State v. GrayState v. Gray
In this criminal appеal, the defendant-appellant, Sam Gray, appeals his conviction of possession of cocaine,
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
The defendant-appellant assigns as error the following, to-wit: “The [t]rial [c]ourt erred by failing to suppress physical evidence gathered as the result of an illegal seizure.” Defendant-appellant‘s original brief at p. 2.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On February 4, 1997, Sergeant Richard Dubos of the LaPlace Sheriff‘s Office was on patrol in Reserve, Louisiana. At approximately 1:06 а.m., while on East 13th Street, the officer observed five young males standing by a parked car with illuminated lights. The officer drove to the end of the street, turned around, and drove back toward the parked car to investigate because he thought one of the subjects was а juvenile who was in violation of the curfew ordinance. As the officer approached, one of the individuals fled into an apartment, but the others remained standing by the parked car.
Sergeant Dubos asked the remaining four individuals to approach the police vehicle and to remove their hands from their pockets. According to the officer, the defendant refused to comply by not approaching the police vehicle and keeping hands in his pockets, even though the officer repeatedly asked him to remove them. The defendant had to be personally escorted to the police vehicle. Sergeant Dubos then asked the four individuals to produce identification and to place their hands on the police vehicle so that he cоuld conduct a weapons search. Again, the defendant would not put his hands on the vehicle and put his hands back in his pocket. The officer tried to pull defendant‘s hands out of his pockets, but the defendant tried to put his hands back into his pockets. Sergeant Dubos testifiеd that defendant‘s refusal to remove his hands caused the officer to fear that the defendant was carrying a weapon. Therefore, for his own personal safety, Sergeant Dubos placed the defendant in handcuffs. The officer also requested that a bаckup unit come to the scene.
While conducting a weapons frisk on the defendant, Sergeant Dubos observed a large clear plastic bag sticking out of the defendant‘s left front pants pocket. Sergeant Dubos asked the defendant about the contents in his pocket, but the defendant refused to answer. At this time, another police unit arrived at the scene, and the officers continued the weapons frisk and the identification collection.
Sergeant Dubos again asked the defendant about the contents of thе bag, and the defendant refused to answer. The officer then pulled the plastic bag out of the defendant‘s pocket and observed that it contained 13 smaller clear plastic bags containing a green vegetable matter, which he considered to be marijuana. Sergeant Dubos advised the defendant of his rights and placed the defendant under arrest. Following the arrest, the officer then checked the inside of the defendant‘s pockets. The officer found a small white plastic bottle in defendant‘s right front pants pocket containing four white rock-like substances. A field test was performed, and the substances tested positive for cocaine.
On March 21, 1997, the defendant was charged with one count of possession of cocaine with the intent to distribute,
On December 8, 1998, the defendant withdrew his original plea of not guilty and entered a plea of guilty to an amended charge of possession of cocaine,
After accepting the defendant‘s guilty plea, the trial court sentenced the defendant to serve four years of imprisonment at hard labor but suspended the sentence on the condition that the defendant would serve three years on active probation. The trial court also ordered the defendant to pay a $500 fine, to pay court costs totaling $198.50, to reimburse the Indigent Defender Board $250, to serve 30 eight-hour days of community service, to submit to random drug testing, and to pay $20 per month in supervision.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
The defendant-appellant argues that the trial court erred by failing to suppress the physical evidence gathered because an illegal seizure occurrеd. Specifically, he claims that he was illegally “seized” when he was ordered to go to the police unit and handcuffs were placed on his wrists.
The
A seizure occurs when a person‘s freedom to walk away has been restrained by a police officer; however, a seizure does not happen simply because a police officer approaches an individual and asks a few questions. State v. Owens, 26,952 (La. App.2d Cir.5/10/95), 655 So.2d 603. “So long as a reasonable person would feel free to disregard the officer and go about his business, the encounter is consensual аnd a seizure has not occurred.” Id. at 606 (citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 115 L.Ed.2d 389 (1991)). We agree that, in this instance, a seizure occurred because the defendant was personally escorted by Sergeant Dubos to the police vehicle and subsequently handcuffed. A reasonable person would not feеl free to disregard the officer under this circumstance and go about his business. However, we must determine whether the type of seizure involved is either an investigatory stop, an “actual stop” which is imminent,1 or an arrest, because the justification for the seizures differs deрending on the kind of seizure involved.
Here, Sergeant Dubos testified that he was alone on patrol late at night when he observed a group of five males standing by a parked vehicle. The officer testified that he stopped his vehicle to question the males abоut their ages and curfew violations because he believed that one of the males was a juvenile. As the officer approached the parked vehicle, one of the males immediately ran into an adjacent apartment. The officer immediately
We conclude that the officer‘s ordering of the defendant-appellant to go to the police unit and the personal escort to the vehicle was an investigatory stop. Therefore, we must determine whether there was reasonable suspicion to believe that the person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a crime. Terry, supra; State v. Keller, 403 So.2d 693 (La. 1981); State v. Duran, 96-602 (La.App. 5th Cir. 3/25/97), 693 So.2d 2, application dismissed, 97-1485 (La.1/9/98), 705 So.2d 1087. Reasonable suspicion for an investigatory stop is something less than probable cause. State v. Belton, 441 So.2d 1195 (La.1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 953, 104 S.Ct. 2158, 80 L.Ed.2d 543 (1984) and State v. Barnes, supra. Reasonable suspicion must be determined under the facts of each case after considering the totality of the circumstances and analyzing whether the оfficer had sufficient knowledge of articulable facts and circumstances to justify an infringement on the individual‘s right to be free from governmental interference. State v. Miskel, 95-584 (La.App. 5th Cir. 1/30/96), 668 So.2d 1299. Considering the totality of the circumstance, specifically where this defendant-appellant became nervous, would not take his hands out of his pockets, or would not approach the police vehicle, we find Sergeant Dubos had the requisite reasonable suspicion to justify this investigatory stop.
Although there is some question as to whether the handcuffing of the defеndant-appellant rose to the level of an arrest, we determine that Sergeant Dubos was in a threatening situation. Considering that this defendant-appellant continually refused to remove his hands from his pockets and that Sergeant Dubos was alone with the four males, a reasonably prudent person would be warranted in believing that his safety was in danger. Sergeant Dubos testified that the defendant-appellant‘s refusal to remove his hands caused the officer to fear that he was carrying a weapon. The defendant-appellant was handcuffed only after the officer tried to pull the defendant-appellant‘s hands out of his pockets but the defendant-appellant tried to put his hands back into his pockets. The defendant-appellant was placed in handcuffs for the sole purpose of making a limited weapons frisk. Sergeant Dubos was justified in conducting a limited search of the defendant-appellant for weapons as provided by
When a law enforcement officer has stopped a person for questioning pursuant to this Article and reasonably suspects that he is in danger, he may frisk the outer clothing of such person for a dangerous weapon. If the law enforcement officer reasonably suspects the person possesses a dangerous weapon, he may seаrch the person.
We have previously noted that an arrest occurs when the circumstances indicate an intent to effect an extended restraint on the liberty of the accused, rather than at the precise time an officer tells an accused hе is under arrest. State v. Simmons, 95-309 (La.App. 5th Cir. 10/18/95), 663 So.2d 790. In Simmons, we found that an arrest had occurred where the officers stopped the defendant‘s car, ordered the defendant out of his car, and commanded him to step to the rear of the car and to place his hands on the car. However, in Simmons, the defendant was a known narcotics violator, was under surveillance, and was actively being pursued by detectives before he was stopped.
Here, we consider the handcuffing of the defendant-appellant only to be an extension of the investigatory stоp and not an arrest. The defendant-appellant was not
Because we find that Sergeant Dubos’ encounter with the defendant-appellant was a lawful investigatory stop, and not an illegal seizure, as defendant-appellant claims, we conclude that the physical evidence was proрerly retrieved. Accordingly, we find that the trial court correctly denied defendant-appellant‘s motion to suppress the physical evidence.
We have also reviewed the record for errors patent in accordance with
Ergo, we remand the matter to the district сourt and order it to send appropriate written notice to the defendant-appellant within ten days of the rendition of this Court‘s opinion. See State v. Kershaw, 94-141 (La.App. 5th Cir. 9/14/94), 643 So.2d 1289.
For the reasons assigned, the defendant-appellant‘s conviction and sentence are hereby affirmed. Furthermore, we remand the matter, as per the instructions contained herein.
CONVICTION AND SENTENCE AFFIRMED; REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.