The opinion of the Court was delivered by
The issue raised in this appeal is whether a conviction may be upheld after a trial in absentia where, at a pretrial conference, a defendant is given actual notice of the date, time, and place of the trial and is advised that, the trial will proceed in absentia if the defendant fails to appear on the scheduled trial date.
The trial court notified defendant of his original trial date, When defendant failed to appear on the original trial date and on two rescheduled trial dates, the trial proceeded
in absentia
and a jury convicted defendant of second-degree robbery. The Appellate Division reversed in an unpublished opiniоn, finding that it was error to proceed
in absentia
because defendant did not have actual notice of the rescheduled trial date. We granted certification, 144
N.J.
175,
I
Defendant was indicted by an Essex County grand jury on September 29, 1993, for second-degree robbery, a violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1. The indictment alleged that defendant used force to steal a gold necklace from the neck of Kena Loyal. Defendant entered a not guilty plea to the indictment. When defendant rejected a plea offer at a plea conference on December 6, 1993, the trial court notified him and his attorney that trial would commence on January 10, 1994. The trial court informed defendant, who was оn bail pending trial, and his attorney that if *214 defendant failed to appear for the scheduled trial, the trial would proceed in his absence.
On January 10, 1994, defendant failed to appear. The trial court adjourned the case until January 24, 1994, to allow defense counsel an opportunity to locate defendant for triаl. Defendant did not appear on January 24, 1994, either. Defense counsel argued that the trial should not proceed in absentia because the court had not given defendant actual notice of the rescheduled trial date. The court rejected counsel’s argument, but granted a one-day continuance for counsel tо produce defendant. Defendant failed to appear on January 25, 1994, and the trial proceeded in absentia.
The jury convicted defendant of second-degree robbery. The court vacated defendant’s bail and issued a bench warrant for his arrest. Defendant was arrested pursuant to the warrant and produced for sentencing. He was sentenced to a custodial term of eighteen years with nine years of parole ineligibility.
Before the Appellate Division, defendant argued that he did not have notice of the rescheduled trial date. The Appellate Division concluded that, although the trial court could have tried defendant in absentia on the January 10, 1994, scheduled trial date, it was error to proceed in absentia on January 25, 1994, because defendant did not have actual notice of the rescheduled trial date. The Appellate Division further concluded that rather than trying defendant in absentia, the trial court should have issued a bench warrant for defendant’s arrest.
II
The State argues that the Appellate Division misapplied
Rule
3:16 by requiring the trial court to give defendant actual notice of the rescheduled trial date after defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to be present on the original trial date. The State maintains that this appeal is governed by
State v. Hudson,
119
N.J.
165,
Defendant asserts that Hudson allows a trial to be held in absentia on a rescheduled trial date only where the defendant has actual notice of the time, place, and date of the rescheduled trial. Defendant further argues that the trial court did not make a sufficient effort to determine his whereabouts or the reason for his absence. He maintains thаt before proceeding in absentia, a trial court should be required to weigh several factors, such as difficulty of rescheduling, and the likelihood that the defendant will appear in the near future.
Defendant also argues that, in light of the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
Crosby v. United States,
506
U.S.
255, 113
S.Ct.
748, 122
L.Ed.2d
25 (1993), this Court should modify
Rule
3:16 and
Hudson
to make them consistent with
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
43 and
Crosby,
which prohibit a trial
in absentia
of a defendant who absconds
before
the trial begins.
Id.
at 256, 113
S.Ct.
at 750,
Ill
The right to be present at trial is a matter of constitutional imperative. Both the United States and the New Jersey Constitutions guarantee criminal defendants the right to be confronted with witnesses against them.
U.S. Const,
amend VI;
N.J. Const,
art. I, ¶ 10. As part of that right, defendants are guaranteed the right to be present in the courtroom at every stage of the trial.
Illinois v. Allen,
397
U.S.
337, 338, 90
S.Ct.
1057, 1058, 25
L.Ed.2d
353, 356,
reh’g denied,
398
U.S.
915, 90
S.Ct.
1684, 26
L.Ed.2d
80 (1970) (citing
Lewis v. United States,
146
U.S.
370, 13
S.Ct.
136, 36
L.Ed.
1011 (1892));
Hudson, supra,
119
N.J.
at 171,
Furthermore, a defendant’s right to be present at trial promotes public confidence in our courts.
Id.
at 172,
A defendant’s right to be present at all stages of a criminal trial, however, does not preclude a trial from proceeding without a defendant’s presence. As early as 1912, the United States Supreme Court reсognized that an absolute bar to trials in absentia would allow defendants to halt trials merely by absenting themselves. Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 458, 32 S.Ct. 250, 255, 56 L.Ed. 500, 506 (1912).
Consistent with the Diaz holding that the right to be present at trial is not absolute, the ability of the federal government to proceed to trial in absentia is limited to the circumstances enunciated in Rule 43 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. That rule provides:
(a) Presence Required. The defendant shall be present at the arraignment, at the time of the plea, at every stage of the trial including the impaneling of the jury and the return of the verdict, and at the imposition of sentence, except as otherwise provided by this rale.
*217 (b) Continued Presence Not Required. The further progress of the trial to and including the return of the verdiсt ... will not be prevented and the defendant will be considered to have waived the right to be present whenever a defendant, initially present ...
(1) is voluntarily absent after the trial has commenced----
[.Fed,R.Crim.P. 43 (emphasis added).]
In 1948, this Court adopted then Rule 2:10-2, which was similar to Federal Rule 43. It provided in relevant part:
The defendant shall be present at the arraignment, at the pretrial conference if any, at every stage of the trial including the impaneling of the jury and the return of the verdict, and at the impositiоn of sentence, except as otherwise provided by these rules. In prosecutions for offenses not punishable by death the defendant’s voluntary absence after the trial has been commenced in his presence shall not prevent continuing the trial to and including the return of the verdict.
[R. 2:10-2 (emphasis added).]
In 1953, Rule 2:10-2 was amended to eliminate the requirement that a defendant be present at any pretrial conferences. In 1969, the Rule was modified by deleting the requirement that trial could not continue in the voluntary absence of a defendant charged with a capital crime. By 1992, the rule number had been changed to Rule 3:16. In that year, the Rule was amended to delete the requirement that a dеfendant be present when the trial commences. That amendment permitted a defendant to waive his or her right to be present at trial by either a written or oral waiver or by conduct evincing what is in effect such a waiver. At the same time, Rule 3:20-2 was amended to require a new trial motion based on alleged non-waiver to be mаde prior to sentencing, and Rule 3:21-4(b) was revised to permit a sentence to be imposed in the absence of a defendant who had filed a written waiver of his right to be present. In 1995, that provision of the rule was revised again to incorporate a cross reference to Rule 3:22-10 and to render the text gender-neutral. -
The 1992 version of Rule 3:16 in effect when defendant committed the prеsent robbery and at the commencement of his trial provided in relevant part:
(b) At trial or post-conviction proceedings. The defendant shall be present at every stage of the trial, including the impaneling of the jury and the return of the verdict, and at the imposition of sentence, unless otherwise provided by Rule. *218 Nothing in this Rule, however, shall prevent a defendant from waiving the right to be present at trial. A waiver may be found either from (a) the defendant’s express written or oral waiver placed on the record, or (b) the defendant’s conduct evidencing a knowing, voluntary, and unjustified absence after (1) the defendant has received actual notiсe in court of the trial date, or (2) trial has commenced in defendant’s presence.
[R. 3:16.]
Although
Rule
3:16 is modeled after
Federal Rule
43, the 1992 amendments to
Rule
3:16 that were made at the Court’s direction in
Hudson
eliminated the distinction between defendants who fail to appear at the commencement of trial and those who fail to appear thereafter.
Hudson, supra,
119
N.J.
at 182,
IV
We agree with the State that
Hudson
and
Rule
3:16 as amended in 1992, are dispositive of this appeal. In
Hudson,
two defendants were present in the courtroom on the morning of trial, but prior to the impaneling of a jury, scheduled for later that day, they left the courtroom.
Hudson, supra,
119
N.J.
at 168,
Hudson
held that “a defendant’s knowing, voluntary, and unjustified absence before or after trial has commenced does not prevent trial from proceeding
in absentia.” Id.
at 182,
Hudson was decided on May 30, 1990, and pursuant to its mandate, Rule 3:16 was amended effective September 1, 1992, to еliminate the distinction between defendants who elect to leave the courtroom after the trial commences and those who waive the right to be present before the trial begins. Consequently, when defendant failed to appear for trial on January 10, 1994, without asserting a justifiable excuse, the trial court could havе inferred a waiver of his right to appear pursuant to Rule 3:16(b) and proceeded to try defendant in absentia. But the court did not do that. The court chose, instead, to adjourn the matter for two weeks to allow defense counsel an opportunity to produce defendant for trial. When defendant did not appeal’ for trial on January 24, the trial court granted an additional one-day continuance. When defendant failed to appear on January 25, the trial proceeded without him.
Although it is conceded that defendant “received actual notice in court of the trial date” of January 10, 1994, as required by Rule 3:16(b)(l), defendant argues that the trial court should have been required to give actual nоtice to him of the adjourned trial date. The impracticality of that proposition is self-evident.
If a defendant does not appear in court for trial after being-informed in court of the trial date and supplemental notification by defense counsel, a requirement that the trial court must give notice of an adjourned date would vest in a defendant the power to prevent the trial from proceeding until the defendant is willing to appear. Neither constitutional law, nor our rules of criminal procedure, require such extreme measures. “We cannot allow crowded court calendars to be disrupted by defendants who
*220
knowingly and voluntarily absent themselves from trial....”
Hudson, supra,
119
N.J.
at 183,
Defendant further contends that the trial court should not have inferred a waiver withоut first conducting a hearing. Here, too, the answer is self-evident. When the trial court informed defense counsel on January 24, 1994, that the trial would commence the next day, defense counsel did not at that time, or at any time, attempt to persuade the court that counsel was aware of facts that justified defendant’s absence. Nor was a motion for a new trial made based on a claim that the waiver was unjustified.
Rule
3:20-2 requires a defendant who wishes to assert that he or she did not waive his or her appearance for trial to make a motion for a new trial prior to sentencing. At a hearing on the motion, a defendant has the burden to show why the defendant’s voluntary absence at the trial after receiving actual notice of the trial date, time, and place, does not constitute a knowing and voluntary waiver of the right to be present. The State does not have the burden of proving that a defendant’s absence is unjustified. To the contrary, a defendant has the burdеn of proving the absence was justified. Where, as here, the record reflects that a defendant was informed in court of the time and place of trial, and
*221
he or she fails to appear and also fails to file the appropriate motion challenging the waiver, the failure to make the appropriаte motion before the trial court constitutes a second waiver pursuant to
Rule
3:16(b).
See State v. Butler,
278
N.J.Super.
93, 101,
We also reject as impractical, the Appellate Division’s conclusion that the trial court should have issued a bench warrant for defendant’s arrest when he did not appear for trial rather than proceed to try defendant
in absentia.
The Court recognized in
Hudson
that the decision whether to try a defendant
in absentia,
or adjourn the case, was addressed to the trial court’s discretion.
Hudson, supra,
119
N.J.
at 183,
Finally, dеfendant argues that this Court should adopt the holding in
Crosby v. United States, supra,
and limit trials
in absentia
to cases in which a defendant was present when the trial commenced. Although
Crosby
was decided after this Court’s decision in
Hudson,
it interpreted
Federal Rule
43 which contains that restriction. As noted above,
ante
at 217-219,
V
We hold that the trial court properly inferred from defendant’s absence from the courtroom on January 10, 1994, and the two adjourned trial dates, that he had waived his right to be present at the trial within the meaning of Rule 3:16(b).
The judgment of the Appellate Division is reversed.
For Reversal — Chief Justice PORITZ and Justices HANDLER, POLLOCK, O’HERN, GARIBALDI, STEIN and COLEMAN — 7.
Notes
Although not required by Rule 3:16, the better practice is to notify a defendant while he or she is in the courtroom that the waiver provisions of the Rule apply to the date fixed for trial and all adjourned trial dates.