OPINION
The court’s opinion filed July 20, 1989 is withdrawn and the following substituted therefor.
Defendant appeals his convictions on three counts involving larceny, aggravated assault with intent to commit larceny, and conspiracy to commit larceny; one count of fraudulent use of a credit card; and one count of larceny over $100. We reverse and remand in part and affirm in part.
Defendant moved to amend his docketing statement to clarify certain issues, and to add an additional issue. We grant the motion, except as to the new issue. See State v. Rael,
Defendant was indicted March 30, 1987, on eight counts involving three separate alleged crimes. The state subsequently dropped one of these counts. Defendant was convicted of five of the remaining seven counts March 3, 1988. He appeals his convictions, claiming (1) his sixth amendment speedy trial rights on two of the counts were violated by both pre-indictment and post-indictment delay; (2) the trial court improperly denied a motion to sever; (3) admission of a co-defendant’s confession violated his sixth amendment rights to confrontation and cross-examination; (4) the trial court erred in granting an amendment to the indictment; and (5) the evidence on all counts was insufficient to convict. He also raises a sixth point, that the trial court erred in allowing certain evidence to be admitted. We do not reach the merits of this issue because defendant raised it improperly; however, we hold that on retrial, this evidence should not go to the jury.
We resolve these issues as follows: (1) Finding no speedy trial violations, we affirm the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion to dismiss two of the counts for speedy trial violations. (2) We agree with defendant that the trial court erred in refusing to grant his motion for severance. Therefore, we reverse and remand for separate trials on the three charges. (3) We affirm the trial court’s admission of co-defendant Goode’s statement because the statement fulfills the “indicia of reliability” test laid out in State v. Earnest,
FACTS
The charges in this case stem from three separate incidents. Counts II through VI involved a larceny that occurred at Sun-dance Automotive in Albuquerque on October 24, 1986 (“Sundance case”). Count VII involved fraudulent signing of a credit card at Sears in Albuquerque on August 2, 1986 (“Sears case”). Count VIII involved larceny over $100 for the theft of automobile tires and rims from a car on February 23, 1986 (“Tires case”).
A. SUNDANCE CASE
Donald Goode entered Sundance Automotive around 4:30 p.m. on October 24, 1986, to ask about possible employment. While he was filling out an application, the Sun-dance employee left the room. Goode then snatched up a cash box that was behind and underneath the counter, out of public view, and begаn to run toward Best Discount Store. Two Sundance employees heard the change rattling and pursued Goode. Paul Andrews, a United Parcel Service (UPS) employee who was making a delivery in the area at the time, joined in the chase. Goode fired a gun in Andrews’ direction before jumping into a blue Pontiac that was waiting in the Best parking lot. The license plate was covered by a piece of paper, which Andrews was able to grab as the Pontiac drove off, allowing him to observe the license plate number. Neither Andrews nor the two Sundance employees saw the driver of the car.
A fourth witness, Lennie Garcia, an employee of a neаrby office supply store, saw two men run by. The first looked at him and grinned; the second carried a small gun and a cash box. He saw this second man fire the gun. Andrews shouted at Garcia to stop the second man, but Garcia did not join in the chase. At trial, Garcia testified that neither of the two men he had seen was in the courtroom.
The Pontiac was ultimately traced to defendant's mother through the license plate number. Marcia Sinclair, defendant’s ex-girlfriend, testified that defendant told her he was driving his mother’s car the day of the larceny because his was in the shop; that he had gone to pick up a friend at work; and, fearing that “something like this was going to happen,” he had сovered the license plate. He denied any involvement with the larceny, however. Upon cross-examination, defense counsel elicited from Sinclair that defendant had an outstanding judgment against her for taking his television set, and that, although she had been charged with harboring a felon (defendant), she had been allowed to leave the state after giving police her statement.
The state introduced into evidence a confession by Goode to Detective Cantwell. Cantwell obtained the confession while she was interrogating Goode on other charges involving the murder 'of Guy Funkhouser. Goode, knowing that the police had his fingerprints from the employment application, voluntarily stated that he had committed the larceny; that defendant had given him the gun; that defendant, who had previously worked at Sundance Automotive, told him where the cash box was located; that he (Goode) had shot at the UPS driver, but did not aim at or intend to shoot him; and that defendant drove the car. Goode refused to testify at trial. The state therefore presented Goode’s confession as testimony of an unavailable witness under SCRA 1986,11-804(A)(2). The court admitted it over defendant’s objection.
Defendant did not testify; however, he presented the testimony of Toby Zamora as an alibi. Zamora, an auto body repairman at the time of the crimе, testified that he was working on defendant’s car the day of the larceny, and that defendant was at the shop at which Zamora worked from around 4:30 p.m. to 5:30 or 6:00 p.m., waiting for the work to be finished. On cross-examination, the prosecutor impeached Zamora with three prior convictions involving various types of theft.
The jury convicted defendant of larceny over $2500, conspiracy to commit larceny over $2500, and aggravated assault with intent to commit a larceny, with firearm enhancement. Defendant was acquitted of two other counts of aggravated assault with intent to commit larceny.
B. TIRES CASE
On February 23, 1986, at approximately 9:30 p.m., Art Vermillion noticed a figure crouched near the front of his neighbor Miles Zintz’s car. The car was propped up on bricks and some tires were missing. Vermillion asked “Miles, are you having a problem?” A man responded he was fixing a flat. The voice was not Miles’ voice. Vermillion went home, called Zintz, found that he was at home, and found that nothing was wrong with his car. He got a light and began to go out the door to find out what was happening. He saw a figure running toward him. He stepped out and asked for identification. The person responded, “I am Miles.” Again, the voice was not that of Miles Zintz. Vermillion did not pursue the man, but went instead to Zintz’s house. He saw three wheels stacked up in the bushes near Zintz’s car, and also saw the lug nuts lying аround.
.Zintz’s wife called the police. While they waited for the police, Vermillion and another neighbor began looking around the neighborhood. They saw a strange car down the street parked in a place visible from the Zintz residence. It was unoccupied; Vermillion copied down the license number, which was later found to match one of two license plates defendant apparently used for his car, a late model Cadillac. Vermillion believed the person he saw running toward him was the same as the first person he saw. He identified defendant as that person both during a photo array the police presented to him, and at trial.
When the pоlice came to investigate, they found defendant sitting in the Cadillac. Upon searching the car, they found a screwdriver wrapped in a jacket inside the car. They also found a tire iron in the trunk.
Zintz testified that he had not given anyone permission to remove the tires and rims, and that they were valued between $520 and $550. Defendant was convicted of larceny over $100.
C. SEARS CASE
On August 2, 1986, defendant .approached a sales clerk at Sears. He handed her a gold chain and a Sears credit card. The clerk received an indication that something was wrong with the card; she called for and obtained approval. However, she noted that the signature on the sales slip did not match the one on the card. She asked for identification; defendant told her he left his wallet in the car. The clerk called a security guard and began arguing with defendant about where he obtained the card. Finally, defendant left the store, leaving the merchandise and card behind. A security assistant followed defendant from the store and saw him enter a 1970 Cadillac. All three identified defendant as the person attempting to use the credit card. The arresting officer also testified that, while she viewed a videotape of the transaction at the police station, another officer saw it and identified the customer as defendant.
Defendant was arrested the same day. Upon arrest, he admitted that he had found the card in a trash can while walking through the mall with his brother, that he decided to “go see if we can get anything with this,” and that he had tried to purchase the gold chain with the card.
Defendant was convicted of fraudulent signing of a credit card.
DISCUSSION
A. ISSUE ONE — SPEEDY TRIAL
At the outset, we note that, although defendant moved in the district court to dismiss all the counts for speedy trial violations, he does not appeal the denial of his motion on the counts involving the Sun-dance case!
1. TIRES CASE
Defendant was arrested for this crime on February 23, 1986. He was released pending investigation, without having to post bond. Although defendant believed he was subject to a restriction not to leave Bernalillo County, the record does not reflect that such a condition was imposed. Defendant claims that the arrest alone was sufficient to trigger his speedy trial rights. He argues that his speedy trial rights attached on the day of his arrest because the state had completed its investigation of the case, essentially making him an “accused” protected by the sixth amendment.
Our recent case of State v. Sanchez,
Defendant’s speedy trial rights did not attach until his indictment on March 30, 1987. Thus, the only period of delay we review for purposes of defendant’s speedy trial issue in this case is the time after indictment. After the state received two six-month rule extensions under SCRA 1986, 5-604(C) from the supreme court, trial commenced on February 29, 1989, an eleven-month delay. Whether there was sufficient delay to trigger defendant’s speedy trial rights depends on the effect of supreme court extensions of time under Rule 5-604(C). We have held that, where trial is commenced within the time limits of the six-month rule, there is no presumptively prejudicial delay. State v. Santillanes,
2. SEARS CASE
Defendant was arrested for this crime on August 2,1986; he posted a $2500 bond the same day. He was indicted on March 30, 1987, and tried on February 29, 1988. Because he posted bond, his speedy trial rights were triggered on August 2, 1986. See Kilpatrick v. State,
We analyze speedy trial claims under the four-factor test set forth in Barker v. Wingo,
Before we engage in a Barker analysis of the period of delay, we must find this time period is presumptively prejudicial. In this relatively simple сase, we assume a twenty-month delay is presumptively prejudicial, see State v. Kilpatrick,
Once defendant presents evidence of the length of the delay, the state may rebut this by showing that a portion of the time period is attributable to defendant, and that the “time involved is not impermissibly long.” State v. Tartaglia,
A factual finding on this issue could have disposed of defendant’s speedy trial claim without the necessity of engaging in a Barker analysis. Because speedy trial claims are so fact-sensitive, we urge the trial courts to make findings of fact, particularly where, as here, the evidence concerning defendant’s flight and date of arrest conflicted. See State v. Boseck,
The state must present evidence of the reason for the delay. State v. Tartaglia. The state asserts that the reason for the pre-indictment delay was administrative backlog, a neutral reason which we weigh against the state, but not heavily. State v. Kilpatrick. The state asserts that most of the reason for the post-indictment delay was complications arising from the fact that the Sears case was joined with the Sundance сase and the state had problems obtaining the testimony of a co-defendant in the latter case. Such complications should also not be weighed heavily against the state. See State v. Grissom,
In this case, defendant first asserted his right six months after indictment. While defendant does not have to assert his right before indictment, State v. Kilpatrick, we believe it is inconsistent to complain about a lengthy pre-indictment delay and then wait six months after indictment before bringing it to the court’s attention. Thus, we will weigh this factor in neither party’s favor.
As to the final Barker factor— prejudice — defendant asserts that he was subject to oppressive pretrial incarceration and anxiety. He claims oppressive pretrial incarceration while he was released on bond because he suffered economic loss from losing his job. However, the facts show he lost his job after his arrest on the Tires case, not after his arrest on the Sears case. We do not believe this constitutes oppressive pretrial incarceration. He does not assert any anxiety different from that attendant to most criminal prosecution, see State v. Grissom; therefore, we weigh this factor against him. Defendant did not assert that his defense was impaired by the pre-indictment delay, asserting that under Moore v. Arizona,
Balancing these factors, we find a presumptively prejudicial delay attributable to neutral reasons. The assertion of the right factor is weighed in neither party’s favor. The defendant showed no prejudice. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion to dismiss the Sears case on speedy trial grounds.
B. ISSUE TWO — SEVERANCE
Defendant argues that the three crimes charged in the indictment should have been tried separately under SCRA 1986, 5-203. We agree.
Defendant argues both that the offenses were improperly joined under Rule 5-203(A) and that the court abused its discretion in failing to sever under Rule 5-203(C). In State v. Paschall,
In Paschall, the supreme court held the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to sever four different indictments for trial. The indictments charged Paschall with concealing property belonging to another, larceny of pipe, two charges of receiving stolen propеrty, selling stolen property, and larceny. The six crimes occurred at different times over a two-year period and involved five different victims. The court noted that, although a trial court has broad discretion in deciding motions to sever, it is “fundamental, however, that courts must not permit a defendant to be embarrassed in his defense by a multiplicity of charges to be tried before one jury.” Id. at 752-53,
We believe defendant in this case was embarrassed in his defense by the multiplicity of charges beforе one jury. See id. The crimes charged in this indictment were remote in both time and place of occurrence. Moreover, although all three involved some form of theft, defendant’s modi operandi were not similar in each crime. The victims of the crimes were all different, as were the articles stolen or attempted to be stolen. None of the witnesses of the crimes were the same. The crimes were not provable by the same evidence.
To obtain a severance, defendant must prove he was prejudiced. See State v. Gammill. He argues that he was prejudiced because the joint trial allowed the state to get before the jury evidence of “other crimes” under SCRA 1986, 11-404(B), which would not have been admissible in separate trials. He asserts that this allowed the jury to use evidence of one crime to infer defendant’s criminal disposition on the others. Rule 11-404(B) allows evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts to prove “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake or accident.” We do not believe evidence of one of these crimes would have been admissible in trials on the others, since there is no common thread linking these crimes that would have fallen within Rule 11-404(B). See State v. Burdex (no prejudice where evidence showed common modus operandi).
We deem it noteworthy that the state does not advance any arguments to support the admissibility of evidence of entirely distinct crimes in separate trials of the charges against this defendant. The state, citing State v. Johnson,
We follow the rationale of Paschall, and reverse and remand for separate trial on each of the three crimes.
C. ISSUE THREE — ADMISSION OF CO-DEFENDANT GOODE’S CONFESSION AND WAIVER OF RIGHTS
1. ADMISSION OF THE STATEMENT TO DETECTIVE CANTWELL
Although we have reversed defendant’s convictions because of the improper joinder, we address this issue because it will likely arise on retrial.
Defendant claims he was denied his right to confrontation because the state introduced co-defendant Goode’s statement implicating defendant in the Sun-dance larceny. Because Goode refused to testify, defendant was unable to cross-examine him. Such statements are presumptively unreliable. Lee v. Illinois,
The first three indicia of reliability are clearly met here. There is no evidence that Goode was offered leniency in exchange for the statement. In fact, he voluntarily gave the statement while being questioned on other charges. The statement was clearly against his penal interest because he admitted that he and defendant carried out the crime, and that he shot at Andrews. Nor did he attempt to shift liability to defendant, because he implicated himself in the crime also. The question arises of whether there was other evidence substantially corroborating Goode’s statement.
The corroboratory evidence here was that (1) defendant's mother’s car was used in the larceny; (2) Marcia Sinclair testified that defendant told her he was using his mother’s car that day, that he had gone to pick up a friend, and, fearing that “something like this was going to happen,” he covered the license plate; (3) a witness removed a piece of paper covering the license plate; and (4) Goode was able to quickly locate the money box, which was not visible from the front of the counter. Although defendant presented some alibi testimony, the jury obviously did not believe it. The jury determines the credibility of the witnesses and resolves conflicts in the evidence. State v. Lankford,
This evidence is sufficiently corroborative of Goode’s statement to satisfy Earnest’s indicia of reliability requiremеnt. Therefore, we decline to hold that defendant’s confrontation rights were violated by the admission of Goode’s statement.
2. ADMISSION OF THE WAIVER OF RIGHTS FORM
Defendant also claims that the Waiver of Rights which Goode signed prior to questioning on the Funkhouser murder either should not have been admitted at all, or should have been admitted without deletion of the reference to the Funkhouser case. Defendant made these objections below. He did not, however, raise them in his original docketing statement, but raised them in a motion to amend his docketing statement.
Defendant cites no authority that this is a jurisdictional issue or involves fundamental error, see In re Adoption of Doe,
However, this issue will likely arise on retrial, and we should therefore instruct the trial court. We believe that the Waiver of Rights form should not go to the jury. It is irrelevant to anything it must decide. The state argues the Waiver goes to the issue of the volunta,riness of Goode’s statement, and hence, its reliability under Earnest. However, whether a statement bears the indicia of reliability required by Earnest is a question of law for the court to decide, not a question of fact. The Waiver should not, therefore, go before the jury on retrial.
D. ISSUE FOUR — AMENDMENT OF THE INDICTMENT
The state originally charged defendant in Counts III, IV, and V with assault with intent to commit the violent felony of robbery contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-3 (Repl.Pamp.1984). Prior to trial, the state amended the indictment to charge assault with intent to commit the felony of larceny. It did not, however, change the statutory reference from Section 30-3-3 to NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-2(C) (Repl.Parnp. 1984), the appropriate section. Defendant objected to the amendment, arguing that larceny is not one of the inherently dangerous felonies the legislature intended to include in Section 30-3-3, and that there was no such crime as assault with intent to commit the violent felony of larceny. He also argued that he did not have notice the state was not proceeding under Section 30-3-3, but under Section 30-3-2(C). The trial judge overruled his objection, noting that larceny was a lesser included offense of robbery, and that he had actually read the charges to the jury as assault with intent to commit larceny, so that defendant was on notice of the charges against him.
Defendant raised this issue with regard to Counts III, IV, and V. We address Count V (assault of Paul Andrews with intent to commit larceny) only, since the jury acquitted defendant on Counts III and IV.
We uphold the trial court’s ruling on this issue. Under SCRA 1986, 5-204(C), an indictment may be amended to conform to the evidence, so long as a variance between the indictment and the evidence offered in support of it does not prejudice substantial rights of the defendant. Defendant has not shown prejudice in this case.
Larceny is a lesser included offense of robbery. State v. Wingate,
The fact that the amended indictment continued to contain the statutory references to assault with intent to commit a violent felony is not fatal to the indictment. Misreference to statutory sections is not a sufficient reason to dismiss the indictment. State v. Covens,
Therefore, the trial court could properly allow the amendment to the indictment.
E. ISSUE FIVE — SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE ON COUNTS II, V, VI, VII, AND VIII
Defendant argues that the evidence was not sufficient to support his convictions on Count II (larceny over $2500) and Count VI (conspiracy to commit larceny over $2500), because his “mere presence” at the scene of the crime does not show he shared Goode’s criminal intent to commit the larceny, and because there was no direct evidence of his intent. Intent is rarely established by direct evidence; rather, it is usually inferred from other facts of the case. State v. Sparks,
Defendant argues that he could not have been convicted on Count V (assault with intent to commit larceny), because the larceny was already completed when Goode fired at Paul Andrews. We disagree. Larceny is a continuing offense. State v. Meeks,
As to Count VII (Tires case), defendant argues there is no direct evidence that he was the person who removed the tires. He incorrectly argues that direct evidence is necessary to convict. Our supreme court has clearly held that circumstantial evidence can be sufficient evidence on which to convict. State v. Brown,
As to Count VIII (Sears case), defendant argues there was no direct evidence that he was not authorized to use the credit card. Fraudulent intеnt may be proved by reasonable inferences drawn from a defendant’s statements and conduct. State v. Gardner,
CONCLUSION
We reverse and remand for separate new trials on the three crimes because of the improper denial of defendant’s motion to sever. We affirm on all other issues.
IT IS SO ORDERED.