90 Kan. 795 | Kan. | 1913
Lead Opinion
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The defendant appeals from a conviction of statutory rape. The complaining witness, Hazel B. Evans, was less than fourteen years old at the time of the alleged offense. Shortly before that she had been taken into the defendant’s home at Minneola and adopted by the defendant and his wife as their daughter. She had assisted in the general housework about the restaurant and the hotel which they conducted. She had attended school but little. Her father’s death occurred when she was very young, and from that timé she had lived with her mother and stepfather in various towns in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, and before coming to Minneola she had been traveling about the country with them in a covered wagon, living in camps.
The first error complained of relates to the exclusion of evidence. A witness, Reverend Barnhart, who was in the employ of a church society organized for the purpose of finding homes for children, was given charge of the complaining witness by the probate court of Clark county soon after the complaint in this case
It is complained that while the jury were deliberating upon their verdict the court, in the absence of the defendant, gave an oral instruction to the effect that it would be proper for the jury to return a verdict and to recommend clemency. It appears that the jury had been out for about thirty hours, and before- reaching a verdict sent word to the court that they would like to ask a question. The judge, accompanied by the
A quite similar situation, arose in the case of The State v. Borchert, 68 Kan. 360, 74 Pac. 1108. In that case, while the jury were deliberating and at a time when the balloting showed a disagreement on the question of defendant’s guilt, they sent to the judge a written communication asking whether a verdict of guilty with a recommendation for mercy would be received •by the court. Without notifying the parties, the judge wrote upon the paper, “Yes,” and signing it officially, returned it to them. The verdict of guilty was finally agreed upon and returned with a recommendation for clemency. In the opinion the court recognized as a wholesome rule that no communication whatever relative to the case should pass between the judge and the jury otherwise than in open court and in the presence of the defendant, but refused to grant a new trial because the prevailing party was chargeable with no wrong, and because it affirmatively appeared that no injury or prejudice resulted to the defendant. It was said in the opinion:
“The jury merely inquired in advance whether a verdict with the extraneous matter would be received, and the judge, having authority to accept it or refuse it, chose to accept it, and notified the jury that it would do so.” (p. 366.)
The communication was held to relate only to the
“There is nothing in the record to justify the contention that the effect of the judge’s conduct was to hold out to the jury as an inducement to a verdict of guilty an implied promise that leniency would be shown in fixing the punishment.” (p. 366.)
There is no room for distinguishing this case on the ground that the communication was oral. Exactly what transpired is shown as fully as though the communication had been in writing; and it was not an instruction upon the facts or the law of the case which the statute requires shall be in writing. The punishment for the offense is fixed by statute, and as the law stood at the time of the trial there was no discretion in the judge of the court by which he could limit the term of imprisonment or extend leniency. (Gen-Stat. 1909, § 2461.) Under the provisions of chapter 172 of the Laws of 1913, the court now has power to parole a person convicted of statutory rape. While the jury may have believed from what the judge told them that he had such power, or that he could limit the punishment, it can not be said that there was any inducement held out to the jury that leniency would be shown. The irregularity in the proceedings is not sufficient, in our opinion, to justify a reversal of the judgment.
On the motion for a new trial affidavits of some of the jurors were offered to the effect that the failure of the wife of the defendant to testify was talked of in the jury room and considered by the jury. The state offered the affidavits of other jurors which, in our opinion, were sufficient to justify the finding by the trial court that while some reference was made to the matter the jury gave no weight to it in arriving at the verdict of guilty. In The State v. Brooks, 74 Kan. 175, 85 Pac. 1013, it was held that before a new trial
“A mere incidental mention, however, of the fact by a juror that a person on trial did not testify in his own behalf — a remark 'noting the circumstance, unaccompanied by an opinion that an explanation would be of service to the accused — knight fall short of showing a consideration of the matter by the speaker, and not violate the statutory injunction.” (p. 781.)
In The State v. Brooks, supra, it was said:
“The prohibition can not reasonably be construed as absolutely forbidding the court and jury to take any thought whatever regarding such omission of the defendant — to deny it entrance to the mind in any aspect. Such a requirement would-be impracticable.” (p. 179.)
We'find no error in the record and the judgment will be affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) : In my opinion the testimony of witness Barnhart as to the reputation of the complaining witness for truthfulness should have been admitted. It appears to me that its exclusion can only be justified by a strained and technical construction of a rule of evidence. Technicalities, when urged by a defendant in a criminal action, no longer receive :much consideration at the hands of courts; and there is
The defendant was charged with a grave and serious crime. The complaining witness at first denied that anything improper had taken place, but afterwards swore to the complaint. She had resided but a short time in the community where the offense was charged to have been committed. She resided for a far longer period in Douglas county. If the four or five families with whom she lived at Lawrence, covering a period of two or three months, had discovered that she was untruthful and could not be relied upon, and they had expressed their opinions to witness Barnhart, the defendant should have been permitted to show that fact. Probably the neighbors of the people with whom she lived knew nothing about her one way or the other. But the witness Barnhart’s testimony is that he knew her general reputation among the families and peopie with whom she lived. This I think was sufficiently general to make his testimony competent. For these reasons I dissent.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) : While in this class of cases juries usually convict promptly when the evidence is sufficient, in this case the former trial resulted in a failure to agree, and upon a second trial, after the jury had been out for thirty hours without reaching an agreement, the colloquy mentioned in the opinion occurred. It appears that at its close the judge was requested to wait a few minutes, and in about a quarter of an hour a verdict of guilty was reached. Men of practical experience in trying cases must shut out all natural in