212 S.E.2d 213 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1975
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Jack Conrad GLEASON.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*215 Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Asst. Atty. Gen. Edwin M. Speas, Jr., Raleigh, for the State.
Smith, Carrington, Patterson, Follin & Curtis by Kenneth M. Carrington, Greensboro, for defendant.
CLARK, Judge.
The defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to properly define and instruct the jury that the defendant's possession of a controlled substance must be a "knowing" possession and in failing to instruct that in order for the defendant to "knowingly" possess a controlled substance, he must know of its narcotic character. Since a similar argument was made with regard to the count charging sale and delivery, both counts will be treated together.
In the present case it is noted that the trial court apparently followed Pattern Jury Instructions (N.C.P.I.Crim. 260.10) wherein the word "knowingly" is used in explaining what the State must prove but is omitted in the "final charge".
It is uniformly held throughout the United States that knowledge of the presence of the contraband drug is an essential element of the offense of possession in violation of Sec. 2 of the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act. A majority of the states also require knowledge of the character of the substance as an essential element. For a compilation of cases, see Annot. 91 A.L.R. 2d 810 (1963).
The question of guilty knowledge was raised in State v. Stacy, 19 N.C.App. 35, 197 S.E.2d 881 (1973) where there was evidence that the defendant was a mere messenger boy in carrying a package to someone and had no knowledge of its contents. A new trial was ordered for failure of the trial court to instruct the jury that the defendant was guilty only in the event he knew the package contained heroin.
Clearly, the evidence in State v. Stacy, supra, raised the issue of guilty knowledge, which made it necessary for the trial court to give specific instructions. A similar conclusion was reached by our Supreme Court in State v. Elliott, 232 N.C. 377, 61 S.E.2d 93 (1950), wherein defendant, charged with transporting intoxicating liquor, pled and offered evidence of lack of knowledge of the presence of liquor in his automobile. See also State v. Welch, 232 N.C. 77, 59 S.E.2d 199 (1950).
*216 But in State v. Elliott, supra, 232 N.C. at 378, 61 S.E.2d at 95, it is stated:
"A person is presumed to intend the natural consequences of his act [citations omitted]. Hence, ordinarily, where a specific intent is not an element of the crime, proof of the commission of the unlawful act is sufficient to support a verdict. [citations omitted] . . .
Nothing else appearing, it would not be necessary for the court, in the absence of a prayer, to make reference in its charge to guilty knowledge or intent. Scienter is presumed . . . ."
In the present case, the issue of guilty knowledge is not presented by the evidence, and there was no prayer for instructions. Under these circumstances we do not find error in the failure of the trial court to give instructions on guilty knowledge, either of the fact of "possession" or of the fact of "narcotic character".
Next, the defendant contends that the trial court committed prejudicial error in sustaining the State's objections to several questions asked of witnesses by the defendant and by refusing to allow the answers to questions which were relevant to the establishment of a defense by the defendant. The defendant was seeking to discredit on cross-examination the chain of custody established by the State with regard to the MDA purchased at the defendant's house. Each officer who handled the MDA testified extensively as to their individual systems for marking the package for future use. Detective Cobbler was on the stand at the time and had previously testified that he had placed his initials and the date on the package, which, together with the character of the package, is how he could identify it as the same he had purchased from the defendant. He also testified that he always used the same kind of tape to secure the envelopes into which he placed evidence and initialed that tape. Defense counsel then asked:
"Do you initial them the same way?
MR. JOHN: Objection.
COURT: Sustained.
A. (By the witness) Yes, I do.
COURT: Don't answer that question. I SUSTAINED the objection."
To this the defendant excepted. While this evidence may have been relevant to certain of the issues relating to the witness's system of identification, its exclusion in the circumstances of this case was not prejudicial in that evidence of the same import had already been admitted and the fact amply covered by other testimony. See, 3 Strong, N.C. Index 2d, Criminal Law, § 169 at 137 (1967).
With reference to the second exception that the defendant makes to the sustaining of an objection by the State, the defendant has not placed the witness's answer in the record. Consequently, it is impossible to determine whether the trial court committed prejudicial error in excluding the questions, and we accordingly do not consider this exception. State v. Forehand, 17 N.C.App. 287, 194 S.E.2d 157 (1973).
The remaining exceptions under this assignment of error relate to the identification by Dr. McDonald of the contents of the package as 3, 4-methylenedioxy amphetamine and the subsequent admission of that package into evidence. Suffice it to say that Dr. McDonald's credentials more than adequately supported him as an expert in the field of forensic chemistry, thereby enabling him to express a qualified opinion, following his chemical analysis, as to the contents of the package. Furthermore, upon a careful review of the evidence on chain of custody, there was a sufficient foundation to permit the admission of the MDA into evidence. State v. Bell, 24 N.C. App. 430, 210 S.E.2d 905 (1975).
A collateral matter raised with reference to the introduction of the MDA was that the State was allowed, over defendant's *217 objection, to reopen its case after it had rested, but before the defendant had put on any evidence. It is well established that it is within the discretion of the trial judge to reopen the case and to allow the State to present additional evidence. We find there was no abuse of discretion in reopening the case. See State v. Shutt, 279 N.C. 689, 185 S.E.2d 206 (1971).
The defendant's next contention is that the conviction of the defendant for both possession and sale of the same controlled substance places him in double jeopardy, contrary to the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and Article I, Section 19 of the North Carolina Constitution. Under facts identical with those in the present case our Supreme Court has held that the crimes of possession and sale are separate and distinct offenses and a conviction on both such offenses does not constitute double jeopardy. For a complete discussion of this proposition, see State v. Cameron, 283 N.C. 191, 195 S.E.2d 481 (1973).
The defendant's last assignment of error is that the trial court erred in refusing to grant defendant's motions for judgment as of nonsuit. Having carefully reviewed the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we find no error in this ruling. Consequently, in the trial below, we find
No error.
BROCK, C. J., and HEDRICK, J., concur.