The state petitions for reconsideration of our decision in
State v. Ferguson,
We briefly recount the historical and procedural facts at issue. Knapp, who had just been arrested, identified defendant as her drug supplier and, according to the statе, agreed to assist police in arresting him. The police recorded a telephone conversation between Knapp and defendant in which defendant agreed to deliver a half-ounce of methamphetamine to Knapp’s house that afternoon. Based on the statements they heard during the phone call, the police arrested defendant outside Knapp’s home. They searched defendant incident to his arrest and found a zippered pouch nеxt to the driver’s seat of his truck that contained several bindles of methamphetamine.
Defendant moved to suppress evidence of the telephone conversation that the police had recorded on the ground that neither he nor Knapp had consented to the recording. Id. at 386-87. Defendant contended that, without the unlawfully obtained evidence of the telephone conversation, the police lacked probable cause for a warrantless sеarch of defendant and his vehicle. 1 Id. at 387. Knapp did not testify at the suppression hearing, and the prosecutor sought to introduce hearsay evidence to prove that Knapp had consented to the recording. The trial court ruled that the state could not rely on hearsay to demonstrate Knapp’s consent. Accordingly, it held that the telephone recording was *264 made illegally and that the subsequent search was not supported by probable cause.
After that ruling, thе prosecutor indicated that she was not prepared to try the case without the evidence in question and sought a continuance in order to appeal the suppression ruling.
Id.
at 387. The prosecutor then stated to the court that, although she was not going to dismiss the case, “under ORS 136.120, you could dismiss the case because the prosecution is unprepared for trial.”
Id.
The trial court dismissed the case pursuant to ORS 136.120, and the state appealed both the suppression ordеr and the judgment of dismissal.
See State v. Robinson,
On appeal, the state argued that the trial court erred in suppressing evidence of the telephone conversation and in dismissing the case. Defendant responded, in part, that, in order to prevail, the state not only would have to gain reversal of the suppression, but of the dismissal аs well, and argued that the state could not gain reversal of the latter because it had invited any error in that regard by telling the court that it could dismiss the case under ORS 136.120. Defendant relied on
State v. Hoare,
We agreed with defendant that Hoare was directly on point, stating:
“In order to prevail on an appeal of this sort — in which the trial court hаs suppressed evidence and dismissed the case — the state must successfully appeal both the suppression and the dismissal. State v. Robinson,158 Or App 494 ,974 P2d 713 (1999) (if the state appeals an order suppressing evidence but fails to appeal the order of dismissal, the appeal becomes moot). To appeal successfully, the state must therefore show not only that the trial court erred in suppressing evidence but that it erred in dismissing the case.
*265 “As noted above, the trial court dismissed the case pursuаnt to ORS 136.120 (providing for dismissal where the district attorney is not ready and ‘does not show any sufficient cause for postponing the trial’) on the ground that the prosecutor wished to appeal rather than go to trial. Under Hoare, a dismissal under those circumstances was error, as taking an appeal from a pretrial suppression order does constitute ‘sufficient cause’ for postponement of trial. Hoare,20 Or App at 445-46 . The problem is that the state is not in a position to argue on appeal that the trial court erred in dismissing the case pursuant to ORS 136.120, because the prosecutor informed the trial court that it was authorized to dismiss the case pursuant to that statute under these circumstances. Invited error cannot serve as the basis for reversal. State v. Maxwell,165 Or App 467 , 478,998 P2d 680 (2000), rev den,334 Or 632 (2002). Because the state cannot successfully challenge the dismissal of the case due to its invited error and cannot prevail simply by demonstrating that the suppression order was erroneous, see Robinson,158 Or App at 499-500 , our only possible disposition under the circumstances is to affirm.”
Ferguson,
On reconsideration, the state primarily argues that our holding simply was wrong — that, in cases since
Hoare,
we have indicated that “an erroneous suppression of evidence may provide the basis for reversing a dismissal that is based on that suppression of evidence,” albeit not in quite the same context as presented here.
Robinson,
Defendant responds by attempting to carve out a distinction between (1) cases in which the court suppresses evidence and dismisses the case in the same order and (2) cases (like this) in which the- court suppresses evidence and dismisses the сase in separate orders. Defendant posits that Williams and Sulser are distinguishable from this case because they fell into the former, not the latter, category.
Defendant’s proposed distinction is, for present purposes, a distinction without a difference. Such a distinction is useful in cases like Robinson, Williams, and Sulser, in which the court must determine whether the case is moot or whether the state has appealed from the correct order or orders. However, we perceive no principled reason in the context of determining whether a party has invited error by proposing that a case be dismissed under ORS 136.120. Accordingly, we reject defendant’s proffered distinction and return to the state’s arguments concerning Hoare’s continuing vitality.
What the state seems to be suggesting is that, although Hoare’s result is correct, its reasoning concerning the propriety of dismissal under ORS 136.120 is obsolete in light of later cases from this court that have not separately analyzed the propriety of suppression and dismissal. That is, we understand the state to be suggesting that the propriety of a dismissal pursuant to ORS 136.120 simply is not at issue in this kind of case because the success of a state’s appeal under these circumstances rests solely on whether the suppression of evidence was proper. Thus, under the state’s approach, it would follow that, if the propriety of the dismissal is not at issue, it does not matter whether the appellant suggested that the court could dismiss under ORS 136.120.
The state’s argument in that regard is not without some force.
Hoare
was decided in 1975. In the 30 years since then, cаses have routinely come before us in which the trial court, after suppressing evidence pretrial, dismissed the
*267
case. In analyzing the propriety of the dismissal and the suppression, we have generally treated the two as interdependent. Sometimes, that treatment has been express, as in
State v. Wood,
Thus, many, if not most, of the cases decided after Hoare have treated the suppression and the dismissal as two procedural dispositions stemming from a common substantive ruling — i.e., the suppression. That approach was not faithful to Hoare. Under Hoare, a trial court lacks authority to dismiss under ORS 136.120 when the state is unwilling to proceed because the state wishes to appeal the trial court’s decision to suppress state evidence. That is true regardless of *268 the correctness of the suppression. In other words, Hoare dictátes that a trial court is obligated to continue a case if the state so moves, unless some other disposition is warranted. 3 Yet, in the 30 years following Hoare, we have not explicitly advised courts to discontinue the practice of dismissing cases under ORS 136.120 as a corollary to a suppression order. As a result, the cases have at best been confusing as to the proper procedures to follow, which is the one point on which the parties in this case agree.
For purposes of the limited issue before us in this case, at least some of that confusion has been ameliorated by the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
State v. Shaw,
The court’s analysis in Shaw demonstrates that the propriety of a dismissal pursuant to ORS 136.120 when a *269 prosecutor seeks a continuance in order to appeal is a separate and, indeed, a preliminary question for an appellate court distinct from the merits of the evidentiary ruling that the state seeks to challenge: “[A]ny ultimate ruling on our part respecting the correctness of the trial court’s [evidentiary] ruling would have no practical effect upon the parties if the trial court’s dismissal of the indictment was proper.” Id. at 606. That conclusion comports with Hoare, as well as with our approach here. We therefore reject the state’s suggestion that disposition on appeal of the merits of such an evidentiary question obviates the need to address the propriety of a dismissal pursuant to ORS 136.120. The question whether an evidentiary error is cognizable on appeal, creating “sufficient cause” to postpone the trial in order to allow the state to pursue an appeal, is independent of the merits of the evidentiary question itself. Accordingly, an appellate court could reverse an erroneous dismissal pursuant to ORS 136.120 that was prompted by the state’s wish to appeal an appealable order, but could nonetheless affirm the trial court’s evidentiary ruling that the state wished to appeal.
We therefore conclude that we correctly treated the propriety of the dismissal pursuant to ORS 136.120 as distinct from the merits of the state’s evidentiary challenge in this case.
6
The question remains, however, whether we should have applied the invited error doctrine under the circumstances presented here. In general, that doctrine provides that, if an appellant “was actively instrumental in bringing about” the error, then the appellant “cannot be heard to complain, and the case ought not to be reversed because of
it.” Anderson v. Oregon Railroad Co.,
The question, then, is this: Should we apply the invited error doctrine in the circumstances here? On careful consideration, we conclude that we should not. Although Hoare suggests that a dismissal under ORS 136.120 should not be granted regardless of the correctness of the suppression order, our cases in the intervening 30 years obscured that point. As we have discussed, those cases generally have treated the propriety of the dismissal as dependent on the correctness of the suppression ruling, and they sometimes expressly stated as much. Thus, when the trial court specifically asked if the dismissal under ORS 136.120 would adversely affect the state’s pursuit of an appeal, and the prosecutor responded that it would not, the prosecutor’s understanding was at least consistent with the approach that many of our post -Hoare cases had reflected.
Because of that, this case is significantly distinguishable from those in which the invited error doctrine ordinarily applies. That doctrinе usually is invoked when a party has invited the trial court to rule in a particular way, under circumstances that suggest that the party will be bound by the ruling or at least will not later seek a reversal on the basis of it.
Compare State v. Koennecke,
Accordingly, we turn to the merits of the state’s appeal. The state argues that the trial court erred in suppressing evidence of the recorded telephone conversation and the evidence that flowed from it, namely, evidence obtained in a warrantless search of defendant and his vehicle after the recording provided police with probable cause that defendant had committеd a crime. The trial court here considered both a motion in limine concerning the admissibility of the recorded telephone conversation at trial and a motion to suppress evidence on the,ground that the telephone conversation was unlawfully recorded and thus did not provide probable cause for a search. The trial court rendered its finding that the tape would not be admissible at trial because consent to the recording could not be established through the usе of hearsay evidence, a ruling that is not challenged on appeal, 7 and further concluded that the motion to suppress evidence *272 of the warrantless search should be granted because, without the recording, probable cause for the search was lacking.
The state contends that the trial court erred in concluding that hearsay evidence could not be considered in ruling on the motion to suppress. We agree. A virtually identical issue was presented in
State v. Wright,
“We conclude that a hearing on a motion to suppress evidence involves a preliminary question of fact concerning the admissibility of evidence to which OEC 104(1) applies. That being so, the hearsay rules of thе Oregon Evidence Code do not apply therein. OEC 101(4)(a).” 8
Id. at 129 (footnote referencing federal case law reaching the same conclusion under the similar federal rule omitted). The court then remanded the case to consider the defendant’s motion to suppress, including the hearsay evidence. Id. at 133.
Defendant suggests that we could find, on this record, that the trial court properly suppressed the recording because it found that Knapp’s consent was not voluntary. We disagree. The disputed hearsay was introduced by way of an offer of proof. The record indicates that the trial court did not consider the hearsay evidence concerning Knapp’s consent when it ruled on the motion to suppress. The record thus provides no basis for concluding that the trial court considered *273 the validity of Knapp’s consent in light of the hearsay evidence, as defendant suggests.
The state’s suggestion, on the other hand, that the proper disposition is to reversе and remand for trial, is equally flawed. The state apparently assumes that, because the court should have considered the hearsay evidence in deciding the motion to suppress, it necessarily should have found that Knapp consented to the recording. On this record, we are unable to draw such a conclusion. The evidence indicated that police officers executed a search warrant on Knapp’s residence and handcuffed and arrested her. Dеtective Hatten testified that he participated in the search. At some point during the search, another detective, Young, spoke with Knapp, apparently about the possibility of her cooperating with the officers. Hatten then indicated that Knapp expressed willingness to help the officers in exchange for not being taken to jail that day, and the officers removed Knapp’s handcuffs. Hatten described Knapp as “calm” and “friendly” and said that, “like a lot of рeople, she would rather assist us in arresting her source than go[ ] to jail.” Before the recorded telephone call was placed, Knapp signed a consent form indicating that she “agreed to assist” in the investigation, that she would not be taken to jail that day, and that her cooperation could be considered in relation to the pending charges against her.
Although
Wright
indicates that a trial court should not exclude hearsay evidence in making determinations such as the one at issue here,
Wright
does not dictate the weight that a court must accord such evidence.
Cf. Reguero v. Teacher Standards and Practices,
Reconsideration allowed; former opinion modified in part; former disposition withdrawn; vacated and remanded.
Notes
Defendant also moved in limine to exclude the recording itself at trial, but the trial court’s ruling on that motion is not at issue on appeal.
We made the point even more starkly in
State v. Lewis,
For example, in some of the cases the state has dismissed on its own motion.
See, e.g., Williams,
Generally, such appeals by the state in criminal cases come through this court, but Shaw involved a murder and, therefore, under OES 138.060(2), the appeal was taken directly to the Oregon Supreme Cоurt.
In reaching that conclusion, the court cited
State v. Caruso,
We acknowledge that our analysis falls short of the desire of both parties that we reconcile the broader competing tensions in the case law and provide encompassing procedural guidance to the bench and bar. That is, we do not here undertake to answer the broader questions concerning all possible ways in which a trial court may proceed after it has granted a pretrial suppression motion. This case concerns only a dismissal pursuant to ORS 136.120. We limit our discussion to the narrow questions presented here and the context in which those questions arise, because further guidance must be informed by the particular circumstances of future cases.
Defendant has filed a supplemental brief arguing that, under
Crawford v. Washington,
“The sole issue presented in this appeal is whether hearsay evidence is admissible at a pretrial suppression hearing to determine probable cause for a defendant’s arrest; this appeal does not present an issue regarding what hearsay evidence is admissible at trial.”
Accordingly, the only question on appeal concerns the use of the recording at the suppression hearing to establish probable cause. Defendant does not contend that Crawford has an application to that question.
OEC 104(1) provides:
“Preliminary questions concerning the qualification of a person to be a witness, the existence of a privilege or the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the court, subject to the provisions of subsection (2) of this section. In making its determination the court is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with respect to privileges.”
OEC 101(4)(a) provides that various evidence rules, including the hearsay rule, OEC 802, “do not apply [to] * * * [t]he determination of questions of fact preliminary to admissibility of evidence when the issue is to be determined by the court under [OEC 104].”