 , 707 (1987). “The presumption is that any act passed by the legislature is constitutional, and the court will not strike it down if [it] can be upheld on any reasonable ground.” Ramsey v. N.C. Veterans Comm’n,261 N.C. 645 , 647,135 S.E.2d 659 , 661 (1964). An individual challenging the facial constitutionality of a legislative act “must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the [a]ct would be valid.” Salerno,481 U.S. at 745 ,107 S. Ct. at 2100 ,95 L. Ed.2d at 707 . The fact that a statute “might operate unconstitutionally under some conceivable set of circumstances is insufficient to render it wholly invalid.” Id.
Thompson,
Even assuming the defendant’s more conservative method of calculating the prescribed statutory maximum punishment by considering the defendant’s prior record lеvel, the State argues that there are instances in which the 60-month firearm enhancement will not necessarily result in the imposition of a sentence exceeding the “statutory maximum.” For example, a prior record Level II defendant convicted of a Class C felony may be subjected to a minimum term of 60 months (the lowermost term in the mitigated range) up to a minimum term of 125 months (the uppermost term in the aggravated range). If a defendant were sentenced in the mitigated range to a minimum of 60 months, even the imposition of the 60-month firearm enhancement would not exceed the uppermost statutory minimum in the aggravated range of 125 months. Again this ignores, in calculating the prescribed statutory maximum, any determination by the trial court of the absence or existence of mitigating or aggravating circumstances, such that the prescribed statutory maximum in every instance would be calculated based upon the highest statutory minimum in the aggravated range for a given class of felony and a given prior record level. The defendant argues that it is improper to ignore the trial court’s finding of aggravating or mitigating circumstances in this manner.
*196 While we perceive inequity in attributing theoretical characteristics to a defendant in this manner in order to determine the “prescribed statutory maximum” punishment available for an offense, we need not decide this question to resolve the issue currently before us, i.e., whether the firearm enhancement statute can be applied in a manner that would not offend the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Apprendi.
In
United States v. Salerno,
The United Stаtes Supreme Court noted that the Bail Reform Act limited the
possibility
of pretrial detention to only the most serious crimes,
id.
at 747,
In Thompson, our Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-534.1, authorizing the temporary pretrial detention, in limited circumstances, of certain persons charged with certain crimes of domestic violence. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-534.1 (Supp. 1996). As in Salerno, the statute in Thompson involved a discretionary imposition of pretrial detention for a limited time (a maximum of 48 hours without a determination being made by a judge or magistrate), with attendant procedural safeguards for the protection of the detainees’ rights. The pretrial detention statute survived the facial constitutional challenge on the basis that the application of the *197 procedural safeguards built into the statute served to protect the rights of defendants detained thereunder. While certain defendants (including Thompson) may, despite those safeguards, have their due process rights unconstitutionally denied as a result of an improper application of the statute, the General Assembly, in enacting the statute, included such safeguards to make such unconstitutional applications an anomaly, rather than the norm.
In contrast to the statutes at issue in Salerno and Thompson, the North Carolina firearm enhancement statute offers no such procedural safeguards, but instead removes from thе jury the determination of facts that, if found, automatically deprive defendants of their liberty for a period of 60 months above and beyond that which the trial court could otherwise impose based upon the jury’s guilty verdict on the underlying felony. The statute thus deprives defendants of their liberty while categorically denying them the attendant historical procedural safeguards: The right to have facts subjecting them to an increased penalty submitted to an impartial jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
The Bail Reform Act in
Salerno
presented federal prosecutors with a framework within which to seek pretrial detention in limited circumstances (yielding to trial courts the
discretion
to impose such detention), and established numerous procedural safeguards for the protection of the rights of persons so detained. The question of the constitutionality of the Act therefore became a matter of degree in its application, rather than constitutionality on its face. We find the facts of
Salerno
and its consideration of the federal Bail Reform Act to be inapposite to our present consideration of our state firearm enhancement statute. Likewise, insofar as
Thompson,
Without endorsing the State’s preferred method of calculating the “prescribed statutory maximum,” we recognize the view that there may be circumstances (albeit rare) wherein the 60-month enhancement may be applied without exceeding the “prescribed statutory maximum” punishment. Nonetheless, the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Apprendi commands that we find the firearm *198 enhancement statute unconstitutional. The Apprendi Court expressly endorsed:
the statement of the rule set forth in the concurring opinions in [Jones]: “[I]t is unconstitutional for a legislature to remove from the jury the assessment of facts that increase the prescribed range of penalties to which a criminal defendant is exposed. It is equally clear that such facts must be established by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”526 U.S. at 252-53 , 119 S. Ct. [at 1228-29,143 L. Ed. 2d at 332 ] (opinion of Stevens, J.); see also id., at 253, 119 S. Ct. [at 1229,143 L. Ed. 2d at 332 ] (opinion of Scalia, J.).
Apprendi,
530 U.S. at -,
Contrary to the State’s assertions, the United States Supreme Court’s holding in
McMillan v. Pennsylvania,
*199
Construing § 9712 and § 9756(b) together, the shortest maximum term permissible under the Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Act would be 10 years. The enumerated felonies listed in the Act consisted of felonies of thе first degree, carrying a maximum penalty of 20 years’ imprisonment, and of the second degree, carrying a maximum penalty of 10 years’ imprisonment.
McMillan, 477
U.S. at 87,
That is, the Act “ups the ante” for defendants,
id.
at 88,
As we find that the firearm enhancement statute at issue here, when enforced according to its terms, “remove[s] from the jury the assessment of facts that increase the prescribed range of penalties to which [the] criminal defendant is exposed,”
id.
at -,
In the defendant’s third assignment of error, he argues that the trial court erred on three separate occasions in allowing the State to present alleged hearsay statements made by Ms. Wall. First, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing Officer Ruisi to testify concerning oral statements made to him by Ms. Wall after he first found her in Mr. Lawing’s back yard. Second, the defendant contends the trial court erred in allowing into evidence Ms. Wall’s written statement which was taken by Officer Ruisi approximately two hours and forty-five minutes after the argument with the defendant. Third, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing Officer Ruisi to read Ms. Wall’s written statement aloud to the jury. We find no error.
Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” N.C.R. Evid. 801(c) (1992). Statements which constitute hearsay are “inadmissible exceрt as provided by statute or the rules of evidence.”
State v. Rogers,
An exception to the general rule of inadmissibility of hearsay is acknowledged for excited utterances. “[TJestimony of a witness as to a statement made by a declarant relating to a startling event and made while the declarant was under the stress of that event is not excludable under the hearsay rule.”
State v. Sneed,
The evidence presented at trial showed that Ms. Wall made an oral statement to Officer Ruisi when he first arrived at Mr. Lawing’s house and found her in Mr. Lawing’s back yard. This oral statement was made to Officer Ruisi within several minutes of the defendant dragging Ms. Wall out of Mr. Lawing’s house. Officer Ruisi testified that Ms. Wall was crying when he first found her and was so terrified she was having difficulty breathing. The trial court permitted Officer Ruisi to testify as to Ms. Wall’s oral statement to him on the basis that her statement constituted an excited utterance under Rule 803(2). Based on the circumstances surrounding the statement, we find no error in the trial court’s determination that this oral statement was an excited utterance, and its admission via Officer Ruisi’s testimony was not improper.
The defendant’s argument that Ms. Wall’s written statement was inadmissible hearsay is likewise without merit. The trial court admitted the written statement not as substantive evidence, but for the limited purpose of corroborative evidence only, which does not constitute hearsay.
See State v. Ford,
We find that the written statement given by Ms. Wall to Officer Ruisi at the hospital was a prior consistent statement that the trial court properly admitted for the limited purpose of corroborating Ms. Wall’s in-court testimony. While Ms. Wall’s written statement was not
*202
identical to her in-court testimony, it nоnetheless was generally consistent with and tended to add weight or credibility to her sworn testimony.
See Ramey,
The defendant’s final assignment of error asserts that the trial court erred in preventing the defendant from introducing evidence of a prior bad act performed by Ms. Wall. In an effort to impеach Ms. Wall’s credibility, the defendant sought to introduce extrinsic evidence showing that in February 1998, Ms. Wall let the air out of the tires of the defendant’s vehicle. The defendant sought to elicit testimony to this effect on direct examination from the sister of the defendant, who was testifying as a defense witness. At no time did the defendant question Ms. Wall concerning this incident on cross-examination. The trial court held a voir dire hearing and declined to admit this evidence. We note that N.C.R. Evid. 608(b) prohibits such use of evidence of specific instances of conduct. See N.C.R. Evid. 608(b) (1992). We conclude that the trial court did not commit reversible or plain error by excluding this evidence.
Based upon our finding that the firearm enhancement statute, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16A, is unconstitutional pursuant to the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Apprendi, we vacate the defendant’s sentence and remand in part to the trial court for resentencing.
No error in part, vacated and remanded in part for resentencing.
Notes
. We note that the United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, recently construed North Carolina’s structured sentencing scheme in order to determine what constitutes a previous conviction for “a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year” for purposes of applying 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
United States v. Jones,