State v. FerraraState v. Ferrara
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Longo
The defendant, Francis Ferrara, was indicted by a grand jury and charged with murder, in violation of
From the evidence presented the jury could have found the following: On December 31, 1973, the deceased, Martin R. Blizzard, was stabbed to death while fleeing from a party at an apartment following a fight between himself and Michael Pollatto, who was stabbed several times by Blizzard. After Blizzard was forcibly ejected from the apartment, James
At the time of the defendant’s trial, Pollatto had been charged with manslaughter in connection with Blizzard’s death, but had not been charged as an accomplice of the defendant. There was evidence of a possible agreement between Pollatto and the defendant to cover up the crime. The defendant Ferrara left Connecticut in April, 1975, shortly before his indictment for the murder of Martin Blizzard, and voluntarily returned to Connecticut and surrendered to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (hereinafter the F.B.I.) on January 1, 1977.
I
The defendant first claims that the court erred in granting, over his objection, the state’s motion to charge the jury on the law pertaining to accomplices.
1
He argues that the case had been tried on
The defendant’s argument is in direct conflict with our recent statement that, where warranted by the evidence, it is the court’s
duty
to caution the jury as to the testimony of an accomplice in its charge. In
State
v.
Carey,
76 Conn. 342, 349, 56 A. 632 (1904), we stated: “The conditions of character and interest most inconsistent with a credible witness, very frequently, but not always, attend an accomplice when he testifies. When those conditions exist, it is the
duty
of the judge to specially caution the jury.” (Emphasis added.)
State
v.
Colton,
174 Conn. 135, 140, 384 A.2d 343 (1977); see
Bruton
v.
United States,
391 U.S. 123, 136, 88 S. Ct. 1620, 20 L. Ed. 2d 476 (1968);
United States
v.
Leonard,
494 F.2d 955, 959-60 (D.C. Cir. 1974). The relevant “conditions of character and interest” in the present ease were the fact that James Pollatto was a witness charged with manslaughter in Blizzard’s death and the fact that possible interest in receiving favorable consideration and treatment for his testimony tended to incriminate the defendant. See
State
v.
Colton,
supra, 140-41. Moreover, as we stated in
State
v.
Bennett,
172 Conn. 324, 335, 374
Although we agree with the defendant that customarily it is the accused who has an interest in seeing that the testimony of an accomplice is given special scrutiny, we reiterate that, where it is warranted by the evidence, it is the
court’s duty
to caution the jury to scrutinize carefully the testimony if the jury find that the witness intentionally assisted in the commission, or if he assisted or aided or abetted in the commission, of the offense with which the defendant is charged. We are satisfied that, from the following evidence adduced at the defendant’s trial, the jury could reasonably have found that Pollatto was an accomplice or aided and abetted the defendant in committing the offense of manslaughter. There was testimony that Pollatto’s brother was stabbed by Blizzard, the deceased, in the fight at the party and, therefore, Pollatto had a reason for attacking Blizzard; that Blizzard, the defendant and Pollatto were at the scene of the crime together; that Pollatto had the victim’s blood on his clothing; that Pollatto had threatened to kill Blizzard, and that he was seen running away from the scene of the crime. Under such circumstances, we conclude that the court did not err in charging the jury on the law in the manner complained of even though Pollatto was not charged with aiding or abetting and did not admit that he committed the
II
The defendant Ferrara next claims that the court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial for the failure of the state to disclose an understanding with its main witness, James Pollatto, concerning his future prosecution for manslaughter arising from Blizzard’s death. The facts pertinent to this claim are as follows: The record discloses that after the close of evidence, defense counsel learned that a hearing had been held in a prosecution by the state of James Pollatto in which the state had indicated that its then intention was not to proceed against Pollatto on manslaughter charges for his part in the knifing of Martin Blizzard because of a lack of evidence. The defendant asserts that the state’s intention not to prosecute was, in effect, a “deal” arranged with Pollatto whereby he
At the defendant’s trial, both Pollatto and the state emphatically denied that any understanding had been arranged relative to Pollatto’s testimony.
4
One further point remains. The record does not disclose that the defendant ever made a written motion for exculpatory information or material, as required by Practice Book, 1963, § 2152 (1). Notwithstanding this, the defendant did learn of the purported “understanding” between Pollatto and the state at the trial after the close of evidence, but rejected the prosecution’s offer to inform the jury again that the state did not intend proceeding with the manslaughter charge against Pollatto, to read portions of the transcript to the jury to clear up any possible misunderstandings and, finally, to fly Pollatto from North Carolina to Connecticut in order that Pollatto could be cross-examined by the defendant as a hostile witness concerning any promises made to him. The court informed defense counsel that he would be entitled to argue to the jury the
In the light of our discussion above, we find no error in the court’s denial of the defendant’s motion for a mistrial. “The general principle is that a mistrial should be granted only as a result of some occurrence upon the trial of such a character that it is apparent to the court that because of it a party cannot have a fair trial.” Ferino v. Palmer, 133 Conn. 463, 466, 52 A.2d 433 (1947); State v. Paluga, 171 Conn. 586, 599, 370 A.2d 1049 (1976); see State v. Adams, 176 Conn. 138, 145-46, 406 A.2d 1 (1978). The trial court was evidently of the opinion, in which we concur, that the defendant had received a fair trial; in this opinion, and the resulting denial of the defendant’s mistrial motion, the court did not abuse the wide discretion it possesses in passing on motions for mistrial. State v. Savage, 161 Conn. 445, 449, 290 A.2d 221 (1971).
TTT
The defendant next contends that the trial court erred in allowing evidence of, and in charging the jury on, flight.
5
Flight, when unexplained, tends to prove a consciousness of guilt.
State
v.
Beaulieu,
164 Conn. 620, 632, 325 A.2d 263 (1973);
State
v.
Miller,
154 Conn. 622, 628, 228 A.2d 136 (1967);
State
v.
Ford,
109 Conn. 490, 496, 146 A. 828 (1929).
Within the above context, the trial court heard the following evidence upon which it charged the jury relative to the defendant’s absence from the state of Connecticut after the death of Martin Blizzard on December 31, 1973. Within six weeks after Blizzard’s death a conversation occurred between the defendant and Pollatto discussing “ways to get each other off.” The defendant had become aware that Pollatto had already given a statement to the police implicating the defendant, who told Pollatto “not to put any heat on him.” The defendant told
We find that the court was correct in admitting this evidence, and, in view of the evidence, allowing the case to go to the jury on the issue whether the defendant exhibited a “consciousness of guilt” and thus fled the jurisdiction. There was ample evidence that the defendant knew he was “wanted by the police”; State v. Mayell, supra; and that he had absented himself from the state to avoid apprehension. We find no error in the charge given by the court relative to the issue of flight. See State v. Rosa, supra, 432 n.8.
IV
Finally, the defendant claims that his fifth amendment rights against self-incrimination were violated
At the outset, we note that
Miranda
requires warnings to combat a situation in which there are “inherently compelling pressures which work to undermine the individual’s will to resist and to compel him to speak where he would not otherwise do so.”
Miranda
v.
Arizona,
supra, 467;
United States
v.
Washington,
431 U.S. 181, 186, 97 S. Ct. 1814, 52 L. Ed. 2d 238 (1977). The defendant’s position seems to be that it was incumbent upon the state at trial to prove an intentional and knowing waiver by the defendant of his right to remain silent while in police custody. See
Johnson
v.
Zerbst,
304 U.S. 458, 58 S. Ct. 1019, 82 L. Ed. 1461 (1938). Under the circumstances of this ease, such a claim is without merit. It is now well settled that incriminating statements made by a defendant are admissible in evidence whether or not the
Miranda
warning has been given when the
Notwithstanding the above, the defendant contends that it was improper conduct on the part of the officer to engage the defendant in a seemingly innocent conversation and then to allow the state to introduce as evidence any admission made by the defendant without the presence of counsel and without proof of a knowing waiver. Under the circumstances presented by the record, we find no merit to those claims. While we may agree that the defendant was “in custody” at the time of the conversation; see
Oregon
v.
Mathiason,
429 U.S. 492, 97 S. Ct. 711, 50 L. Ed. 2d 714 (1977); the record
Moreover, nothing in the record would indicate that the defendant’s statement was not voluntary. See State v. Mascone, 171 Conn. 500, 510, 370 A.2d 1030 (1976). In United States v. Sanchez, 449 F.2d 204, 209 (5th Cir. 1971), the court stated: “Voluntary statements of any kind, not in response to custodial interrogation, are not barred by the Fifth Amendment, nor has their admissibility been affected by the Miranda decision or its progeny.” Cf. State v. Darwin, 161 Conn. 413, 428, 288 A.2d 422 (1971). 8
The trial court determined, as a question properly within its province, that the defendant’s statement
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Notes
“[General Statutes] See. 53a-8. criminal liability for acts of another. A person, acting with the mental state required for commission of an offense, who solicits, requests, commands, importunes or intentionally aids another person to engage in conduct which constitutes an offense shall be criminally liable for such conduct and may be prosecuted and punished as if he were the principal offender.”
The court charged the jury, in pertinent part, as follows: “[X]f you find that two or more persons were involved here, that they were accomplices or accessories one under the other, I will give you this word of caution, that the law says ordinarily you should view the testimony of an accomplice with caution .... And so, if you find that someone testified here who might also be involved in the case and might have his own reasons for testifying, that testimony should be examined very earefully.”
Two further points should be noted. The defendant did not print in his brief his request to charge on the law of “accomplices”; neither did the defendant print the charge that the trial court did give, both of which are required by the rules of practice, effective July 1, 1978, § 3054 (c) (1). Our consideration of the defendant’s present argument is, to this extent, somewhat hampered.
The defendant also claims that the trial court erred in giving an “accessory” charge;
In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963), the United States Supreme Court held that the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused on request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or punishment. See State v. Grayton, 163 Conn. 104, 108, 302 A.2d 246 (1972), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1045, 93 S. Ct. 542, 34 L. Ed. 2d 495 (1972). In United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 112, 96 S. Ct. 2392, 49 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1976), the Court refined the Brady doctrine by holding that, absent a defense request for exculpatory materials, nondisclosure of “material” evidence would be error only if the evidence creates a reasonable doubt as to guilt which would not otherwise exist. In Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 79 S. Ct. 1173, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1217 (1959), the Court held that the failure of a prosecutor to correct the testimony of a witness whieh he knew to be false denied a criminal defendant due process of law in violation of the fourteenth amendment.
“[Richard P. Sperandeo, chief assistant state’s attorney.] I have made no promises to Mr. McQuade [defense counsel] or to Mr. Pollatto for his testimony. He is going to testify for the state as the state’s witness. And I have, as I say, made no promises to him. But, based upon my evidence, I do not intend to press my charge of manslaughter against him.”
The court charged the jury, in relevant part, as follows: “Mention was made that he [the defendant] left the state of Connecticut and went to various parts of the country. There is a doctrine of law on that score that if you find that a person has fled to avoid prosecution, that is a factor to be considered by you and to be given such weight as you desire to give it as bearing upon the consciousness of guilt. This is what we call an admission by conduct, whieh you may weigh and give it what value you think it deserves. The Supreme Court said in a recent ease on that score that flight may be established by proof of the efforts of police to locate the defendant. Such proof, however, must be supported by direct or inferential evidence that the defendant knew he was wanted by the police. If you find he left the state to avoid prosecution under those terms, that you must weigh as part of the whole picture as to innocence or guilt.”
The United States Supreme Court defined that term in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966): “By custodial interrogation, we mean questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.” (Emphasis added.) The principle referred to in the text has repeatedly been affirmed by decisions of the United States Supreme Court, most recently in United States v. Washington, 431 U.S. 181, 97 S. Ct. 1814, 52 L. Ed. 2d 238 (1977); Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 97 S. Ct. 711, 50 L. Ed. 2d 714 (1977); Beckwith v. United States, 425 U.S. 341, 96 S. Ct. 1612, 48 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1976); Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433; 94 S. Ct. 2357, 41 L. Ed. 2d 182 (1974); cf. Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 400, 97 S. Ct. 1232, 51 L. Ed. 2d 424 (1977); by decisions of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals; see United States ex rel. Sanney v. Montanye, 500 F.2d 411 (2d Cir. 1974); United States v. Hall, 421 F.2d 540 (2d Cir. 1969); and by our own decisions; see State v. Bennett, 171 Conn. 47, 368 A.2d 184 (1976); State v. Schaffer, 168 Conn. 309, 314, 362 A.2d 893 (1975); and State v. Szabo, 166 Conn. 289, 348 A.2d 588 (1974); cf. State v. Adams, 176 Conn. 138, 145-46, 406 A.2d 1 (1978); see also discussions in annotation, “Custodial Interroga tion — Miranda Rule,” 31 A.L.R.3d 565, and Keefe, “Confessions, Admissions and the Recent Curtailment of the Fifth Amendment Protection,” 51 Conn. B.J., No. 3, pp. 266, 281 (1977).
Pursuant to the provisions of
It is axiomatic that neither Miranda nor the fifth amendment automatically preclude self-incrimination, whether spontaneous or in response to questions put by law enforcement officers. The fifth amendment does not preclude an individual from speaking voluntarily in matters which may incriminate him; United, States v. Monia, 317 U.S. 424, 427, 63 S. Ct. 409, 87 L. Ed. 376 (1943), for “those com petent and free-willed to do so may give evidence against the whole world, themselves included.” United States v. Kimball, 117 F. 156, 163 (C.C. S.D. N.Y. 1902) ; accord, Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966) ; Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433, 94 S. Ct. 2357, 41 L. Ed. 2d 182 (1974); Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S. 293, 87 S. Ct. 408, 17 L. Ed. 2d 374 (1966).