State v. Ewing., 37 S.E. 332

State v. Ewing.

37 S.E. 332 | N.C. | 1900

Lead Opinion

Eaikclotii, O. J.

Tbe bill of indictment charges in one count that tbe defendant “feloniously, wilfully, and of bis malice aforethought did kill and murder one J ames Stewart,” contrary, etc. Tbe grand jury returned “A true bill for murder in tbe second degree.” Tbe defendant, before pleading, moved to quash tbe bill upon tbe ground that tbe grand jury “bad no right to find tbe bill as indorsed upon tbe back thereof.” Motion overruled. Tbe Court then found tbe facts as set out in the record, and thereupon tbe defendant demurred on the ground that tbe bill is drawn for murder in the first degree and tbe grand jury have found a true bill for murder in the second degree. Demurrer sustained, and tbe State appealed.

We believe this question has not heretofore been before this Court, and it is probably here now by reason of Acts 1893, chap. 85. Section 1 provides that tbe offenses mentioned therein shall be deemed murder in tbe first degree. Section 2 provides that all other kinds of murder shall be deemed murder in the second degree. Section 3 provides that nothing herein contained shall be construed to require any alteration or modification of tbe existing form of indictment for murder, but the jury before whom tbe offender is tried shall determine in their verdict whether the crime is murder in the first or second degree. It is evident that tbe Legislature *558intended that the petit jury, and not the grand jury, should, determine the degree of the offense upon the whole of the evidence. It is argued that the bill, with a single count, as in this case, contains the essential element of two counts, one in the first and one in the second degree, on the principle that the greater includes the lesser. If the grand jury is allowed, upon the State’s evidence alone, to fix the grade in the second degree, then the petit jury has nothing to determine except to adopt the conclusion of the grand jury, mo matter what the whole evidence may disclose. It is not questioned that when ■the bill contains several counts the grand jury may find ene count true and ignore the others, for each count contains a distinct charge, and the jury may find one true only. The law intends to punish the guilty and protect the innocent, and to that end it is necessary to adopt rules in the administration of the criminal law, and we know of none better than those developed and established by the wisdom of past ages. We are inclined to think that Acts 1893, chap. 85, is well adapted to the just administration of the criminal law and to the present conditions of society. Turning, then, to the forms, precedents, and practice, we find them uniform on the question before us, and we find no contrari’ant decision in any courts of the American States. Whart. Or. PL and Prac: (9th Ed.), sec. 374, expresses it: “Where there are several counts, the jury can find one true and ignore the- others; but, where there is only one count, they must either pass or reject the whole.” Ohitty on Criminal Law (volume 1, p. 322) says: “The jury can not find one part of the same charge to be true, and another false, but they must either maintain or reject the wholé; and therefore, if they indorse a bill of indictment for murder billa vera se deferido, or billa vera, for manslaughter, and not for murder, the whole will be invalid, and may be quashed on motion.” So, in Archb. Or. PL and *559Prac., 99, it is laid down: “They can not, however,.find a true bill as to part of a count, and ignore the rest of it.” . To the same effect are 1 Russ. Crimes, 312, and State v. Wilhite, II Humph., 602. In State v. Williams, 31 S. C., *296, the charge was an assault and rioting in one count. The jury returned a true bill as to an assault, no bill as to rioting. Held, that the jury could not so find, “but must 'find generally on the whole charge as contained in the indictment.” In State v. Cowan, 1 Head, 280, the bill was for murder, and indorsed, “The grand jury find a true bill for manslaughter.” The Court said: “The rule seems to be well established that the grand jury can not find one part of the same charge to be true and another part false, but must either maintain or reject the whole and therefore on an indictment for murder they can not find a true bill for manslaughter. This is a technical rule, but the current of authority is in support of it.” State v. Creighton, 1 Nott. and McC., 256: “Where the grand jury, on a count for riot and assault in an indictment, find A guilty of a riot, it is a partial finding of the entire count, and therefore void.” Other authorities of the same import may be bound. We have copied freely, because the question under our statute is practical and important. We are satisfied that due care and caution in the conduct of grand juries in discharging their duties are not always observed in the districts, and in this connection we will call attention to State v. Brown, 81 N. C., 568, where it is held that a bill of indictment returned into Court “Not a true bill”.can not be amended and reconsidered by the same grand jury, for the reasons there stated. Eor the foregoing reasons we think the demurrer was properly sustained.

No error.

Concurrence Opinion

MoNtgombey, J.

(concurring in the result). If the evi-*560deuce before the grand jury disclosed a case of murder in tbe second degree only, I think that that body should have made their finding on the bill that was sent to them (a bill for murder in the usual form before the Act of 1893) simply “A true bill,” without the qualifying words of “murder in the second degree.” It was provided in the act that there need be no “alteration or modification of the existing form of indictment for murder, but the jury before whom the offender is tried shall determine in their verdict whether the crime is murder in the'first or second degree.” I think that if a grand jury, since the Act of 1893, in the investigation of a homicide, find from the evidence, that a killing has occurred which amounts to manslaughter only, the bill of indictment should be found and returned for manslaughter. But, if the homicide is of higher culpability than manslaughter, then the grand jury should return a true bill of murder in the form in use before the statute. The petit jury is the tribunal upon which is devolved by the statute the duty of fixing the degree of guilt, whether murder in the first or murder in the second degree, upon the evidence of both the State and the prisoner. The distinction between murder in the first and murder in the second degree, under the Act of 1893, is not for the grand jury to point out and determine, but is a matter for the action of the petit jury, after hearing all the evidence and receiving the instruction of the Court. The law declares that the form of the indictment is immaterial as between the two crimes, and that the petit jury shall be charged with the duty of declaring the grade of the crime as between murder in the first and murder in the second degree, and not the grand jury. And this appears to me to be necessarily so, for, if the Solicitor should conform to the wishes of the grand jury, as expressed in their finding, and send in a bill for murder in the second degree, the bill would *561be in tlie exact language of the one upon which the grand jury undertook -to act. I am therefore of the opinion that the grand jury transcended its power in finding the bill “A true bill for murder in the second degree,” in that it undertook to prescribe a verdict for the petit jury, and that his Honor was right in sustaining the demurrer.

Lead Opinion

CLARK and DOUGLAS, JJ., dissenting. The bill of indictment charges in one count that the defendant "feloniously, wilfully, and of his malice aforethought did kill and murder one James Stewart," contrary, etc. The grand jury returned "A true bill for murder in the second degree." The defendant, before pleading, moved to quash the bill upon the ground that the grand jury "had no right to find the bill as indorsed upon the back thereof." Motion overruled. The Court then found the facts as set out in the record, and thereupon the defendant demurred on the ground that the bill is drawn for murder in the first degree and the grand jury have found a true bill for murder in the second degree. Demurrer sustained, and the State appealed.

We believe this question has not heretofore been before this Court, and it is probably here now by reason of Laws 1893, chap. 85. Section 1 provides that the offenses mentioned therein shall be deemed murder in the first degree. Section 2 provides that all other kinds of murder shall be deemed murder in the second degree. Section 3 provides that nothing herein contained shall be construed to require any alteration or modification of the existing form of indictment for murder, but the jury before whom the offender is tried shall determine in their verdict whether the crime is murder in the first or second (558) degree. It is evident that the Legislature intended that the petit jury, and not the grand jury, should determine the degree of the offense upon the whole of the evidence. It is argued that the bill, with a single count, as in this case, contains the essential element of two counts, one in the first and one in the second degree, on the principle that the greater includes the lesser. If the grand jury is allowed upon the State's evidence alone, to fix the grade in the second degree, then the petit jury has nothing to determine except to adopt the conclusion of the grand jury, no matter what the whole evidence may disclose. It is not questioned that when the bill contains several counts the grand jury may find one count true and ignore the others, for each count contains a distinct charge, and the jury may find one true only. The law intends to punish the guilty and protect the innocent, and to that end it is necessary to adopt rules in the administration of the criminal law, and we know of none better than those developed and established by the wisdom of past ages. We are *379 inclined to think that Laws 1893, chap. 85, is well adapted to the just administration of the criminal law and to the present conditions of society. Turning, then, to the forms, precedents, and practice, we find them uniform on the question before us, and we find no contrariant decision in any courts of the American States. Whart. Cr. Pl. and Prac. (9 Ed.), sec. 374, expresses it: "Where there are several counts, the jury can find one true and ignore the others; but, where there is only one count, they must either pass or reject the whole." Chitty on Criminal Law, 322, says: "The jury can not find one part of the same charge to be true, and another false, but they must either maintain or reject the whole; and therefore, if they indorse a bill of indictment for murder billa vera se defendo, orbilla vera, for manslaughter, and not for murder, the whole will be invalid, and may be quashed on motion." So, in Archb. Cr. Pl. and Prac., 99, it is laid down: "They can not, however, find a true bill as to part of a count, and ignore the rest (559) of it." To the same effect are 1 Russ. Crimes, 312, andS. v. Wilhite, II Humph., 602. In S. v. Williams, 31 S.C. 96, the charge was an assault and rioting in one count. The jury returned a true bill as an assault, no bill as to rioting. Held, that the jury could not so find, "but must find generally on the whole charge as contained in the indictment." In S. v. Cowan, 1 Head, 280, the bill was for murder, and indorsed, "The grand jury find a true bill for manslaughter." The Court said: "The rule seems to be well established that the grand jury can not find one part of the same charge to be true and another part false, but must either maintain or reject the whole and therefore on an indictment for murder they can not find a true bill for manslaughter. This is a technical rule, but the current of authority is in support of it." S. v. Creighton, 1 Nott. and McC., 256: "Where the grand jury, on a count for riot and assault in an indictment, find A guilty of a riot, it is a partial finding of the entire count, and therefore void." Other authorities of the same import may be found. We have copied freely, because the question under our statute is practical and important. We are satisfied that due care and caution in the conduct of grand juries in discharging their duties are not always observed in the districts, and in this connection we will call attention to S. v.Brown, 81 N.C. 568, where it is held that a bill of indictment returned into Court "Not a true bill' can not be amended and reconsidered by the same grand jury, for the reasons there stated. For the foregoing reasons we think the demurrer was properly sustained.

No error. *380

Dissenting Opinion

Clartc, J.

(dissenting). The forms of indictment for murder in the first degree and for murder in the second degree are identical. It may be that the Solicitor sent this bill for murder in the second degree, and the presumption of regularity is that he did; then, the indorsement, “True bill for murder in the second degree,” is correct. When this case goes bade, the Solicitor ivill send a bill for murder in the second degree. It will be verbatim et literatim et punctuatim a copy of this bill. If the grand jury find that a true bill, they will return it, “True bill for murder in the second degree,” and we shall have a duplicate of the paper now declared invalid, unless >bhe opinion of the Court means that the grand jury, contrary to the intention of the Solicitor and their own view of the evidence, are compelled to return “A true bill,” and thus put the prisoner qn trial for murder in the first degree. If the grand jury, as in this case, think the evidence justifies only an indictment for murder in the second degree, it surely can not be that they, sworn men as they are, are compelled to make a return which the law will presume is an indictment for a higher offense, and thus put the prisoner on trial for his life, when the grand jury has found only evidence warranting a charge for an offense not capital.

Douglas, J., dissenting.