235 Conn. 145 | Conn. | 1995
The defendant was convicted, after a jury trial, of sexual assault in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-70 (a) (1),
From the evidence presented at trial, the jury reasonably could have found the following facts. In the early morning hours of January 1,1984, the victim
The defendant eventually parked the car in an area near a gray bam in a tobacco field. He then ordered the victim out of the car. When she refused to leave the car, he ordered her into the back seat, where he began to disrobe her. When the victim expressed a fear that the defendant would rip her clothing, he allowed her to remove her own clothing. During this process, she lost a red leather belt with a distinctive belt buckle in the shape of a fish.
The defendant then sexually assaulted the victim for approximately twenty to thirty minutes. Initially, the defendant forced her to have vaginal intercourse and then, when she refused to perform oral sex on him, the defendant compelled her to have anal intercourse. After repeated assaults, both parties dressed themselves. While dressing, the defendant took the victim’s gold chain, which was worth approximately $600. Because the chain had been a gift from her father and was of great sentimental value, she asked the defendant to take her car instead of the chain, but the defendant refused, stating that he needed the chain to buy drugs.
Thereafter, the defendant drove the victim back to Hartford. During the ride, the victim attempted to study the defendant’s face. At that time, she was sitting in the passenger seat, approximately one and one-half feet away from the defendant. Upon arriving back in Hartford, the defendant parked the victim’s car on Huntington Street and fled on foot. The victim then went to a friend’s house and, later that evening, went to Mount Sinai Hospital for treatment. She reported the crimes to the police on January 3, 1984.
On March 20, 1984, the victim accompanied two investigating officers, Hartford Detective Mildred Wertz and State Trooper William Finegan, in an attempt to
In September, 1984, the victim positively identified the defendant from an array of photographs shown to her at the police station. Thereafter, an arrest warrant was issued for the defendant (September, 1984 warrant), but he could not be found. The defendant was considered a fugitive from 1984 until 1990, when he was located in New York City, at which time a new warrant was issued for his arrest. See part V of this opinion.
At trial for the charges relating to the victim, the defendant maintained that he was innocent of abducting and assaulting the victim and claimed that, at the time of the incident, he had been celebrating the New Year’s Eve holiday with friends and relatives throughout the entire night and early morning hours.
On appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court improperly: (1) denied his motion to suppress the victim’s identification of him as the perpetrator; (2) admitted evidence of uncharged misconduct; (3) unfairly marshaled the evidence in its instmctions concerning the uncharged misconduct; (4) denied the defendant’s request for an adverse inference instmction regarding the destmction of an article of the victim’s clothing; (5) denied his motion to dismiss the charges against him predicated on the grounds that the service of the warrant had been untimely; and (6) commented in its
I
The defendant first claims that the trial court improperly denied his motion to suppress the victim’s September, 1984 identification of him. The defendant argues that the identification was tainted by suggestive procedures and was not rehable. We disagree.
The following additional facts are relevant to our resolution of this issue. In December, 1992, the trial court held a hearing on the defendant’s motions to suppress the victim’s identification and to preclude the state from introducing evidence of uncharged misconduct. See part II of this opinion. At the hearing, the victim testified at length concerning her opportunity to observe her assailant and her subsequent identification of the defendant as her assailant. She testified that she had obtained a good look at her assailant, particularly during the ride back to Hartford.
The events between the victim’s initial description of her assailant on January 3, 1984, and her identifica
In September, 1984, the victim identified the defendant as her attacker from an array of photographs. She acknowledged this identification by signing and dating the back of his photograph. At trial, the victim testified that in September, 1984, she was “positive” the defendant was her assailant. She stated that her identification of the defendant was not through the newspaper article, but rather was based solely on her memory and that
At trial, the defendant filed a motion to suppress the victim’s prior identification of him, arguing that the identification procedure was not sufficiently reliable under the totality of the circumstances to be admissible. The state argued that the victim’s identification was rehable because just two days after the attack, she had given the police an accurate description of her assailant, and therefore, the evidence should be admitted.
Although the trial court recognized that the identification procedure might have been suggestive, it concluded
During briefing, the defendant filed a motion for an articulation as to the basis of the trial court’s decision denying his motion to suppress the identification.
The defendant subsequently amended his appeal, moved for a review of the articulation and for permission to file a supplemental brief to address the validity of the trial court’s articulation. We granted the defendant’s motion for review, but denied the relief requested therein without prejudice, and granted his motion to file supplemental briefs.
In his supplemental brief, the defendant claimed that the trial court’s articulation violated State v. Wilson, 199 Conn. 417, 507 A.2d 1367 (1986), and must be stricken from the record.
“It is well settled that [i]n determining whether a pretrial identification procedure violated a defendant’s due process rights, the required inquiry is made on an ad hoc basis and is two-pronged: first, it must be determined whether the identification procedure was unnecessarily suggestive; and second, if it is found to have
We first address the defendant’s claim that the identification procedures were unnecessarily suggestive due to the victim’s repeated exposure to the defendant’s photograph. “An identification procedure is unnecessarily suggestive only if it gives rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. State v. Outlaw, [216 Conn. 492, 501, 582 A.2d 751 (1990)]; State v. Milner, 206 Conn. 512, 534-35, 539 A.2d 80 (1988); State v. Boscarino, 204 Conn. 714, 725, 529 A.2d 1260 (1987).” State v. White, 229 Conn. 125, 161-62, 640 A.2d 572 (1994). In the past, we have held that “[t]he presentation of an array of several photographs to witnesses, including that of the suspect, does not constitute an impermissibly suggestive pretrial identification procedure in the absence of any unfairness or other impropriety in the conduct of the exhibit.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 162. We have also “recognized that pictorial recurrence can be suggestive in that it increases the risk of misidentification.” State v. McKnight, 191 Conn. 564, 572, 469 A.2d 397 (1983). Therefore, although repeated photographic arrays are not per se suggestive,
“[R]eliability is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony . . . .” Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 114, 97 S. Ct. 2243, 53 L. Ed. 2d 140 (1977). “To determine whether an identification that resulted from an unnecessarily suggestive procedure is reliable, we must weigh the corrupting effect of the suggestive procedure in light of certain factors such as the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of [that person’s] prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated at the confrontation, and the time between the crime and the confrontation .... State v. Theriault, supra, [182 Conn.] 373-74; Manson v. Brathwaite, supra, 114; State v. Evans, 200 Conn. 350, 356, 511 A.2d 1006 (1986).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Wooten, supra, 227 Conn. 687-88.
In the present case, the victim had ample opportunity to view her assailant both in the car and during the assault. She was in close proximity to her assailant for at least ninety minutes. Further, the victim testified that throughout the ordeal, especially on the ride home, she had taken care to get a “good look” at her assailant and that she had tried to memorize his facial features. She testified that, while sitting in the passenger seat, an estimated distance of one and one-half feet, she had been “trying to observe different marks on his face and everything.”
The defendant argues that the victim’s description of the defendant was too general and that it could apply to any number of individuals. We disagree with the defendant’s characterization. As the United States Supreme Court observed, “[s]he was no casual observer, but rather the victim of one of the most personally humiliating of all crimes. Her description to the police, which included the assailant’s approximate age, height, weight, complexion, skin texture, build, and voice, might not have satisfied Proust
Finally, the defendant argues that the victim’s identification of the defendant is unreliable because the time between the crime, January 1,1984, and her September, 1984 identification was excessive. In State v. Parker, 197 Conn. 595, 600, 500 A.2d 551 (1985), we stated that,
As the trial court recognized,
We conclude that the trial court reasonably could have found, from the totality of the circumstances, that the victim’s September, 1984 identification of the defendant was sufficiently reliable to be admissible. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion to suppress.
II
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly admitted as evidence of a signature crime the testimony of Betty Doe regarding uncharged misconduct. Because we conclude that this evidence was relevant to the identity of the victim’s assailant and its probative value outweighed its prejudicial effect, we disagree.
The following facts are relevant to our resolution of this issue. Betty Doe testified that she had been sexually assaulted on February 19, 1984, approximately six weeks after the assault on the victim. She testified that at approximately 6:30 p.m. that evening, while stopped at a phone booth in Ellington, she had been abducted at knife point and had been forced into the passenger seat of her own car. Her assailant, who was later determined to be the defendant,
At trial for the charges related to the victim, the state offered Betty Doe’s testimony as evidence of the defendant’s identity and to counter defense witness testimony supporting the defendant’s alibi, namely, that he had been at a friend’s home at the time of the assault. The defendant opposed the admission of any evidence regarding the uncharged misconduct, contending that the two assaults were not similar and that the evidence was highly prejudicial.
“As a general rule, evidence of guilt of other crimes is inadmissible to prove that a defendant is guilty of the crime charged against him. State v. Harris, 147 Conn. 589, 599, 164 A.2d 399 [1960], State v. Fredericks, 149 Conn. 121, 124, 176 A.2d 581 (1961); McCormick, Evidence (2d Ed. 1972) § 190; 1 Wharton, Criminal Evidence (13th Ed.) § 170. The rationale of this rule is to guard against its use merely to show an evil disposition of an accused, and especially the predisposition to commit the crime with which he is now charged. See State v. Williams, 190 Conn. 104, 108, 459 A.2d 510 (1983); State v. Howard, 187 Conn. 681, 684, 447 A.2d 1167 (1982); State v. Ibraimov, 187 Conn. 348, 352, 446 A.2d 382 (1982); State v. Barlow, 177 Conn. 391, 393, 418 A.2d 46 (1979); 1 Wigmore, Evidence (3d Ed.) §§ 215-18.”
Our analysis of whether evidence of the uncharged misconduct is admissible is two-pronged. First, the evidence must be relevant and material to at least one of the circumstances encompassed by the exceptions to the propensity rule. Second, the probative value of such evidence must outweigh the prejudicial effect of the other crimes evidence. State v. Braman, supra, 191 Conn. 676; State v. Howard, supra, 187 Conn. 685; State v. Ibraimov, supra, 187 Conn. 352; State v. Onofrio, 179 Conn. 23, 28-29, 425 A.2d 560 (1979).
The primary responsibility for conducting the prejudicial-probative balancing test rests with the trial court, and its conclusion will be disturbed only for a manifest abuse of discretion. State v. Morowitz, 200 Conn. 440, 446, 512 A.2d 175 (1986); State v. Mandrell, 199 Conn. 146, 152, 506 A.2d 100 (1986); State v. Shindell, 195 Conn. 128, 136, 486 A.2d 637 (1985); State v. Johnson, 190 Conn. 541, 548-49, 461 A.2d 981 (1983); State v. Tucker, 181 Conn. 406, 416, 435 A.2d 986 (1980); 1 F. Wharton, Criminal Evidence (13th Ed. 1972) § 241. “[W]e will indulge in every reasonable presumption in favor of the trial court’s ruling.” State v. Mooney, supra, 218 Conn. 131; State v. Sierra, 213 Conn. 422, 435, 568 A.2d 448 (1990); State v. Braman, supra, 191 Conn. 677; State
Under the first prong of our analysis, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of the sexual assault on Betty Doe because the evidence was relevant to the identity of the victim’s assailant. “The first threshold for the use of evidence of other crimes or misconduct on the issue of identity is that the methods used be sufficiently unique to warrant a reasonable inference that the person who performed one misdeed also did the other.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Sierra, supra, 213 Conn. 430; “McCormick points out that in proffering other crime evidence [t]o prove other like crimes by the accused so nearly identical in method as to earmark them as the handiwork of the accused . . . much more is demanded than the mere repeated commission of crimes of the same class, such as repeated burglaries or thefts. The device used must be so unusual and distinctive as to be like a signature.”(Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Braman, supra, 191 Conn. 677; C. McCormick, supra, § 190, p. 449. In order to determine if this threshold criterion for admissibility has been met, we must examine the proffered evidence and compare it to the charged offenses. State v. Sierra, supra, 430.
A comparison of the two crimes discloses the following similarities: (1) both offenses occurred at night, to lone women; (2) in each instance, the assailant kidnapped the victim and held a knife to her throat; (3) both victims were forced into the passenger seat of their own cars and were warned not to look at the assailant; (4) the assailant drove both of the victims’ cars for a considerable period of time; (5) both assaults occurred near a particular bam at the Culbro tobacco field,
“[T]he fact that some of the similarities between the offenses were legal or relatively common occurrences when standing alone does not, as the defendant argues, negate the uniqueness of the offenses when viewed as a whole. It is the distinctive combination of actions which forms the ‘signature’ or modus operand! of the crime; State v. Esposito, [192 Conn. 166, 171-72, 471 A.2d 949 (1984)]; State v. Braman, supra, [191 Conn.] 679; and it is this ‘criminal logo’ which justifies the inference that the individual who committed the first offense also committed the second. State v. Mandrell, supra, [199 Conn.] 151-52; State v. Esposito, supra, 171.” State v. Morowitz, supra, 200 Conn. 445.“ ‘The process of construing an inference of [i]dentity . . . consists usually in adding together a number of circumstances, each of which by itself might be a feature of many objects, but all of which together make it more probable that they coexist in a single object only. Each additional circumstance reduces the chances of there being more than one object so associated. The process thus corresponds accurately to the general principle of relevancy.’ 2 Wigmore, Evidence (Chadboum Rev. 1979) § 411.” State v. Braman, supra, 679.
Under these facts and circumstances, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Betty Doe’s testimony because the characteristics of the two assaults were sufficiently distinctive and unique to be “like a signature,” and thus the defendant’s
The defendant’s reliance on State v. Ibraimov, supra, 187 Conn. 348, is misplaced. “The young victim in Ibraimov had entered her assailant’s automobile in order to respond to his request for directions. The assailant then drove the victim to a remote area where he sexually assaulted her. Subsequently, the assailant picked up another young female, who had been hitchhiking, and offered her money to have sexual relations with him. Because the central issue at trial in Ibraimov was the identity of the assailant, the state proffered testimony of a sixteen year old girl [who], more than two months after the date of the crimes charged . . . had entered the defendant’s automobile when he offered her a ride. This witness, who had met the defendant previously, was driven by him to a remote area, where he made sexual advances and offered her money, marijuana and something to drink. . . .We held that the admission of this evidence, because of its prejudicial character, had been erroneous. The assailant’s crime and the defendant’s subsequent misconduct could not be deemed signature offenses, we concluded, because [t]he number of times that young girls have been induced to enter automobiles upon similar pretexts and with similar consequences is just too great according to general experience to narrow the circle of possible suspects significantly.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Pollitt, 205 Conn. 61, 70, 530 A.2d 155 (1987).
Likewise, the defendant’s reliance on State v. Sierra, supra, 213 Conn. 422, is misplaced. Sierra involved a female victim who had been threatened with a knife, handcuffed to a motel sink and robbed by the defendants, who then stole her car. Her car was later found in the Bronx. The state was permitted to introduce evidence to show that, two days earlier, the defendants had used a knife to commit an armed robbery of a taxi driver, wherein the defendants had forced the driver
The similarities in the present case are far more significant and compelling than those in Ibraimov and Sierra and are comparable to other cases in which the exercise of the trial court’s discretion in admitting evidence of “signature” crimes has been upheld. See State v. Kulmac, 230 Conn. 43, 644 A.2d 887 (1994); State v. Pollitt, supra, 205 Conn. 61; State v. Morowitz, supra, 200 Conn. 440; State v. Mandrell, supra, 199 Conn. 146; State v. Crosby, 196 Conn. 185, 491 A.2d 1092 (1985); State v. Howard, supra, 187 Conn. 681.
Having determined that the proffered evidence was relevant to a proper purpose, we must next review whether the probative value of the evidence outweighed its prejudicial impact. State v. Braman, supra, 191 Conn. 676; State v. Moynahan, 164 Conn. 560, 597, 325 A.2d 199, cert. denied, 414 U.S. 976, 94 S. Ct. 291, 38 L. Ed. 2d 219 (1973); State v. Holliday, 159 Conn. 169, 173, 268 A.2d 368 (1970).
Because the trial court weighed the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect and gave the jury specific limiting instructions regarding the proper purpose of the evidence, it is reasonable to infer that
In view of the inherently imprecise nature of the balancing process and the limiting instructions given to the
Ill
The defendant next claims that the trial court unfairly marshaled the evidence during its explanation of the use of evidence regarding the assault on Betty Doe in violation of his federal and state constitutional rights to due process. Specifically, the defendant claims that the trial court improperly mentioned the similarities between the assaults on the victim and Betty Doe and ignored the dissimilarities.
“The principal function of a jury charge is to assist the jury in applying the law correctly to the facts which they might find to be established . . . and therefore, we have stated that a charge must go beyond a bare statement of accurate legal principles to the extent of indicating to the jury the application of those principles to the facts claimed to have been proven.” (Citation
“A trial court often has not only the right, but also the duty to comment on the evidence.” State v. Hernandez, 218 Conn. 461-62; see State v. Lemoine, 233 Conn. 502, 511-12, 659 A.2d 1194 (1995); State v. Marra, 222 Conn. 506, 538, 610 A.2d 1113 (1992); State v. James, 211 Conn. 555, 571, 560 A.2d 426 (1989). To avoid the danger of improper influence on the jury, a recitation of the evidence “should not be so drawn as to direct the attention of the jury too prominently to the facts in the testimony on one side of the case, while sinking out of view, or passing lightly over, portions of the testimony on the other side, which deserve equal attention.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Hernandez, supra, 462. In marshaling the evidence, the court must be careful not to imply any favor or criticism of either side. Id., 463.
To determine whether the court’s instructions were improper, we review the entire charge to determine if, “taken as a whole, the charge adequately guided the jury to a correct verdict.” State v. Fleming, 198 Conn. 255, 268-69, 502 A.2d 886, cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1143, 106 S. Ct. 1797, 90 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1986). “The pertinent test is whether the charge, read in its entirety, fairly presents the case to the jury in such a way that injustice is not done to either party under the established rules of law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Hernandez, supra, 218 Conn. 465; State v. Tatum, supra, 219 Conn. 734; see State v. Palmer, 206 Conn. 40, 46, 536 A.2d 936 (1988). “[I]n appeals involving a constitutional question, [the standard is] whether it is reasonably possi
The defendant relies on State v. Hernandez, supra, 218 Conn. 465, in which we reversed the defendant’s conviction because the trial court had “extensively detailed the state’s claims and its evidence in support thereof, and little or no reference was made to the defendant’s exculpatory evidence and his theory of defense . . . .” Although the trial court in the present case did provide a more detailed account of evidence regarding the similarities between the two assaults, it did discuss the differences between the sexual acts requested and those that were actually performed. In addition, the instruction stated that the jury was not required to accept the similarities between the two sexual assaults as a proven fact, and the trial court accurately instructed the jury that Betty Doe’s testimony could be used only in regard to the issue of the identification of the defendant and could not be used to show that he had a propensity to commit crimes. Moreover, the trial court’s charge explained in detail the defendant’s theory of defense, namely that he was not the perpetrator and could account for his whereabouts at the time of the crime. Indeed, the trial court outlined the exculpatory evidence in support of the defendant’s alibi, including recounting the testimony of the defendant’s four supporting witnesses.
Finally, the trial court properly instructed the jury that: (1) it was to consider all the evidence in the case and not just that to which the court referred to in its instructions; (2) the court meant to emphasize no particular evidence above any other by its mention of such evidence; (3) the jury’s recollection of the facts was that which ultimately counted; (4) the jury’s acceptance of the similarities between the assaults must be predicated upon their crediting both the victim’s account and Betty Doe’s account of their respective assaults; (5) the simi
Viewing the charge in its entirety, we conclude that it is not reasonably possible that the jury was misled by the trial court’s instructions and thus did not deprive him of his state or federal right to due process. As such, the defendant’s claim fails under the third prong of Golding. See footnote 24.
IV
The defendant next contends that the trial court improperly denied his request for an adverse inference instruction against the state in light of the state’s failure to introduce the victim’s belt as evidence. The defendant argues that, because the missing belt ordinarily would have corroborated the victim’s identification of the defendant and confirmed the location of the tobacco farm as the scene of both assaults, the jury should have been instructed that it could draw an inference, on the basis of the state’s failure to introduce the belt, that the belt would not have corroborated the victim’s testimony. We disagree.
The facts relevant to this claim are as follows. At trial, the victim testified that during the sexual assault, she opted to disrobe herself, fearing that the defendant would tear her clothing. In the process, she had lost a wide, red leather belt with a distinctive silver buckle in the shape of a fish. Thomas Kizis, an employee of the Culbro tobacco farm, testified that subsequent to January 1,1984, he found a red belt matching that description at the farm near bam number 227. Kizis turned the belt over to the state police in March, 1984.
The defendant filed a request that the trial court instruct the jury that it could draw an adverse inference because the state had failed to produce the belt at trial, and that the jury must infer “that [the belt] should favor the defense and be unfavorable to the state.”
“The failure to produce [evidence] for trial [that] is available and [that] a party would naturally be expected to [produce] warrants an adverse inference instruction against the party who would be expected to [produce that evidence]. Secondino v. New Haven Gas Co., 147 Conn. 672, 674—75, 165 A.2d 598 (1960). In such a situation there is a logical nexus between the failure to [produce the evidence] and an adverse inference. In other words, it makes sense to infer that the [evidence], had [it been] available . . . would [have been] adverse to the party who would naturally be expected to [produce] that [evidence] but failed to do so.” State v. Santangelo, 205 Conn. 578, 596, 534 A.2d 1175 (1987).
In the present case, however, there is no logical nexus between the inability of the state to produce the belt and an inference that, if it were available, it would be favorable to the defendant and adverse to the state. “An inference to be drawn must be logical and reasonable
The adverse inferences that the defendant claims the jury would have drawn had it been instructed to do so, amount to nothing more than speculation on the part of the defendant. It is not reasonably probable, in light of this record, that the jury would have found that the crimes perpetrated against the victim and Betty Doe were not committed by the same person, nor is it reasonably probable that the jury would have found the victim to be an unreliable witness.
The trial judge’s refusal to provide the jury with an adverse inference instruction was not improper under the circumstances.
V
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly denied his motion to dismiss on the grounds that service of the arrest warrant had been unreasonably delayed and that the prosecution had not been initiated within the applicable statute of limitations. We disagree.
The following undisputed facts are relevant to this issue. Prior to trial, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the charges of sexual assault and robbeiy on the basis that the state had failed to prosecute him within the statute of limitations as prescribed in General
To corroborate the existence of the September, 1984 warrant, the state offered the testimony of former State Trooper Charles VanDerscoff, who stated that in 1984 he had applied for and secured an arrest warrant for the defendant for the sexual assault of Betty Doe. He testified that he had personally “staked out” the defendant’s house in February and March, 1984, but that the
The defendant offered testimony from his common law wife and friends who testified that, during the relevant time period, they had repeatedly seen and spoken with the defendant and that he had lived in Hartford and commuted daily to Long Island to work.
The trial court denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss, concluding that the defendant had not sustained his burden of proof. The trial court found that the defendant’s witnesses were not credible and that, even though the September, 1984 warrant had been lost, state officials can be presumed to perform their duties and it was proper to infer that the September, 1984 warrant had been issued and that service of the warrant had not been unreasonably delayed.
“The statute of limitations is ... an affirmative defense. State v. Coleman, [202 Conn. 86, 90, 519 A.2d
“The issuance of an arrest warrant is sufficient ‘prosecution’ to satisfy the statute of limitations only if the warrant is executed with due diligence.” State v. Ali, 233 Conn. 403, 416, 660 A.2d 337 (1995); see State v. Crawford, supra, 202 Conn. 447. “ ‘A reasonable period of time is a question of fact that will depend on the circumstances of each case. If the facts indicate that an accused consciously eluded the authorities, or for other reasons was difficult to apprehend, these factors will be considered in determining what time is reasonable.’ ” State v. Ali, supra, 415, quoting State v. Crawford, supra, 451. Thus, if the defendant puts forward evidence to suggest that the state reasonably could have executed the warrant sooner, “the issue of whether the state executed the warrant within a reasonable period of time [is] properly a question of fact for the jury.” State v. Ali, supra, 416.
A
Before addressing whether the trial court was required to grant the motion to dismiss on the basis that the service of the warrant had been unreasonably delayed, we must first resolve that claim’s factual predicate, whether an arrest warrant had ever been issued in
“Factual matters are determined by the finder of fact and are not subject to reversal on appeal unless such findings are clearly erroneous. Groton v. Yankee Gas Services Co., 224 Conn. 675, 691, 620 A.2d 771 (1993); Crowell v. Danforth, 222 Conn. 150, 156, 609 A.2d 654 (1992).” State v. Zarick, 227 Conn. 207, 228, 630 A.2d 565, cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1025, 114 S. Ct. 637, 126 L. Ed. 2d 595 (1993). “A finding of fact must stand if it is reasonably supported by the evidence or the reasonable inferences drawn from the facts proven.” Tragakiss v. Dowling, 183 Conn. 72, 73, 438 A.2d 818 (1981). “ ‘Weighing the evidence and judging the credibility of the witnesses is the function of the trier of fact and this court will not usurp that role. Munn v. Scalera, 181 Conn. 527, 530-31, 436 A.2d 18 (1980); Johnson v. Flammia, 169 Conn. 491, 497, 363 A.2d 1048 (1975).’ Gallo v. Gallo, 184 Conn. 36, 38-39, 440 A.2d 782 (1981).” Temple v. Meyer, 208 Conn. 404, 407, 544 A.2d 629 (1988).
On this preliminary question of fact, the state bore the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the warrant existed and was in fact issued in 1984. The state bore the burden of proof on this preliminary question of fact because it had exclusive control over the documents and witnesses that would have been relevant to show whether a warrant had ever been issued. 52 Am. Jur. 2d, Lost and Destroyed Instruments § 23 (1970); see also Wheeler v. State, 629 S.W.2d
Here, there is little question that the September, 1984 warrant was lost. It appears from the record that, due to the seven year delay, many of the persons with information regarding the warrant were either dead or unavailable.
Relying on this secondary evidence and without evidence to the contrary, the trial court inferred that a prudent assistant state’s attorney, acting in his official capacity, would have presented the information to a judge for a probable cause determination and subsequently issued an arrest warrant for the defendant.
We agree with the trial court that there is a presumption that public officials entrusted with specific public functions related to their jobs properly carry out their duties. See, e.g., Beechwood Gardens Tenants’ Assn. v. Dept. of Housing, 214 Conn. 505, 514-15, 572 A.2d 989 (1990); Bowman v. 1477 Central Avenue Apartments, Inc., 203 Conn. 246, 255, 524 A.2d 610 (1987); Brookfield v. Candlewood Shores Estates, Inc., 201 Conn. 1, 6, 513 A.2d 1218 (1986); Aczas v. Stuart Heights, Inc., 154
We conclude that the testimony of VanDerscoff and the original information provided the trial court with a sufficient basis upon which to determine that the state had met its burden in showing that an arrest warrant for the defendant had been issued in September, 1984. Thus, we further conclude that this preliminary finding of fact was not clearly erroneous.
B
We next address whether the trial court was required to conclude that the police unreasonably delayed execution of the arrest warrant such that the issuance of the warrant was not “prosecution” within the meaning of § 54-193.
At trial, VanDerscoff testified that he had diligently tried to locate the defendant and that it was the practice of the state police periodically to check to see if persons
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss.
VI
The defendant’s final claim is that the trial court’s gender based references in its preliminary instructions on the concept of reasonable doubt
The defendant concedes that this claim was not properly preserved at trial, yet seeks to prevail under State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239-40. See footnote 24. A defendant may prevail under the third prong of Golding on a claim of instructional error “only if, considering the substance of the charge rather than the form of what was said, it is reasonably possible that the jury was misled.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Walton, 227 Conn. 32, 65, 630 A.2d 990 (1993). We conclude that it is not reasonably possible that the jury was misled by this preliminary charge.
Our review of the entire record in this case persuades us that the defendant was not prejudiced by the reference in the trial court’s preliminary instructions to a “woman’s intuition” as one of several examples of methods that cannot be used in determining reasonable doubt. The jury was fully and correctly instructed as to the principles of the defendant’s presumption of innocence and the state’s burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt at final instructions.
While we are unpersuaded by the defendant’s claim that the trial court’s instructions imposed a fatal articulation requirement that denied him his constitutional right to a fair trial, we do accept the defendant’s entreaty that we strongly reaffirm our rejection of all gender biased language from any jury instructions, and we now unequivocally do so. We reemphasize the cogent and succinct statement of the Appellate Court that “[gjender bias, particularly bias based on stereotypes, has no place in the courtroom. The court should not have placed its judicial imprimatur on a platitude that neither defines a legal concept nor enhances a bias-free atmosphere.” State v. Walker, 33 Conn. App. 763, 770-71, 638 A.2d 1084, cert. denied, 229 Conn. 913, 642 A.2d 1209 (1994); see also State v. Williams, 231 Conn. 235, 246-47, 645 A.2d 999 (1994).
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
General Statutes § 53a-70 provides in relevant part: “Sexual assault in the first degree: Class B felony: One year not suspendable. (a) A person is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree when such person (1) compels another person to engage in sexual intercourse by the use of force against such other person or a third person, or by the threat of use of force against such other person or against a third person which reasonably causes such person to fear physical injury to such person or a third person . . . .”
General Statutes § 53a-92 provides in relevant part: “Kidnapping in the first degree: Class A felony, (a) A person is guilty of kidnapping in the first degree when he abducts another person and ... (2) he restrains the person abducted with intent to (A) inflict physical injury upon him or violate or abuse him sexually; or (B) accomplish or advance the commission of a felony; or (C) terrorize him or a third person; or (D) interfere with the performance of a government function. . . .”
General Statutes § 53a-135 provides in relevant part: “Robbery in the second degree: Class C felony, (a) A person is guilty of robbery in the second degree when he commits robbery as defined in section 53a-133 and . . . (2) in the course of the commission of the crime or of immediate flight therefrom he or another participant in the crime displays or threatens the use of what he represents by his words or conduct to be a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument. . . .”
General Statutes § 51-199 provides in relevant part: “(b) The following matters shall be taken directly to the supreme court ... (3) an appeal in any criminal action involving a conviction for a capital felony, class A felony, or other felony, including any persistent offender status, for which the maximum sentence which may be imposed exceeds twenty years
Pursuant to General Statutes § 54-86e, the names of sexual assault victims are confidential.
The victim testified that she “felt like” the car was traveling eastbound on Interstate 84.
Indeed, the defendant’s aunt testified that the defendant was at her home when she went to bed at 5 a.m.
The victim testified as follows:
“[Assistant state’s attorney]: Let’s back up for a minute. Throughout this ordeal, especially on the ride home, did you get a good look at this man?
“A. Yes.
“Q. How — what part of his person were you looking at or observing?
“A. His face, the right side of his face.
“Q. And how close were you to him at any given point?
“A. Maybe a foot-and-a-half.
“Q. All right. And was it dark out?
“A. Yeah. Well, it was still kind of dark out, but, like, with the city lights, I — you know, he had my head down like this. I kept trying to — you know, like, with the halogen lights and everything, I was getting a better look at him on the way back—
“Q. All right. And you did—
“A. —and trying to observe different marks on his face and everything.”
The victim’s recollection at trial of the exact dates in January and March, 1984, that she had been shown photographs was uncertain. She testified that on January 3,1984, after reporting the incident to the police, she perused albums of mug shots. She testified that she remembered identifying one photograph, but she had not signed it. She also testified that on January 4, 1984, Wertz had shown her a photographic array and that she had identified one picture as depicting her assailant, but had not signed it. She did not recall viewing a photographic array in March, 1984.
The victim testified that she had known of the defendant’s name prior to her September, 1984 identification because she had identified Ms photograph in an earlier array for Wertz and had asked his name.
Betty Doe is a fictitious name. See footnote 5.
The defendant’s motion to suppress was heard at the same time as his motion to preclude the misconduct evidence that the defendant had sexually assaulted Betty Doe because the issues, according to the trial court, were “intertwined.” The state buttressed its argument against the motion to suppress with evidence of the similarities between the assaults of the victim and Betty Doe. “If you take that into conjunction with [the uncharged misconduct], then I think that fortifies and rubberstamps the state’s position that the reliability of the identification has been satisfied here."
At oral argument before this court, the defendant claimed, for the first time, that the trial court had improperly relied on the evidence of uncharged misconduct in support of its conclusion that the victim’s identification of the defendant was sufficiently reliable. Although we find that the trial court’s conclusion is adequately supported by the record, regardless of the evidence of uncharged misconduct, we note that any reliance by the trial court on the uncharged misconduct in deciding the motion to suppress the identification was misplaced.
The factors to be considered in a motion to suppress a pretrial identification “are not required to be present seriatim for an identification to be found reliable”; State v. Ramsundar, 204 Conn. 4, 11, 526 A.2d 1311, cert. denied, 484 U.S. 955, 108 S. Ct. 348, 98 L. Ed. 2d 374 (1987); United States v. Merkt, 794 F.2d 950, 958 (5th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 946, 107 S. Ct. 1603, 94 L. Ed. 2d 789 (1987); United States v. Woolery, 740 F.2d 359, 360-61 (5th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1208, 105 S. Ct. 1172, 84 L. Ed. 2d 322 (1985); rather, the inquiry must be “to determine whether, before the imprint arising from the unlawful identification procedure, there was already such a definite image in the witness’ mind that he is able to rely on it at trial without much, if any, assistance from its successor.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Reddick, 224 Conn. 445, 468, 619 A.2d 453 (1993).
Thus, evidence regarding the uncharged misconduct, which may be admissible to prove the perpetrator’s identity, was irrelevant to the issue of whether the victim’s identification was reliable.
The only reference that the trial court made to the alleged January and March identifications in its oral decision denying the defendant’s motion to suppress was as follows: “[Rjecognizing that that situation does bring up the question of suggestivity, but whether or not her present identification is such that indicates reliability sufficient to go to a jury. When you take the totality of the circumstances produced here, the Court could come to that conclusion from this standpoint: Suppose no identification was made in January or in March and the victim does see a person whose picture is in the paper, or he’s standing on the street, and says that’s the person and then is given a photo array. And through the photo array the victim doesn’t know about comparison of similarities between the two offenses.”
Specifically, the defendant asked whether the trial court had found that the victim had identified the defendant in January or March, 1984. In support of his motion, the defendant argued that the state had presented the identification issue on appeal “in a way that assumes that the victim consistently identified the defendant in January, March and September 1984” despite the fact that the oral decision contained no express findings of fact,.
Practice Book § 4051 provides in relevant part. “Any motion seeking corrections in the transcript or the trial court record which depend on proof of matters not of record or seeking an articulation or further articulation of the decision of the trial court shall be determined by the judge of the trial court whence the appeal is taken or the reservation is made. The trial court may make such corrections or additions as are necessary for the proper presentation of the preliminary statement of issues or for the proper presentation of questions reserved; or the trial court may approve a stipulation of counsel that such a correction or addition be made, provided the motion or stipulation is presented before the appeal is ready to be assigned for hearing and only by leave of the supreme court or the appellate court thereafter. The action of the trial judge as regards such a correction or addition may be reviewed by the court in which the appeal is pending under Sec. 4054. Nothing herein is intended to affect the existing practice with respect to opening and correcting judgments and the records on which they are based.
“Corrections made before the record is prepared shall be included in it. If the record has been prepared, the appellate clerk may prepare a supplemental record, to be distributed in the same way as the original record.”
The trial court’s articulation stated that, with regard to the victim’s testimony that she had identified her assailant on occasions prior to September, 1984, “her testimony that in January she identified her assailant is corroborated by the fact that the defendant’s photograph was part of the array presented to her in March. I cannot discount [the victim’s] testimony that she identified the same person in March because I do not know the factors which entered into [Detective] Wertz’s judgment that [the victim] was unable to make an identification.”
In addition, the defendant claims that even if the articulation is valid under Wilson, the trial court improperly denied: (1) the motion to suppress on the basis of its clearly erroneous findings of fact; (2) the motion to suppress on the basis of its legally and logically incorrect reasoning; (3) the defendant the opportunity to adduce evidence of the victim’s alleged misidentification of the defendant at the suppression hearing; and (4) the motion to dismiss because of untimely service of a warrant. Because we conclude that, even if we were to strike the articulation, the trial court’s original decision to deny the motion to suppress was proper, we do not reach these issues.
Marcel Proust, a French author who lived from 1871 to 1922, is best known for his novel Remembrance of Things Past. He has been referred to as “a meticulous Craftsman, detailed and realistic in his descriptions.” 3 F. Magill, Cyclopedia of World Authors (Rev. Ed. 1974) pp. 1446-48.
In its memorandum of decision the trial court stated: “And I know, in the nature of this case, that defense counsel has made the Court aware of evidence that canbeusedto indicate the — to a fact finder the lack of reliability from the standpoint of introduction of certain evidence to test her credit as to identification.”
A fingerprint, lifted from the cardboard box used to free Betty Doe’s car from the mud, led to the arrest of the defendant for the sexual assault of Betty Doe. Because he pleaded guilty to that sexual assault, and was sentenced to eighteen years incarceration, there is no question as to the reliability of this misconduct evidence.
The parties stipulated that the two assaults had not occurred in the exact location, but rather in two separate locations, both in close proximity to bam number 227 on the Culbro tobacco farm.
In closing arguments, the state noted, “[b]ut the question is, are the similarities sufficient enough on a comparison basis for you to draw an inference that because of the similarities the identification of the assailant is the same in Betty’s case as it was in [the victim’s] case.” The state further noted, in rebuttal, that “when it comes to similarities the question is are there sufficient similarities so as to make the identification of one assailant the same as the other.”
The trial court’s instruction on the uncharged misconduct was as follows: “Certain evidence was offered by the State for the purpose of identification of the defendant as the perpetrator of the crimes alleged herein. That is the evidence offered by Betty Doe as to the assault upon her on February 19th, 1984. The assaulter who she identified in court as the defendant, along with the testimony of ex-Trooper Finegan that he had received a cardboard box from Betty which she testified the defendant had used to attempt to free Betty’s car from the mud in a tobacco field. Trooper Finegan testified that he dusted for fingerprints on the box and discovered a full and several partíais which he brought to the State Police Forensic Laboratory in Meriden. And Mr. O’Brien testified that he had analyzed and matched the latent print to the left thumbprint of the defendant. Mr. Finlde corroborated the match in his testimony. This evidence is not offered and cannot be offered to show that the defendant had a propensity to commit crime or that since he committed a crime like the one alleged here that he must have committed this one. It is offered to show similarities between the misconduct to Betty and the crime charged here. You first must determine whether you believe that the misconduct against Betty occurred. If you find that the defendant did perpetrate the misconduct against Betty you must then examine the similarities between the two events to determine whether such similarities are so unique and distinctive as to reasonably believe that they were like a signature or fingerprint so as to demonstrate that the same person committed both crimes or both misconducts. It goes without saying, of course, that if you don’t believe [the victim], and therefore, that the event she testified happened on January 1st, 1984, did not occur then you need not make the comparison. On the other hand, if you do believe the event occurred you must make the comparison. However, if you do not find that the similarities are strong enough to be like
Under Golding, “a defendant can prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error; (2) the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right; (3) the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial; and (4) if subject to harmless error analysis, the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Golding, supra, 213 Conn. 239-40.
The parties stipulated that the state police had retrieved latent fingerprints from the inside of the victim’s car, but that these records were destroyed as part of the same court order. The defendant sought no adverse inference instruction regarding the fingerprints but claims on appeal that, if the requested instruction had been given, the jury could have applied the inference to the destroyed fingerprints as well.
There is no claim, nor is there any evidence, that the police maliciously destroyed the belt in order to prevent it from being utilized by the defense. See State v. Santangelo, 205 Conn. 578, 597, 534 A.2d 1175 (1987); State v. Mullings, 202 Conn. 1, 8-9, 519 A.2d 58 (1987).
The defendant’s request to charge was as follows: “During the State’s case, you heard testimony from Jane Doe that she lost a belt. As you recall from the testimony from Kizis, a belt was recovered on the Culbro Farm. This belt was never provided at trial because the State admits they destroyed this evidence There is a principle of law that where evidence is within the sole power of one party to present, or when one party has supervision or sole access to such evidence and that evidence is not produced a.t trial, the other party, in this case, Mr. Figueroa, is entitled to an inference that evidence would have favored the defense and would have been unfavorable to the State.”
The trial court stated: “[I]t wasn’t police action or State’s Attorney’s action but action of the court that made the evidence unavailable. But the
The defendant argues that “[t]he jurors had grounds upon which to doubt [the victim’s] identification. They might reasonably have concluded that the lapse of time between the incident and her identification, and between the identification and the trial, lead her to unconsciously fill in details, and thus although she was sincere, she was not a reliable witness. If the jurors had been informed that they could affirmatively find that the belt evidence would have favored the defense, and been unfavorable to the state, the jurors probably would have concluded that any similarities in the [Betty Doe] case and the instant case were insufficient to overcome the defense evidence of alibi and the weaknesses of [the victim’s] identification.”
The victim testified that during the assault, she removed her own belt and that it was lost in the tobacco field. Thus, the absence of the defendant’s fingerprints on the belt is not exculpatory.
General Statutes § 54-193 provides in relevant part: “Limitation of prosecutions for various offenses, (a) There shall be no limitation of time within which a person may be prosecuted for a capital felony, a class A felony or a violation of section 53a-54d.
“(b) No person may be prosecuted for any offense, except a capital felony, a class A felony or a violation of section 53a-54d, for which the punishment is or may be imprisonment in excess of one year, except within five years next after the offense has been committed. . . .
“(c) If the person against whom an indictment, information or complaint for any of said offenses is brought has fled from and resided out of this state during the period so limited, it may be brought against him at any time within such period, during which he resides in this state, after the commission of the offense.”
Sexual assault in the first degree is a class B felony, and robbery in the second degree is a class C felony. See footnotes 1 and 3. Hence the statute of limitations for both crimes is five years. The crime of kidnapping in the first degree is a class A felony; see footnote 2; and, therefore, carries no statute of limitation.
The information also bore a Hartford police department case number, the defendant’s name and address, the date and place of the alleged crimes, the geographical area court number, and the dated attestation signatures of an assistant state’s attorney and a judge.
The pertinent text of the trial court’s ruling was as follows- “The evidence received in this hearing lias been the copy of an information which initiated the issuance of a warrant for the defendant’s arrest in September of 1984
“The court, by virtue of presumption that officers, public officers acting in their official capacity, unless shown otherwise, have the presumption that they will comply with their duties, so that the court, without other evidence, can presume that [the assistant state’s attorney] had the warrant issued for the defendant’s arrest in September of 1984.
“The burden of showing that the service of such warrant was unreasonably delayed is upon the one attacking the warrant of arrest under the statute of limitations, which is an affirmative defense that bears the defendant’s burden of proving by a fair preponderance of the evidence that there was unreasonable delay.
“[I]t’s obvious that the state police had a warrant for the defendant’s arrest and that they followed a procedure to attempt to locate the defendant and
“So the defendant has not borne the burden of showing that the delay was unreasonable.”
Wertz was not available to testily at trial because she had retired from the police force and moved to Florida. At the time of the trial, she could not be located. In addition, Detectives Ronald Faggaini and Henry Sullivan, who were responsible for the handling of the victim’s case in September, 1984, died before trial began. The state did not offer any explanation as to why it did not call any other persons who may have had knowledge regarding the issuance of the warrant.
In explaining the concept of reasonable doubt, the trial court instructed all potential jurors, in relevant part, as follows: “You’ve all heard of like expressions which appear to be similar, such as proof beyond any doubt, proof beyond the possible doubt, or even an expression — given the benefit of the doubt. Those are not the legal standard of proof in a criminal case. The legal standard of proof in a criminal case is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. And I emphasize the word reasonable because the doubt must be drawn from the evidence, or the lack of evidence, by the mental process of reason. So, it does exclude certain things that you use to determine your own conduct in the ordinary course of your lives. You know, most of us bet on the lottery each week. And we may select numbers from our birth date, our address, our license plate, our telephone number. But even if we win, we can’t look back and say by the mental process of reason, we knew those numbers were going to come up in that basket. We made a good guess. We were lucky. Had a good hunch. But it wasn’t made on basis of reason. And therefore, may not be used to determine reasonable doubt, or facts, or issues in a criminal case.
“Likewise, there’s a slang expression you hear often today — I have a gut feeling that such and such has happened. You may not use gut feelings to determine reasonable doubt, or facts or issues in a criminal case. And there are other biological symptoms that do raise doubts into our minds. One that comes to my mind is the itchy elbow. Any time I have an itchy elbow I think — Well, maybe I shouldn’t do what I’m planning, or maybe I shouldn’t do it now, or maybe I shouldn’t do it in the way I was planning on doing it. But, I can’t look at my itchy elbow and say that’s based on a mental process of reason. And I shouldn’t even allow it to conduct my activities. And I certainly couldn’t use it to determine reasonable doubt in a criminal case, or facts, or issues in a criminal case.”
An instruction imposes an impermissible articulation requirement when it requires a juror to be able to explain or to articulate a reason for entertaining a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. See State v. Jeffrey, 220
The trial court’s final instructions did not discuss “woman’s intuition” in explaining the concept of reasonable doubt. The defendant does not claim on appeal that the trial court’s final instructions were improper, nor did he seek a curative final instruction as to the preliminary instructions.