The opinion of the court was delivered by
Thе State of Kansas appeals, pursuant to K.S.A. 22-3602, upon a question reserved following the trial court’s discharge of the defendant in an action charging him with bigamy (K.S.A. 21-3601).
The facts are not in dispute. Dan and Donna Fitzgerald were married on August 1, 1980, at El Paso, Texas. In January 1983, the couple moved to Manhattan. Whilе they lived in Manhattan, Dan attended school at Wichita State University. On October 20, 1983, Kerry Hsieh and the appellee were married in Wichita. Dan was still mаrried to Donna and lived with her in Manhattan on weekends and holidays. During the week while in Wichita attending college, he lived with Kerry, who thought she was his wife. In August 1984, Kerry discоvered that Dan was married to Donna and had been since 1980. Dan and Donna had two children at the time of this action. On October 22, 1984, in a proceеding brought by Kerry in the district court of Sedgwick County, the marriage between her and appellee was annulled. The evidence at trial in the case now before this court included the testimony of Donna Fitzgerald and Kerry Hsieh. At the close of the State’s case, appellee moved for dischаrge on the grounds that the annulment of the second marriage precluded any con *188 viction of bigamy. On November 19, 1985, the court filed its memorandum opiniоn discharging the defendant, Dan L. Fitzgerald, based upon the court’s conclusion that no “marriage” occurred between Dan Fitzgerald and Kerry Hsieh due to the annulment which was granted in October 1984.
The sole issue on appeal is whether annulment of the second marriage will preclude a conviсtion for bigamy, pursuant to K.S.A. 21-3601.
The crime of bigamy is defined as the act of marrying or contracting a second marriage while the spouse by a former mаrriage is still alive and the former marriage is still in force. 10 Am. Jur. 2d, Bigamy § 1; 10 C.J.S., Bigamy § 1. In Kansas the offense of bigamy is defined in K.S.A. 21-3601, which provides:
“21-3601. Bigamy. (1) Bigamy is any of the following:
(a) Marriage within this state by any persоn who shall have another spouse living at the time of such marriage;
(b) Marriage within this state by an unmarried person to a person known to such unmarried person to be the spouse of some other person;
(c) Cohabitation within this state after marriage in another state or country under circumstаnces described in subsection (l)(a) or subsection (l)(b) of this section.
(2) It shall be a defense to a charge of bigamy that the accused reasonably believed the prior marriage had been dissolved by death, divorce or annulment.
(3) Bigamy is a class E felony.”
The trial court’s holding that annulment of the second (or bigamous) marriаge barred a conviction based upon the annulled marriage was error. In Kansas a bigamous marriage is absolutely void, with or without an annulment proceeding. In
Johnson County National Bank & Trust Co. v. Bach,
“Under Kansas law a marriage where one of the parties at the time has a husband or wife living is void, absolutely and in all its aspects. It requires no judgment of divorce or of nullity to render it void. It is void inherently and from the beginning. The innocent party may, however, maintain an action in equity to have such colorable marriage declared null and void. (Fuller v. Fuller,33 Kan. 582 ,7 Pac. 241 .) In Powell v. Powell,18 Kan. 371 , the court, speaking of a void marriage for want of mental capacity on the part of one of the parties, said: ‘Nоt only was there no marriage de jure, but it would also be a misnomer to call it a marriage de facto, although law-writers thus frequently designate it.’ (p. 379.) (See, also, Werner v. Werner,59 Kan. 399 ,53 Pac. 127 ; Browning v. Browning,89 Kan. 98 ,130 Pac. 852 ; and 35 Am. Jur., Marriage, § 148, p. -271.)
“A void marriage may be treated as void by the parties to it and by all the world. It is good for no legal purpose, and is not attended or followed by any of *189 the incidents of a valid marriage. A decree or adjudication of annulment for a void marriage is supported because conducive to good order and decorum, and to the peace and conscience of the party seeking it. (Powell v. Powell, supra.) An annulment has the effect of declaring the marriage relation void ab initio. (See, In re Estate of Crump,161 Kan. 154 ,166 P.2d 684 .)”
In the present casе the granting of the annulment was done solely for the benefit and convenience of the victim, Kerry Hsieh. The order of annulment had no effect on thе actual legal status of the alleged marriage. The ruling of the trial court, if approved, would effectively nullify the offense of bigamy as it apрears in K.S.A. 21-3601 since under Kansas law a bigamous marriage can never be a valid marriage and is always void.
While Kansas authority on the subject of bigamous marriages is sparse and not on point for the present issue, case law from other jurisdictions serves well to illustrate the error of the trial court. In
State v. Eden,
A similar approach was adopted in
Allen v. State,
“One can not be convicted for entering into a valid marriage. A marriage between one already married and one unmarried is not a valid marriage, because оne of the parties labors under the disability of a ‘previous marriage undissolved,’ yet a married person who enters into the contract with one unmаrried can be convicted legally of bigamy. . . . Before there can be bigamy, it is true, there must have been a prior legal contract of marriаge; but the crime of bigamy is based entirely upon the proposition that the second or bigamous marriage is not and can not be legal. If it were a legal marriage, there could be no bigamy.” p. 432.
The court concluded by quoting from
State v. Patterson,
24 N.C.
*190
346,
“[I]t is the abuse of this formal and solemn [marriage] contract, by entering into it a second time when a former husband or wife is yet living, which the law forbids because of its outrage upon public decency, its violation of the public economy, as well as its tеndency to cheat one into a surrender of the person under the appearance of right. A man takes a wife lawfully, when the contract is lawfully made. He takes a wife unlawfully when the contract is unlawfully made — and this unlawful contract the law punishes.” p. 356.
See
State v. Lewis,
The trial court in its opinion stated, in part:
“It is not sufficient to show that the Defendant went through the ‘actions’ of becoming married. It must be shown that Defendant was ‘married’ lawfully in order to successfully prosecute him for Bigamy.” (Emphasis added.)
While it is true that K.S.A. 21-3601 is a penal statute and subject to the rule requiring strict construction in favor of the accused, this rule is subordinate to the rule requiring judicial interpretаtion to be reasonable and sensible to effectuate the legislative design and intent in enacting the statute.
State v. Fowler,
The appeal is sustained.