OPINION OP THE COURT BY
This is an appeal from a conviction of the defendant on a charge of procuring and pimping in violation of R.L.H. 1955, section 309-28. The defendant was found guilty by a jury under an indictment alleging that he “did induce, compel and procure Purline Robinson, a female person, to practice prostitution, with the intent thereby to obtain and secure from said female person a portion of the gains earned by her in such practice.”
*353 We have heretofore held that the only ruling properly reserved for consideration on this appeal pertains to the admission of a written confession. Ante page 81.
Evidence was adduced by the prosecution showing that on August 29,1958, the defendant gave the police a statement, in question and answer form, which was reduced to writing and signed by him. In it, the defendant related that he had met Purline Robinson about five months before, that he became intimate with her and that they entered into an agreement calling for her to рractice prostitution with the proceeds therefrom to be split between them. As he explained: “She needed money, I needed money. So we came to an agreement. * * * I find a man that would want to go with her — for intercourse. * * * I would make the contacts and we would split fifty-fifty.” The defendant further admitted that on three or four occasions, the dates of which he could not recall, he had taken Purline Robinson to a place in the vicinity of the Waialae Drive-In Theatre in Honolulu and that on each of the occasions he had driven her elsewhere to have sexual intercourse with men he had made arrangements with for that purpose. He stated that the rate charged for each act was $10 or $12 and that “I collected the money —sometimes she did.” He said that in the one week involved there were about fifteen acts and that he received $75 and she the rest. The defendant also stated that a Norman Texeira acted on his behalf three or four times in making arrangements with a “customer” for Purline Robinson. He was asked if he knew what money arrangements Texeira had with Purline Robinson for lining up these customers, and he replied, “He was doing it as a favor to me.”
The defendant objected to the admission of the written statement on two specific grounds; viz, (1) “The corpus delicti in this case has not been proven,” and (2) “The *354 statement was not voluntarily made.” The objections will be taken up in the order stated.
Thе independent proof of the corpus delicti rested almost wholly on the testimony of Purline Robinson. As far as bearing on the issue to be first considered, it is summarized hereunder.
She was nineteen years old. She came to Honolulu in January, 1958, with the hope of making arrangements with her husband, who was living here, for a divorce. She lived with her husband for a month. They then parted and went their separate ways. She met the defendant some time in February and soon became intimate with him. In the middle of March he asked her if she wanted “to work for him” and make some “fast money.” He explained he meant for her to work as a prostitute. She refused the proposal and broke off relations with him. Later they made up, and near the end of June he again asked her to go to work for him. She agreed to do so when he threatened to write her parents on the mainland that she was working as a prostitute here. The defendant told her he would let her know when she was to begin work. On the evening of July 7, 1958, the defendant and one Norman Texeira called on and then drove her, in defendant’s automobile, to Texeira’s home back of the Waialae Drive-In Theatre, where a group of men were gambling in the basement. She was told by the defendant and Texeira that these men were the men she was to go with and that she was “to play up” to them. Shortly after her arrival Texeira called her out of the house and after a conversation with him (which on objection she was not .permitted to relate) she went to the defendant’s car where he was waiting with one of the men who had been at the gambling game. The defendant drove her and this individual to another location, sometimes referred to in her testimony as “the camp.” She entered a room and had *355 intercourse with the naan while the defendant waited in the car. Defendant later drove her back to the game and on six or seven other occasions during the course of the evening took her with one of the gamblers to the camp for the same purpose involved on the first trip. The men solicited were all strangers to her. The defendant also called for and took her to Texeira’s place on the nights of July 8 and July 15. On each of those nights, with either Texeira or the defendant transporting her and a “customer” to the place of assignation, there was a repetition of the routine that occurred on the night of July 7. She did not receive money from any of the men she had intercourse with. She was not given any money by the defendant or any one else and she had no direct knowledge that the defendant received any money from or on account of her activities.
Purline Eobinson identified an individual bfought into the courtroom while she was on the witness stand as one of the men who had been transported with her from the gambling game to the camp by the defendant. She knew him only by the name of Daniel. Daniel was called by the prosecution. He was the only other witness contributing any independent evidence in proof of the charge. He denied that he had been at the place where the gambling occurred, but testified that on an evening in the summer of 1958, the defendant and Norman Texeira accompanied by Purline Eobinson drove up to the place where he lived, that the two men approached him and, with Texeira as spokesman, asked him if he “wanted a woman.” He said he asked them, “How much?” and that, on being told the charge was $10, he accepted the proposal. He said he was told to get the money, that he did so and thereupon he and the woman went into a room and had sexual intercourse. He testified he paid Purline Eobinson $10 and that she and the two men left in the automobile they had come in.
*356 The two elements constituting the corpus delicti here involved are: (1) The inducement of a female to practice prostitution, and (2) The accomрanying intent to participate in the earnings from such practice.
The prosecution’s evidence aliunde the confession directly established that the defendant prevailed upon or induced Purline Robinson to practice prostitution and no question has been raised respecting the sufficiency of the independent proof on this element of the offense. It is appellant’s contention however that, independent of his confession, “there was not a scintilla of evidence from which it could be properly inferred that defendant ever intended to obtain and secure from her a portion of her earnings as a prostitute” and that, therefore, “since the corpus delicti was never established, the admissions and confessions of the defendant were improperly used to procure his conviction.”
Appellant’s contention calls first for consideration of the proposal underlying it to the effect that a confession of an accused may not be used in any respect to obtain or support a conviction unless each of the essential elements of the corpus delicti is established by independent proof. A similar contention was made in
Republic
v.
Tokuji,
Whatever the difference in the quantum and the quality of proof required under the particular rules adopted in the various jurisdictions, the basic purpose of each in requiring corroboration of the confession by independent evidence before it may be admitted or used is to meet the possibility that the confession may have been falsely given through misunderstanding, confusion, psychopathic aberration or other mistake.
Smith
v.
United States,
348 U. S.
*358
147, 153;
A version of the view that full proof independent of the corpus delicti is not required is given in
Wynkoop
v.
United States,
Recently, in Opper v. United States, supra, the United States Supreme Court confirmed the rule so laid down by the Ninth Circuit in the Wynkoop case, stating (at page 93) : “* * * However, we think the better rule to be that the corroborative evidence need not be sufficient, independent of the statements, to establish the corpus delicti. It is necessary, therefore, to require the Government to introduce substantial independent evidence which would tend to establish the trustworthiness of the statement. Thus, the independent evidence serves a dual function. It tends to make the admission reliable, thus corroborating it while also establishing independently the other necessary elements of the offense. Smith v. United States, post, p. 147. It is sufficient if the corroboration supports the essential facts admitted sufficiently to justify a jury inference of their truth. Thоse facts plus the other evidence besides the admission must, of course, be sufficient to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
On the same day the
Opper
decision was rendered the court handed down its decision in
Smith
v.
United States,
Consistently with the foregoing, it is represented in 20 Am. Jur., Evidence, section 1233 pp. 1085-6, that: “The general rule now is that while the corpus delicti cannot be established by the extrajudicial confession of the defendant unsupported by any other evidence, it may be established by such a confession corroborated by other facts and circumstances. It is not necessary to prove the corpus delicti by evidence entirely independent and exclusive of the confession, but sufficient proof to- convict exists when the corpus delicti is established by other evidence and the confession taken together. * *
The quoted text appears to be a satisfactory general statement of the principle applicable on this appeal. Refinements may be required under the particular facts of other cases but the general rule as so stated appears sufficient to indicate our rejection of appellant’s proposal that the corpus delicti must be fully estаblished by evidence independent of the confession and, with the other authorities we have referred to, to govern the disposition of the point under consideration upon the record in the present case.
There is nothing in the independent evidence in this case which proves defendant’s intent as positively and directly as the admission in his confession to- the effect *361 that his agreement with Purline Robinson contemplated that she would split the earnings with him on a fifty-fifty basis. However, there are circumstances proven by the independent evidence which relate to and, by inference, tend to prove the element of intent.
Independently of the confession, the record in this case hardly warrants any conclusion but that the venture entered into by defendant and Purline Robinson was a commercial one and that each of the men solicited paid for his engagement with her. She testified she received no part of the proceeds frоm her activities during the one week involved. These circumstances afforded one basis for inferring that the defendant, as the manager and active solicitor in the joint venture, quite likely received and retained proceeds from her activity — from which can be inferred his intent to do so. The very nature of the calling, and the extent to which the independent evidence shows the defendant pursued it, tend to preclude the conclusion that he might have undertaken his part in the venture without intent of monetary gain.
Aside from the proof of defendant’s intent to participate in earnings which may be derived from considering his actual activities, the terms of the agreement, as related by Purline Robinson, also furnish some basis for inferring the existence of such an intent.
It was not necessary under the charge against the defendant to prove that he actually received any of Purline Robinson’s earnings as a prostitute. All that was required in that respect was to show that at the time he induced her to engage in prostitution he did so with the intent of participating in her earnings.
Territory
v.
Palai,
Applying thе law to the record in this case, it is clear that, even if, as contended, the evidence just reviewed were deemed insufficient to independently establish the defendant’s intent to obtain a portion of Purline Robinson’s earnings as a prostitute, it nevertheless tended, to a marked degree, to prove such intent. It fully fortified the truth of the defendant’s admission in that respect. The reception in evidence and the consideration of the confession were therefore warranted. The corpus delicti was thus properly and adequately established by such other evidence and the confession taken together.
There remains for consideration appellant’s further contention that the confession was inadmissible because it was not voluntarily made.
The defendant was interviewed on three separate occasions while under detention by the police. He was arrested at about nine o’clock on the evening of August 28 and shоrtly thereafter was questioned by Lieut. George Akana, on which occasion he gave the officer an oral confession. On the afternoon of August 29, Lieutenant Akana again questioned the defendant and obtained from him the written confession under consideration. Earlier on the same day the defendant had been interviewed in the office of Asst. Chief of Police Leon Straus. The evidence in *363 dicates that this interview was not for the purpose of developing proof of the charge the defendant was being investigated for, but rather for the purpose of ascertaining whether he had any knowledge of a suspected tie-up between Texeira and a sergeant of the police vice squad then under surveillance. Lieutenant Akana was not present at this interview. Another detective, Itsuku Murakami, was.
Lieutenant Akana was the first witness called to prove the confessions. After testifying on the general circumstances attending his first questioning оf the defendant, and that he had made no promises or inducements to the defendant nor otherwise asserted any coercion or duress against him, the witness was about to relate the results of his first interview with the defendant when defendant’s counsel moved that the jury be excused and that a voir dire hearing be had in its absence on the question of voluntariness. The motion was granted.
The defendant took the stand and, in support of his claim that his statements to the police were involuntarily made, testified that Detective Murakami told him that he was a friend of the defendant’s family, that the best thing for him to do was to cooperate with the police, and that if he did so his involvement with the law could be kept out of the newspapers and he would be entitled to probation. He testified that Murakami’s inducements were made during the interview in Assistant Chief Straus’s office, and that Straus also indicated to him that if he cooperated with the police the matter would be kept оut of the papers and he would get probation. The defendant said it was by reason of these inducements that he made the statements to the police. The defendant made no claim that Lieutenant Akana had made any promises to him or had used coercion or improper influence in obtaining either the oral or the written statement from him. He made no attempt whatsoever to refute Lieutenant Akana’s testi *364 mony to the effect that the statements werе voluntarily given.
Called as a witness, Detective Murakami admitted that in the interview in the assistant chief’s office there had been some discussion relative to probation and about keeping the matter out of the newspapers, but he said that these were matters which the defendant was concerned about and were first mentioned by the defendant. The witness further testified that although they requested the defendant’s cooperation on the departmental investigation involving the vice squad sergeant, not only did he or Assistant Chief Straus make no promises to the defendant, they, in fact, advised him that they could give no assurance that he would get probation and that they had no control whatsoever over what the newspapers might publish.
After completion of the voir dire hearing, the court overruled the objections to reception of the oral interview of the defendant by Lieutenant Akana. The jury was recalled and the witness was permitted to rеlate the oral confession of the defendant. It corresponded with the written confession in all essential respects.
Lieutenant Akana identified the written confession and, after further direct and cross examination of the witness on the circumstances attending the taking of it, the confession was offered and admitted in evidence over the objections above stated. The defendant did not take the stand after the jury was recalled. Testimony of Lieutenant Akana on the voluntariness of the defendant’s statement to him thus remained unrefuted.
The conflict between the voir dire testimony of the defendant and that of Detective Murakami presented a factual issue for the ruling of the court. In admitting the confession, the court resolved the issue against the defendant. Its finding in that respect must be taken as con-
*365
elusive on the admissibility of the confession if supported by more than a mere scintilla of evidence. Under the standard applicable there was ample evidence to justify the court’s ruling, particularly when it is noted that the matters of inducement complained of by the defendant occurred after he had made the oral confession, the proven voluntary nature of which, as has been indicated, he made no attempt to attack on his voir dire examination. On this record no error can be predicated on the admission of the written confession over the objection that it was not voluntarily made.
State
v.
Ponteras,
The judgment is affirmed.