State v. FluellenState v. Fluellen
Grey, Judge.
This is an appeal from a jury verdict of the Ross County Court of Common Pleas. The jury found appellant, Damon A. Fluellen, guilty of aggravated robbery in violation of
The facts in this case are disputed. The following set of facts seem to be the basis for the jury verdict rendered in this case. On August 9, 1991, Fluellen entered the Slates Mills Farmers Market in Ross County, Ohio armed with a .22 rifle. Fluellen pointed the rifle at the cashiers, Dan Murray and Kevin Arledge, and ordered Arledge to open the cash register. When Fluellen turned toward Arledge, Murray ran out of the store and tried to flag down a motorist.
Fluellen opened the register himself and fled the market in a pickup truck driven by an accomplice, Keith Ernst. The truck was owned by Ernst’s father. As the two were driving, Fluellen tossed the rifle out the window of the truck. Somewhere between the market and Mount Sterling, Ernst got out of the truck. Fluellen continued to drive and was later apprehended in Mount Sterling, Ohio.
The Ross County Grand Jury indicted Fluellen and charged him with aggravated robbery in violation оf
Prior to trial Fluellen elected to have the “repeat offender” specification tried to the court. Fluellen also filed a motion in limine regarding the prosеcution introducing evidence of alleged acts of Fluellen’s misconduct or his prior conviction and a motion to suppress. The state filed a notice of its intention not to introduce Fluellen’s statement in its case in chief.
The matter proceeded to trial before a jury. The state presented testimony from both cashiers, Murray and Arledge, as well as the owner of the Farmers Market, Steve Thomas. Keith Ernst, who had previously pleaded guilty to the charge of aggravated robbery and had been sentenced, testified that Fluellen had robbed the Farmers Market, wielding a .22 rifle.
Fluellen took the stand in his own defense and testified that Ernst had forced him to commit the robbery under the threat of death. During cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Fluellen if he had ever been сonvicted of voluntary manslaughter. Fluellen answered no, but that he had been convicted of involuntary manslaughter. The trial court failed to give a requested curative instruction
Defense counsel objected because the conviction had taken place over ten years ago and should not be admissible under
The jury found Fluellen guilty of aggravated robbery with a firearm specification. The court found that Fluellen was a repeat offender and sentenced Fluellen on the charge and both specifications. Fluellen appeals and assigns three errors.
“First Assignment of Error
“The trial court erred in permitting the state to impeach the Defendant’s testimony with a criminal conviction over ten years old without specific findings of facts and circumstances showing that the probative value of such conviction substantially outweighed its prejudicial effect.”
[REDACTED] Fluellen asserts that the court erred in permitting the state to use his prior conviction for involuntary manslaughter, which was over ten years old, to impeach his testimony. The state contends that the trial court was correct in doing so pursuant to
“notwithstanding
However,
“Evidence of a conviction under this Rule is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction or of the release of the witness from the confinement, or the termination of probation * * * unless the court dеtermines, in the interests of justice, that the probative value of the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. * * *”
There is no dispute that Fluellen’s prior conviction, sentence and parole time all occurred more than ten years prior to his arrest and trial for aggravated
What we have here is a rule, an exception to the rule, and then, an exception to the exception. To attack a defendant’s credibility, evidence of his prior convictions may be introduced. This is the rule in
This exception to the exception sounds a lot like the general rule for relevancy in
We must, therefore, look to the actual language of
“[U]nless the court determines, in the interest of justice, that the probative value of the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect.”
The phrase, “supported by specific facts and circumstances,” seems to be the key. One assumes the drafters of these rules intended that even though ten-year-old convictions are ordinarily not probative, the facts and circumstances may make a ten-year-old conviction relevant. If a defendant testifies and denies embezzling money, it may be probative for the jury to hear that over ten years ago he was convicted of embezzlement because the facts and circumstances of that conviction are specifically related to the current charge. On the other hand, if he had been convicted of aggravated vehicular homicide or possession for salе, the circumstances of those crimes do not say much about his credibility on the current charge one way or another except as provided for in
There are very few instances where evidence of the prior conviction of a defendant would not be prejudicial and possibly confuse or mislead the jury. It is reasonable to presume that a juror’s knowledge of a defendant’s prior conviction will influence his verdict. The logical thought progression is if the
Fluellen was convicted and served time for involuntary manslaughter. That offense, in and of itself, has little to do with the offense of aggravated robbery except to reinforce in the jury’s mind that thе defendant is a person who probably committed the present crime since he had a prior conviction. In introducing Fluellen’s prior conviction, the state failed to support that evidence with specific facts and circumstances as mandated by
In light of the ordinarily prejudicial effect of such evidence, and in light of the fact that the drafters of Rules of Evidence felt this issuе was so important as to make a specific exception of it, we cannot say this evidence did not have a prejudicial effect upon the jurors. The trial court erred in permitting Fluellen’s prior conviction, more than ten years old, to be admitted into evidence. Fluellen’s first assignment of error is well taken and is sustained.
“Second Assignment of Error
“The trial court erred in permitting the state to adduce еvidence of other wrongs and alleged crimes of the Defendant when the Defendant was not charged with other crimes and wrongdoings.”
[REDACTED] Fluellen asserts that the trial court should not have permitted Keith Ernst to testify that he and Fluellen had possessed and used cocaine and that Fluellen wanted Ernst’s gun to harm a third party. In support of this assertion Fluellen relies on
“Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”
The Ohio Supreme Court held in State v. Roe (1989), 41 Ohio St.3d 18, 535 N.E.2d 1351, that evidence of other crimes may be presented when “they are so blended or connected with the one on trial as that proof of one incidentally involves the other; or explains the circumstances thereof * * *”
Below, Ernst testified that he put two shells in the .22 rifle prior to the robbery. When asked why he did that, Ernst replied that Fluellen had indicated he wanted to use the gun on someone who had borrowed his truck. When asked why he acted the way he did on the day of the robbery, Ernst replied that he had been drinking with Fluellen and that he, Ernst, had been doing cocaine. Both
Fluellen asserts that he was unaware that he would have to defend against an allegation of drug use. However, his counsel, prior to trial, filed a motion in limine to prevent evidence of his drug use from being admitted. The actual testimony about cocaine usage came after Ernst testified that he had been with Fluellen, that he had been drinking with Fluellen, and that he had been smoking cocaine. The clear inference was that Fluellen was smoking too, and the jury is likely to have made that inference whether the question was asked or not. While it might have gone one step beyond, wе do not regard it as that prejudicial.
Fluellen’s second assignment of error is not well taken and is overruled.
“Third Assignment of Error
“The trial court erred in failing to dismiss the gun specification when the evidence failed to establish that the firearm was capable of proper operation at the time of the offense.”
At issue here is whether the firearm used by Fluellen in the armed robbery of the Farmers Market wаs operable pursuant to
To sustain a conviction with a firearm specification the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the firearm was operable or could have readily been rendered operable at the timе of the offense. State v. Gaines (1989), 46 Ohio St.3d 65, 545 N.E.2d 68. There must be some evidence relative to the gun’s operability. Id. In Gaines, there was testimony concerning the appearance of the gun as well as the witnesses’ subjective belief that the gun was operable. The Gaines court held that this, without more, will not support an additional three-year sentence pursuant to
[REDACTED] Here, there was testimony from both Murray and Arledge conсerning their beliefs as to the gun’s ability to fire as well as a description of the gun itself. That testimony alone would not have satisfied the Gaines test. However, Agent Ronald Dye testified that although the gun had a half-inch dirt plug in the barrel, he cleaned it out and test-fired it. The mud is consistent with the testimony of Keith Ernst who said that Fluellen threw the gun out of the car window as they fled the scene of the robbery.
All of the above evidence, taken together, was sufficient to sustain the state’s burden of proof as to the operability of the .22 rifle. The trial court did not err in
Based on our ruling in Fluellen’s first assignment of error, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
Harsha, P.J., concurs separately.
Peter B. Abele, J., concurs as to Assignments of Error Nos. II and III, but dissents as to Assignment of Error No. I.
Harsha, Presiding Judge, concurring.
“Although conviсtions over ten years old generally do not have much probative value, there may be exceptional circumstances under which the conviction substantially bears on the credibility of the witness. * * *
“It is intended that convictions over 10 years old will be admitted very rarely and only in exceptional circumstances. The rules provide that the decision be supported by specific fаcts and circumstances thus requiring the court to make specific findings on the record as to the particular facts and circumstances it has considered in determining that the probative value of the conviction substantially outweighs its prejudicial impact.” (Emphasis added.) S.Rep. No. 93-1277, 93d Cong. 2d Sess., reprinted in U.S.Code Cong. & Adm.News (1974) 7051, 7061-7062. See Giannelli, Ohio Evidence Manual (1992) 50, Section 609.06(a); see, also, State v. Ellis (1982), 8 Ohio App.3d 27, 8 OBR 29, 455 N.E.2d 1025.
Convictions over ten years old should be admitted under
Nevertheless, in order to support the reversal of a judgment, appellant has the burden to establish that any error was prejudicial. See, e.g., Gries Sports Enterprises, Inc. v. Cleveland Browns Football Co. (1986), 26 Ohio St.3d 15, 28, 26 OBR 12, 23, 496 N.E.2d 959, 969; Lowry v. Lowry (1988), 48 Ohio App.3d 184, 190, 549 N.E.2d 176, 181.
If evidence of guilt is overwhelming, courts have held any error in the admission of evidence to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Hart (1991), 72 Ohio App.3d 92, 99, 593 N.E.2d 463, 467; State v. West (Nov. 17, 1988), Cuyahoga App. No. 54598, unreported, 1988 WL 122944. In the casе at bar, appellant conceded that he had participated in the aggravated robbery of the store. However, he claimed the affirmative defense of duress. Under Ohio law, duress is an affirmative defense which must be proven by the defendant. State v. Broughton (Feb. 16, 1993), Clermont App. No. CA92-06-061, unreported, 1993 WL 38178. The defendant must establish that the force which is claimed to have compelled his criminal cоnduct was (1) immediate and imminent and threatened grave bodily harm; (2) present throughout the transaction; and (3) could not have reasonably been avoided. State v. Hackley (Aug. 15, 1990), Montgomery App. No. 11407, unreported, 1990 WL 119292, citing State v. Proctor (1977), 51 Ohio App.2d 151, 158, 5 O.O.3d 309, 313, 367 N.E.2d 908, 913; see, also, State v. Cross (1979), 58 Ohio St.2d 482, 12 O.O.3d 396, 391 N.E.2d 319. The force which is claimed to have compelled criminal conduct against the will of the actor must be immediate and continuous during all the time the act is being committed. State v. Dapice (1989), 57 Ohio App.3d 99, 106-107, 566 N.E.2d 1261, 1268-1269; State v. McClain (Mаr. 31, 1988), Franklin App. No. 87AP-645, unreported, 1988 WL 37105.
The reason the trial court gave in allowing evidence of appellant’s prior conviction was because the “central issue” in the case was appellant’s credibility. Appellee specifically placed special emphasis on the prior conviction in its closing argument:
Finally, appellee does not even assert on appeal that any error in the admission of appellant’s involuntary manslaughter conviction was harmless. Based upon the foregoing circumstances, and a complete review of the record, I am persuaded that there remains a reasonable possibility that the prior conviction may have contributed to appellant’s conviction.1 Accordingly, I cannot find the trial court’s error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.