118 Kan. 1 | Kan. | 1925
Emmett Fixley was charged with and convicted of the murder of Flora Ready, and from the judgment of conviction he appeals.
At the time of the offense Flora Ready was about forty-five years of age, had a daughter seven years old and was living with her mother in Osawatomie. She was employed in a telephone exchange and on the- evening of February 18, 1923, was receiving and answering calls until about 9:30, when she was relieved by another operator and started for her home, which was about four blocks from the telephone exchange. She was accompanied by another operator about half the distance and then proceeded homewards alone. She was seen at the corner of the railroad station, where she turned south going across a parking near the station. She was not seen alive again by any of the witnesses. Not arriving home at the accustomed time, notice of her absence was given and a search for her was started. In the course of the search three persons with a lantern went to the railroad parking and there found a pocketbook, a pair of eyeglasses, a switch of hair, and some blood was found on the grass. Near these a pair of men’s gloves was found. Continuing the search the body was found about 175 feet away in a dark place near an icehouse. Her upper lip was cut through, her face was bruised and bloody, one eye was black and swollen, and she had evidently been struck a heavy blow on the jaw. A scarf which she had worn was twisted and drawn tightly around her neck. The shoes worn indicated that the body had been dragged from the place of attack across the railroad tracks to the icehouse. There she was found about 10:35, lying upon her back, her feet widely apart, her clothes above her knees, and there were some blood spots on her underclothes below the waist, and the coroner upon an examination reached the opinion that there had been recent sexual intercourse.
While there was a Negro resort or restaurant, said to be of low grade, close to the ice house, where the body was found, and a number of strangers in town who came there on account of a railroad strike, no clue led to suspicion that any of these had committed the assault, but attention was directed towards the defendant through the action of bloodhounds that were brought from Kansas City to the scene of the crime. The owner of the dogs arrived in Osawatomie about five o’clock the following morning. He was taken
The action of the dogs is practically the only evidence upon which the conviction of the defendant is based. He was in the city when the offense was committed and left there for Kansas City about thirty minutes after it was committed. At first the prosecution seemed to place some reliance upon what was called the flight of the defendant, but it appears without dispute that he had arranged to go to Kansas City on an afternoon train of that day, but before the train left a relative came to town on another train and he postponed his trip to Kansas City to visit with the relative until he left later in the afternoon. There was no train leaving Osawatomie for Kansas City on that evening, and defendant consulted agents and taxi drivers as to where he could go to catch a train that would take him to Kansas City. He also used the public telephones for that purpose, and'finally learned that by driving to Beagle, six or seven miles away, he could catch an M. K. & T. train that would carry him to his destination. It appears that he called at the White Way garage about 8:30 in the evening and arranged for a taxi to take him to the station, and left there saying he would return in about an hour. He did return about 9:45 or 9:50 and played two games of checkers while waiting for the taxi to take him to the station. Many people knew of the contemplated trip and of the circumstances of his leaving, and there is no ground to regard his
The defendant had been arrested a number of times and convicted of several offenses. These facts were brought out on his cross-examination and while competent as tending to impeach his credibility as a witness, they did not constitute evidence upon which to base a finding of guilt of the murder charged.
The defendant insists that the evidence relating to the action of the bloodhounds was not admissible because the dogs were not shown to have been sufficiently trained and skilled in taking the scent of human beings and tracking their footsteps,' and that the former experiences of the dogs on human trails were not shown to be reliable. It is further contended that the action of the dogs after being set on the trail as they wandered about the city over streets and places not claimed to have been traveled by the defendant discredits any claim of their skill and reliability and deprives the evidence of any probative value. It is further contended that even if the action of the dogs be treated as admissible, as circumstances tending to show that defendant had traveled over some of the courses taken by the dogs, such evidence unsupported by other evidence connecting the defendant with the murder is insufficient to support a conviction. The owner of the dogs testified as to their training and experience saying that he was a bloodhound breeder, bad had experience with dogs in trailing human footsteps, that he had owned one of the dogs since 1915, the other two were young dogs, one eight months old and another six months old. He stated that he had had experience with these dogs in trailing human footsteps and that they were reliable and accurate in their work. No instances of such experiences were given. The extent of his testimony as to the training, experience and skill of the dogs in tracking human beings, were his conclusions that the dogs were well bred and were reliable in their work. Each of the three dogs wore a harness to which a strap about eight feet long was attached and the owner took the dogs to the place in the park where the assault was committed, holding their heads from the ground until they reached the place pointed out to him as the location of the assault, whereupon he let their heads down with the admonition “go find them.” They immediately put their noses to the ground picking up a scent and started on a trail. He stated that he did not jerk the dogs nor attempt to guide them to any particular place and
“When all this is established, we then have this conduct from which to draw the inference that the defendant was at the place in question, a lesson in location taught by the exercise of canine instinct. It can be no proof of guilt, only some evidence that the party charged was at the place where the crime was committed, and hence where he could have committed it.” (p. 440.)
It will be noted that the dogs when started at the place of assault did not follow the trail on which the criminal dragged the body of his victim over the railroad tracks to the ice house, which was only about 175 feet away. Instead they went up the railroad track, passed the ice house going north in an irregular course about half a mile, smelling as they went, and apparently following a trail, but up near the river bridge they acted as if they were lost, when they turned around and retraced their course about a block, then went east two blocks, then turned south going about half a mile southward, then west through an alley passing near the starting place, but going on west pursuing a devious course which brought them near the starting place and after which they went to the ice house
Assuming that the evidence was admissible for what it was worth the question arises, What is its effect, is it sufficient to support a verdict of guilty? There is considerable authority on the admissibility and effect of this class of evidence and most of the courts treat such evidence as competent where there is proper preliminary proof of the quality and experience of the dogs. The authorities are grouped and reviewed in the following notes: 42 L. R. A. 432; 35 L. R. A., n. s., 870; L. R. A., 1917 E, 726; 1 Wigmore on Evidence, 2d ed., § 177. The greater number of the cases are in line with our holdings in The State v. Adams, supra; The State v. Mooney, 93 Kan. 353, 144 Pac. 228; The State v. Sweet, 101 Kan. 746, 168 Pac. 1112; and The State v. Evans, 115 Kan. 538, 224 Pac. 492. A number of the cases had to deal with the effect and value of such testimony. In Meyers v. Commonwealth, 194 Ky. 523, after deciding that the action of dogs of a breed characterized by acuteness of scent and power of discrimination, dogs which have been trained and tested in tracking human beings, and this preliminary proof is satisfactorily shown by one having knowledge of the facts, the evidence may go to the jury for what it is worth as one of the' circumstances in connecting the defendant with the crime, but that when these requirements are not met the evidence should be excluded altogether. As to the value of the testimony the court said:
“Following the holding of the great numerical preponderance of the cases, which also conform to our conception of the correct rule, we have concluded to adopt the view that proof of trailing by bloodhounds standing alone is insufficient to authorize a conviction, for, after all, the trailing of the dogs is in the nature of expert testimony, which when given by trained and educated persons, is regarded with* more or less disfavor and classed as among the weakest character of testimony.” (p. 529.)
In the syllabus the court stated its conclusion in these words:
“The trailing of bloodhounds when brought within the above rules entitling it to be received is admitted, either in corroboration of other testimony tending to establish guilt, or is competent to establish an additional circumstance tending to show guilt, but in either event it is insufficient standing alone and in and of itself to authorize a conviction.” (Syl. IT 3.)
In Carter v. State, 106 Miss. 507, where there was no evidence to connect the defendant with the crime except the circumstance of the dogs trailing to him from the place of a burglary, it was remarked:
*8 “Shall a person, charged with crime, be convicted upon the fact, alone and unsupported, that trained bloodhounds trailed from the scene of the crime to him? It has been held that evidence of the location of a criminal by bloodhounds, after proving sufficiently the character, training, and experience of the animals, so as to show that they were accurate, certain, and reliable in following the trail of human footsteps, is admissible. Following this rule, the admission of this class of evidence will be further governed by the conditions and circumstances of each particular case. Such evidence may be deemed a circumstance to be considered, in connection with other proof, in determining the guilt or innocence of the accused. The State v. Adams, 85 Kan. 435, 35 L. R. A., n. s., 870, 116 Pac. 608; State v. Freeman, 146 N. C. 615. . . . Alone and unsupported, such evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction; there must be other and human testimony to convict. In this case there was an entire failure by the state to produce affirmative proof to justify the verdict of guilty.” (p. 512.)
These authorities are in accord with the rule declared in The State v. Adams, supra, where it was held that the tracking of dogs “can be no proof of guilt, only some evidence that the party charged was at the place where the crime was committed and hence where he could have committed it.” (p. 440.)
In treating of this class of evidence Professor Wigmore has said:
“Nevertheless, in actual usage, this evidence is apt to be highly misleading, to the danger of innocent men. Amidst the popular excitement attendant upon a murder and the chase of the suspect, all the facts upon which the trustworthiness of the inference rests are apt to be distorted in the testimony. Moreover, the very limited nature of the inference possible is apt to be overestimated, a consequence dangerous when the jurors are moved by local prejudice. Hence courts do well to insist on the strictest fulfillment of the above conditions of admissibility; and additional requirements are sometimes made. The hesitation shown in some courts to the use of this evidence is due to the risks of its misuse by the jury; for in some regions of our country the mysteriously accurate operation of the dogs’ senses has given rise to a superstitious faith in the dogs’ inerrant inspiration, and this gross popular creed might in a jury mislead them into giving excessive credit to the evidence of the dogs’ itinerary.” (1 Wigmore on Evidence, 2d ed., § 177.)
In a note to this text Professor Wigmore referred to an authority which held that bloodhound evidence alone was insufficient to convict, and added, “It seems odd that any court could deliberate one moment over such a preposterous assertion as the contrary.”
We have no disposition to depart from or to minimize the decision in The State v. Adams, supra, but whatever force should have been given the bloodhound evidence in case there had been other substantial testimony connecting the defendant with the crime, we think it would be a very dangerous precedent to hold that a verdict
The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.