The issue in this criminal appeal is whether the defendant’s waiver of his right to have an attorney present during custodial interrogation was voluntarily made.
Defendant was arrested at his residence on April 10, 1978 at 11:15 p.m. The arresting officers сharged him with kidnapping in the first degree and extortion and advised defendant of his Miranda rights. 1 The officers brought him to the police station where, at approximately 12:15 a.m., they again advised him of his rights, and defendant signed an Advice of Rights form indicating thаt he understood his rights. Defendant told the police officers that he did not want to discuss any matter without having an attorney present.
From 12:15 a.m. until approximately 4 a.m. the morning of April 11,1978, police detectives spoke with defendant, "giving him an opportunity to waive his right to have an attorney present,” and hoping to get him to make some incriminating statements. They presented him with the evidence they had accumulated which connected him with the kidnapping. They told him thаt they knew of his self-incriminating admission to his ex-wife and that a van similar to hers had been involved in the kidnapping. They discussed the maximum penalties, the possibility of plea bargaining and the possibility of bail reduction. They suggested that defendant’s prospects might be better if he cooperated with them in recovering the $100,000 ransom money and they stated that, in their opinion, assisting in the return of the money could have a bearing on the sentence and later parole. One detective described their efforts in the following words:
" * * * We painted, quite frankly, a dark picture for him. That he might have an opportunity to, you know, bail himself out here a little bit and help himself.”
*652 While they advised defendant that it could be in his interest to talk, the detectives questioned him about the location of his brother, who was also a suspect in the case. They found a portion of a matchbook cover sticking out of one of his shoes, and they asked him if the telеphone number written thereon belonged to his brother. Warning him that the ransom money should be recovered prior to trial, they asked him where the money was hidden.
Throughout the questioning, defendant was extremely upset. He told the deteсtives that he would be willing to discuss the case with them but that he wanted to talk to an attorney first. The detectives continued questioning defendant, telling him that his statements would not be admissible in court because he had not waived his rights, but also suggesting that hе cooperate and waive his right to an attorney. Defendant repeated his request for an attorney three or four times during the course of the questioning. Nevertheless, defendant spoke with the detectives and said that hе knew he was going to jail for a long time, that he did not want to incriminate his brother, that the phone number on the matchbook cover belonged to his brother, and that he did not know where the ransom money was hidden because his brother tоld him only that it was buried somewhere. The questioning ended at about 4 a.m. on April 11, and the defendant was booked and jailed.
A day later, on April 12 at 10:45 a.m., one of the detectives spoke with defendant in jail "to ask him to waive his right” to have аn attorney present. Defendant had not yet seen an attorney and the detective was prepared to readvise defendant of his rights. But first the detective wanted to inform defendant of new developments in the case sо that defendant could decide whether to waive his right to counsel. The detective told him that his brother had been arrested and that he had implicated defendant in the kidnapping and the receipt of some of the ransom money. The detective *653 said that he realized defendant had requested an attorney; he also said that in fact an attorney would advise defendant not to discuss the case. Then the detective asked defendant if he wanted to waive his right to have an attorney present. The detective told defendant he felt there was a good chance defendant would be convicted and that it would be to defendant’s benefit to cooperate and try to recover the ransom money. After 15 minutes of reviewing the case, the detective again asked if defendant wanted to waive his rights.
Defendant then agreed to talk. He was uncertain whether the detective was telling the truth, so the detective requested a lawyer who was present in the building to witness the detective’s statements. After hearing the detective’s statements, the lawyer suggested to the defendant that he see an attorney. The detective advised defendant of his rights. Defendant agreed to waive his right to have an attorney present, signed a formal waiver to that effect, and proceeded to make a statement and answer questions.
The state conceded and thе trial court held that the statements made by defendant during the first discussion with police on April 11 should be suppressed. The court denied the motion to suppress the matchbook cover and the evidence obtained therefrom. It аlso denied suppression of defendant’s statements made on April 12.
Defendant was convicted of kidnapping in a trial before the court. Defendant appealed the trial court’s partial denial of his motion to suppress, and the Court of Appeals affirmed the denial.
In
State v. Singleton,
*654
" * * * [When] a defendant, after arrest and upon being questioned by the police, exercises his right to remain silent and also informs the police of his desire to exercisе his right to consult with an attorney, the police must 'scrupulously honor’ those rights; that when in such a case it is contended by the state that the defendant has subsequently waived those rights there is a presumption that the waiver was involuntary and the state has a 'heavy burden’ to demonstrate that the defendant knowingly and intelligently waived those rights; and that the determination whether there was such a waiver is to be made upon an inquiry into 'the totality of the surrounding circumstances.’ We alsо hold that in such a case the question of waiver is not simply a question of historical fact, but one which requires the application of constitutional principles to the facts as found.”
The trial court held, and the state concedes, that the police officers violated defendant’s constitutional rights when they interrogated him on April 11 after he had asserted his rights to remain silent and to consult with an attorney. Therefore during the April 11 questioning the policе did not "scrupulously honor” defendant’s rights.
The Court of Appeals held that defendant’s statements on April 12 (following his signed waiver) "were not the result of — and hence not tainted by — the earlier interrogation” on April 11.
In
State v. Mendacino,
" * * * We must determine whether the coercive effects of the earlier unlawful conduct had been effectively remоved. The application of a 'tainted fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine’ is not automatic, rather the application depends on an analysis of the total circumstances of each case. United States v. Massey,437 F Supp 843 (Fla 1977). Cf., Gilpin v. United States, 415 F2d 638 (5th Cir 1969), Harney v. United States, 407 F2d 586 (5th Cir 1969).”288 Or at 238 .
In
Mendacino
we were concerned with the problem whether earlier unlawful coercive conduct affected the voluntariness of a defendant’s later confession. In the instant case, we are concerned with the effect of prior unlawful conduct on the voluntariness of a defendant’s waiver of constitutional rights. The analysis, however, is the same; we must inquire into the totality of the circumstances surrounding the series of police interrogations to determine whether the defendant in fact knowingly and voluntarily decided to forego his rights to remain silent and to have the assistance of counsel.
State v. Singleton, supra; Fare v. Michael C.,
The circumstances surrounding the police interrogation of defendant on April 11 and 12 indicate the police detectives persisted "in repeated efforts to wear down his resistance and make him change his mind.”
Michigan v. Mosley,
The defendant’s motion to suppress statements made by defendant on April 12 should have been granted.
Reversed and remanded.
Notes
Miranda v. Arizona,
In State v. Singleton,
It is anomalous that the police detectives characterized their efforts as "giving [defendant] an opportunity to waive his right to have an attorney present.” By continuing their interrogation, they were denying defendant his right to have an attorney present. At the suppression hearing one of the dеtectives admitted on cross-examination, "The reason that I was there [on April 12] was to ask him to waive his right to that attorney, which he eventually agreed to do.”
At the suppression hearing the trial judge observed:
" * * * Does a police officer who has been told that a man wаnts to exercise his constitutional right have a duty to the police department or the public or to the Defendant or to the District Attorney or any interested group, * * * to try and talk the person out of asserting their rights, which is bascally what it amounts to in this case. They talked him out of it by showing him the helplessness of the situation * * * . [T]hey talked him out of his decision to assert a right to counsel, and I’m very disturbed. Very disturbed.”