Lead Opinion
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pamela Jones Greeson pled nolo contendere in the Thirteenth Judicial District Court, Yellowstone County, to a felony charge of identity theft. The District Court deferred imposition of sentence for two years and imposеd probation with specified conditions. Greeson appeals two conditions of her probation. We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand with instructiоns.
¶2 The issues on appeal are:
¶3 1. Whether the probation condition mandating that Greeson’s home be open and available for her probation officer to visit is unconstitutional.
¶4 2. Whethеr the District Court properly imposed an alcohol-related restriction, which includes a drug and alcohol testing requirement, as a condition of Greesоn’s probation.
BACKGROUND
¶5 Greeson used her sister’s name and social security number to obtain credit to purchase $4,557 worth of computer equipment, and failed to pay the bill. She was charged with, and pled nolo contendere to, the felony offense of identity theft. The District Court deferred imposition of sentence for two years, placing Greеson on probation during that time. Greeson objected to several proposed conditions of probation which the District Court ultimately imposed.
ISSUE 1
¶7 Is the probation condition mandating that Greeson’s home be open and available for her probation officer to visit unconstitutional?
¶8 The first probation condition challenged by Greeson requires, in relevant part, that she “will make [her] home open and available for the Probation & Parole Officer to visit as required per policy.” Greeson contends this condition obviates the reasonable cause standard required for a search of a probationer’s residence and violatеs her right to privacy.
¶9 We recently addressed this very question in Moody. There, the appellant challenged a probation condition identical to the one at issue here on the same constitutional basis. Determining that a home visit is not a search, we also determined that a probationer has no reasonable expectation of privacy that would preclude home visits from taking place. Moody, ¶¶ 22-24 (citations omitted). We ultimately held that, as a routine and reasonable component of supervising а convicted person during a term of supervised release, home visits are not subject to the reasonable cause standard applicable tо probation searches. Moody, ¶ 28.
¶10 Moody is controlling precedent on this issue. On that basis, we conclude the probation condition mandating that Greeson’s home be open and available for her probation officer to visit is not unconstitutional.
ISSUE 2
¶11 Did the District Court properly impose an alcohol-related restriction, which includes a drug and alcohol testing requirement, as a condition of Greeson’s probation?
¶12 When a court defers imposition of sentence, it may impоse upon the offender any reasonable restrictions or conditions considered necessary for rehabilitation or for the protection of the victim or society. Section 46-18-201(4)(o), MCA. However, a probation condition must have a sufficient nexus with the conviction to constitute a legal condition of sentence. State v. Herd,
¶13 Greeson challenges condition number 12 of her probation, which states as follows:
The Defendant shall not possess or consume intoxieants/alcohol, nor will she enter any place intoxicants are the chief item of sale. She will submit to Breathalyzer testing or bodily fluid testing for
drugs or alcohol as requested by her Probation & Parole Officer. Greesоn asserts that nothing in the record indicates alcohol contributed to the motivation or commission of this offense and that, in fact, the author of the presentence investigation indicated that Greeson did not appear to have a chemical dependency issue.
¶14 The State of Montana concedes that Greeson’s characterizations of the record are correct. It appears to contend, however, that the nexus here is Greеson’s report of using alcohol and experimenting with marijuana at an early age and a family history of chemical abuse. The State also appеars to rely on statements by the prosecutor at Greeson’s sentencing that the alcohol restrictions promote Greeson’s rehabilitation and the рrotection of society because alcohol consumption reduces judgment and could contribute to Greeson’s willingness to commit future similar crimes.
¶15 Thе State’s arguments are totally without merit. Greeson was convicted of theft of identity. That she-like thousands, of Montanans-used alcohol and experimented with marijuana long ago is entirely unrelated to the offense of which she was convicted. Similarly, a family history of chemical abuse is, unfortunately, not uncommon. Such a family history is irrelevant — without more-to both Greeson and her commission of the offense at issue here. Moreover, it may well be that alcohol consumptiоn reduces judgment and could thus relate to any person’s “willingness” to commit a crime,
¶16 The State also makes no effort whatsoever to distinguish the cases on which Greeson relies and in which we held conditions invalid as lacking a nexus with thе offense committed. See, e.g., State v. Erickson,
¶17 In an effort to bring more clarity to alcohol-relatеd probation conditions, we call to the attention of criminal law practitioners and sentencing courts State v. Holt,
¶18 We conclude condition number 12 is invalid and that the District Court erred in imposing it. We further conclude resentencing is not required because nothing in the record indicates striking condition number 12 would affect the remainder of Greeson’s sentence. Cf. Erickson, ¶ 38.
¶19 Affirmеd in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions that the District Court strike condition number 12 from Greeson’s probation conditions.
Concurrence Opinion
concurs.
¶20 I concur in the Court’s decision as tо Issue 2.1 specially concur in the Court’s decision as to Issue 1 because State v. Moody,
¶21 With that caveat, I concur.