Gеorge E. Flinn, defendant-appellant, challenges a trial court order holding him in contempt of сourt for failure to execute a handwriting exemplar and sentencing him to jail until *295 he purges himself of the contempt. We affirm.
Facts
Oh December 17, 1981, Geоrge E. Flinn, defendant-appellant, was indicted for three counts of uttering a false instrument in violation of R.C. 2913.31 (A)(3). The appellant was scheduled to go on trial February 18, 1982. On January 20, 1982, the state obtained a court order requiring Flinn to submit a handwriting exemplar. A copy of said order was sent to defense counsel, and a copy was personally served on Flinn on February 16, 1982.
On February 16, 1982, Flinn was removed from the Summit County Jail to the Akron Police Department for purposes of obtaining the ordered exemplar. Flinn refused tо give the handwriting exemplar at that time, requesting the presence of his attorney. Later that same day, Flinn was served with a motion requesting that he be held in contempt of court.
Pursuant to R.C. 2705.03, a hearing was held on said motion on February 18, 1982, before Flinn’s scheduled trial. At the conclusion of the hearing the court again ordered Flinn to submit an exemplar, saying:
“* * * Well, whatever has happened in the past the Court wishеs to hold in abeyance at least for the moment and advise the defendant that the Court' is renewing the previous order to provide a handwriting exemplar and giving the defendant the — ordering him to do so right nоw and advising him that if he does do so right now the matter of his contempt will be dropped at least so fаr as this Court is concerned. The defendant’s attorney is here. The defendant is here. The examiner оf the handwriting is here. And it seems to me that now is the time to do that. * * *”
Flinn again refused. The court found Flinn in contemрt of its January 20th order (indirect contempt) and its oral order (direct contempt) and sentenced him to be imprisoned until he purged himself of the contempt by submitting the handwriting exemplar.
Law and Discussion Assignment of Error I
“Finding the appellаnt in contempt for failing to give Detective Harbin a handwriting exemplar on February 16, 1982 is against the manifest weight of the evidence and contrary to law.”
Contempt is a disregard of, or disobedience to, the orders or commands of a judicial authority. 17 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d 315, Contempt, Section 1. Contempts are classified as direct or indirect. R.C. 2705.01 defines direct contempts as:
“* * * misbehavior in the presence of or so near the court or judge as to obstruct the administration of justice.”
Indirect contempts include:
“Disobedienсe of, or resistance to, a lawful writ, process, order, rule, judgment, or command of a court or an officer;” R.C. 2705.02 (A).
To establish contempt, it must be shown that the defendant willfully and for an improper purpose disobeyed a lawful court order. 17 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d 317, Contempt, Section 3.
In the instant case, the court was well within its authority to order Flinn to submit a handwriting exemplar. Flinn was under indictment for uttering; thus, the exemрlar is clearly relevant to the elements of the charge. The record contains no indicаtion of harassment or pro-secutorial misuse of the judicial system.
In
State
v.
Ostrowski
(1972),
“A handwriting exemplar, used solely fоr identification purposes, is a mere identifying physical characteristic and, as such, is outside thе scope of the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, even if the words written are identical to the words contained in a writing directly linked to the crime; and there is no requirement that Miranda *296 warnings be given prior to the giving of such handwriting exemplar.”
There is nothing in the record to indicate that the contents оf the ordered exemplar were in the nature of testimonial evidence. Thus, the ordered exеmplar was a mere identifying characteristic, and Flinn had no right either to have his attorney presеnt or to refuse to give the exemplar. We find that both the written and verbal court orders are lawful.
Flinn argues that he acted in good faith in refusing to submit an exemplar on February 16, honestly believing he had a right to have his attorney present while he gave the exemplar. Thus, according to Flinn, the court errеd by finding him in indirect contempt. We do not agree.
Flinn’s mental state is a question of fact to be determinеd by the trial court. Flinn again refused to give the exemplar on February 18, in the presence of his attorney. In this factual context, the court could infer a willful intention to disobey a lawful order and to disturb the аdministration of justice. The finding of indirect contempt was made after the court had afforded Flinn the procedural safeguards contained in R.C. 2705.08. We find no error.
Assignment of Error II
“The finding of the appellant in contemрt for failing to submit to a handwriting exemplar in open court on February 18, 1982 is without authority and contrary to lаw.”
R.C. 2705.01 is a codification of the court’s common-law power to summarily punish a direct contemрt. Flinn’s February 18 refusal took place in the presence of the judge in open court and delаyed proceeding with Flinn’s scheduled trial. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding Flinn in direct contempt. Nо further notice or hearing was required.
Summary
We overrule both of appellant’s assignments of error. The judgment is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Hunsicker, J., retired, of the Ninth Appellate District, was assigned to active duty under authority of Section 6 (C), Article IV, Constitution.