State v. Evans

130 Wis. 381 | Wis. | 1907

Dodge, J.

The fundamental question raised is the constitutionality of our statutes regulating the practice of pharmacy, ch. 56a, Stats. 1898, with its amendments, and especially sec. 1409$, imposing penalties. Those acts, summarizing the elements important to this discussion, provide for the licensing of pharmacists and of assistant pharmacists, requiring for each a specified but different age and experience, together with diploma or examination by the state board of pharmacists. Sec. 1409# prohibits retailing or dispensing •of drugs, or the maintenance of any pharmacy therefor, in any town, city, or village having 500 population or more, except by or under charge of a registered pharmacist, while in towns, cities, or villages of less than 500 population similar acts are prohibited, except by a registered pharmacist or assistant pharmacist, or under his charge. It also imposes a penalty of $50 for each offense. Exception is made in favor of a practicing physician in dispensing his own medicines. No substantial contention is made that the business or .profession of pharmacy is not a legitimate field for police regulation by reason of peril to health or lives in the community generally which may result from incompetence therein. This subject is set at rest in this state by State v. Heinemann, 80 Wis. 253, 49 N. W. 818. Neither is it contended that the requirements of experience or school education and examination are not reasonably germane to the subject of competency. Neither can there be successful contention that there is in that respect any classification of individuals except on the lines of competency, for every one who becomes a registered pharmacist has the same right as any other in that class to practice anywhere and everywhere in the state, and every one who becomes a registered assistant is also privileged and restricted equally with every one in his class, and those who have not qualified at all are equally restricted from the practice. Indeed, there is no complaint on this subject.

The principal objection to the law is that it classifies localities, allowing some to be served in the business of pharmacy by assistant pharmacists, who, as a class, presumptively have less of competence than is demanded of registered pharmacists, by whom the larger communities are required to be served. It is strenuously urg'ed that here is false classification ; that the life and health of every individual and of the public is as important in the little hamlet as in the great city, and that any protection against incompetent dispensers of drugs is as much due to the one as the other; that, the purpose of the act being the promotion of the safety of the communities in obtaining necessary supply of medicines, there is no distinction between comnrunities over 500 in number and those less which is in any wise germane to the purposes of this police regulation of the business. Doubtless this law, like all other police laws, presents classification, and we are confronted, as in the case of every such law, with the duty to consider the relationship of the distinctions between the classes to the subject of the legislation. Of course there must be such relationship. A mere arbitrary distinction in no wise relevant to the subject of legislation will not justify a departure from that equal protection of the laws commanded by the XIVth amendment to the federal constitution, nor that equality before the law commanded by sec. 1, art. I, of the Wisconsin constitution. It is unnecessary, and probably futile, to attempt again to state those rules as to> classification in legislation which have been phrased so often to the utmost of the ability of the judges writing the opinions. The citation of a few illustrative cases will suffice: Adams v. Beloit, 105 Wis. 363, 81 N. W. 869; State ex rel. Kellogg v. Currens, 111 Wis. 431, 436, 87 N. W. 561; Black v. State, 113 Wis. 205, 219, 89 N. W. 522; State ex rel. Risch v. Trustees, 121 Wis. 44, 54, 98 N. W. 954; State v. Whitcom, 122 Wis. 110, 119, 99 N. W. 468; Bingham v. Milwaukee Co. 127 Wis. 344, 106 N. W. 1071. That there are distinctions between large and 'dense communities and small and sparser ones as separate classes is, of course, obvious. That such differences are germane and relevant to some purposes of legislation has been declared, almost without limit, by courts. Smith v. Burlington, 129 Wis. 336, 109 N. W. 79, and cases there cited. But, as remarked in that case, each new exercise of the power of police regulation presents anew to the courts the question of possible relationship between the distinguishing characteristics of the classes and the object and purposes of the regulation. As to the cogency or propriety of either the regulations made or of the import-anee of the distinctions,'as we have so often said, the courts have little concern. Those subjects rest with the legislature, and only when the court, in the exercise of the utmost deference toward that other branch of the government, is compelled to say that no one in the exercise of human reason and discretion could honestly reach a conclusion that distinctions exist having any relation to the purpose and policy of the legislation, can it delay its validity. State ex rel. Kellogg v. Currens, 111 Wis. 431, 439, 87 N. W. 561; Black v. State, supra; State ex rel. Risch v. Trustees, supra; Smith v. Burlington, supra.

In approaching this question it must he continually borne in mind that we are not to consider merely the distinctions between individuals of the one class and of the other. It is a favorite argument of counsel in all these cases to make such comparison, and it is not surprising that we find it pointed out in this case that a town with a population less than 500 situated close to a populous city presents all the reasons for requiring any pharmacy maintained therein to he of as high quality in management as could be demanded within the city itself. The question to be considered, however, is the distinction between the classes as classes, whether there are characteristics which, in a greater degree, persist through the one class than in the other which justify legal discrimination between them. State ex rel. Kellogg v. Currens, supra; State ex rel. Holland v. Lammers, 113 Wis. 398, 86 N. W. 677, 89 N. W. 501. Neither need we be disturbed by the fact that the line of demarcation between the -classes is arbitrary. "Wherever there is a sliding scale of age, population, dimension, distance, or other characteristic which is believed to justify classification, necessarily the division between classes must be arbitrary, and legislation is not to> be declared void which adopts the age of twenty-one as marking the right to vote or managé property because the individual at twenty years and eleven months may be as competent as at twenty-one, nor, in a law distinguishing by population, because no appreciable difference can be conceived between the town of 999 and the town of 1,000, provided, generally, the class of those under twenty-one years of age are less competent to vote or manage property than the class of mankind above that age, •or the class of towns which do not include villages of 1,000 population are generally less in need of the governmental powers conferred upon villages than the class of towns which do contain villages of 1,000 and upward.

In the light of these general suggestions we turn to the concrete inquiry whether any reason may fairly be thought to exist why the larger communities through the state should receive, as a class, protection against the perils of incompetent pharmacists, some of which are dispensed with in the case of the petty communities of less than 500 population each, also viewed as a class. Of course one must concede appellant’s assertion that the life and health of each individual should be as sacred to the government as that of any other, in the absence of legitimate distinctions between them, and that the mere fact of residence in immediate contact with thousands of his neighbors by no means universally distinguishes one from another who lives in a smaller or more sparsely settled community. Yet the statutes are full of laws which do recognize that protection may be had in the one class which is not possible or politic in the other. No country town not containing a village of 1,000 population has authority to maintain a police force to protect its citizens against violence or burglary, and still there are many reasons why the isolated citizen is much more in need thereof than one surrounded by many neighbors. Distinction is also made with reference to protection against fire; protection of the health of communities by public provision of pure water or public construction of sewers; to which illustrations probably many more might be added. ' They suffice to show that, in the ordinary course of .governmental policy, mass of population has been deemed to have relation to some of tbe protections which government does extend to the lives, health, and property of the citizens. Can such discrimination be deemed wise by the legislature ? Probably no act, not strictly malum in se, which can be performed by any individual or class of individuals, is either unmixed benefit or unmixed injury to the public welfare or convenience; hence the restraint of any act by law, even though it may tend to prevent some injuries or perils, also' causes some others by preventing benefits which might result from the doing of the forbidden acts. It is essentially the legislative function to weigh in comparison these countervailing advantages and disadvantages in deciding whether good policy requires the imposition of the restraint. If it be found that conditions resulting from natural laws divide the people or the territory of the whole state into classes such that in one the advantages will preponderate, while in the latter class the injuries will, then classes do exist, naturally, which the legislature may and should recognize, and may legitimately enact the restraint as to one class and omit or relax it as to the other. It is not only desirable that the drugs be dispensed to the public by skilful and competent persons to avert peril from occasional mistakes, but it is far more desirable, nay, practically essential, that medicines be within prompt and easy reach by the public. The danger to life or health to be expected from occasional error of an incompetent salesman is hardly comparable to the injuries likely to result from exclusion of whole communities from opportunity to obtain the ordinary remedies often essential momentarily to save lives. It is, therefore, within the field of legislative discretion to provide only such restrictions as to competence of the dispenser as will not unduly prevent dealing in medicines. We are fully persuaded that legislators, within the bounds of reason, might have believed that this result could be obtained in the large communities consistently with requiring the competence, age, and experience prescribed for registered pharmacists, but that, in very small or sparse villages and. towns, in many cases; tire profits would not be sufficient to attract such men, and such communities might be left unprovided ; that thus the very forces of nature and human nature had created classes distinguished in respects directly relevant to the subject of protection of life and health by regulating the dispensing of medicines, and therefore proper of recognition and differentiation in framing laws on the subject. If a given restriction which tends to protect lives and health in one class of communities will menace them in another, the very imposition of it generally and without exception might be most obvious and oppressive discrimination. We have already quite clearly intimated our view that a regulation and licensing of plumbers in large cities to exclusion of smaller ones would have been valid but for another discrimination between individuals, though the classification of cities was not expressly considered either in argument or decision. State ex rel. Winkler v. Benzenberg, 101 Wis. 172, 76 N. W. 345. We have held constitutional a law regulating pharmacists containing the same classification of towns and villages as the present one, though again it is true that objection was not pressed upon or discussed by the court. State v. Heinemann, 80 Wis. 253, 49 N. W. 818. The same considerations above advanced are met in Minnesota by provision that general storekeepers may sell drugs if more than a mile from a pharmacy, and the laws have been fully approved on the grounds above suggested, in face of the argument that life and health are as precious two miles from a drug store as at less distance. State v. Donaldson, 41 Minn. 74, 42 N. W. 781. We must conclude, therefore, that in drawing a line between communities over and imder 500 population for application of the prohibition against independent practice by assistant pharmacists, the legislature did not transgress its legitimate field of discretion over public policy.

Another consideration urged by the attorney general with much plausibility is that, in the petty communities, where assistant pharmacists are authorized, stocks are generally likely to be less in volume and intricacy, and pressure of business and haste less to such degree as to largely diminish perils of mistakes even by dispensers of less maturity and experience, but, as we have found other distinctions sufficient to justify the classification, the entire efficacy of this one need not be decided.

Appellant further attacks the classification of localities for the reason, as he contends, that it is based upon circumstances existing at the time of the act, and construes the law as if it prohibited and punished practice of pharmacy by other than a registered pharmacist in any town, city, or village which in 1882 had 500 population or more, while permitting practice by assistant pharmacists in all places which at the same date had less than 500 population. The language of the act is clear beyond need of argument to the contrary, however. Obviously, the statute was prospective in contemplation, and prohibited the various acts according to conditions as they might exist at the time of their commission.

Again, and in this connection, the legislation is assailed because it provides no method of ascertaining or proving the population. Doubtless it would seem wiser to prescribe some specific test of a fact as difficult of proof as is the population of a given territory, as the legislature has done in many of the acts depending upon that fact ; but the number of population is a fact capable of being established by evidence, and we certainly should not be justified in holding void an act of the legislature simply because it had left the fact to be proved by ordinary common-law means of evidence instead of prescribing a statutory method.

It is claimed that, by an amendment enacted in 1901 (ch. 340), a classification of individuals was imported into the law which is false, because it excepts from the prohibitions and penalties thereof an entirely artificial class not distinguished from other citizens by any characteristics germane to their fitness to practice pharmacy. This class so excepted by that act is described as “such persons of good moral character as, previous to -the enactment of chapter 167 of the laws of Wisconsin for 1882, shall have had ten years’ experience as pharmacists,” etc. We confess that we have not yet discovered any reason which should except from examination a class of men who, twenty years ago, had ten years of experience not followed by subsequent practice. But it is not necessary for us to consider that question. The constitutionality of such an exception is of no materiality to the appellant’s conviction. The law making it illegal to vend drugs or permit them to be vended by other than registered pharmacists in towns, cities, or villages of 500 population or over had persisted since 1882 and was in force in 1901 when the legislature attempted to make an exception in favor of this new class. If such an exception were beyond the power of the legislature, the only result would be its own invalidity. The legislature would merely have failed to establish immunity for such class, and the law would remain as it was before the attempt, under which appellant’s offense and liability for penalty are the same as by the law if validly amended in 1901.

Error is assigned on the exclusion of the testimony of one Williams, a druggist and member of the Wisconsin State Board of Pharmacy, as to whether he saw any reason for discriminating between large and small communities. Such testimony was wholly inadmissible. The exercise of the power of legislation is by the constitution made dependent upon reasons which address themselves to the minds of those whom the people may choose as legislators, not on those which appeal to some particular druggist or some particular member of a state board. The question whether or not there can be any consideration to appeal to the mind of any reasonably intelligent person is a judicial one, solution of which is by the constitution imposed upon the courts of the state. The fact that this particular witness had an opinion one way or the other was wholly irrelevant, and could neither control nor aid the court.

Error is also assigned on the exclusion of the question to appellant’s son, whether “it would interfere with his [appellant’s] practice as physician if his prescriptions cannot he put up at his own store.” In this we think there was no error, for several reasons. In the first place, the provision of law within which counsel was attempting to bring his client is not that the act shall not be so construed as to interfere with the practice of a physician, but “not to interfere with any practicing physician from dispensing his own medicines or supplying his patients with such articles as may seem to him proper.” Hence the question whether it might interfere with his “practice” was immaterial; and further, there was no pretense that the law, as construed by the trial court, prevented his prescriptions being put up in his own store. Apart from these considerations, however, it was expressly stipulated that the two acts charged in the complaint did not come within that exception, so of course it was immaterial whether the prohibition of some other acts might do so.

We are unable to say that the legislature exceeded its constitutional powers in any material part of the statute under which appellant has been found guilty, or that any error was committed by the trial cdurt in reaching the judgment appealed from.

By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.