45 Wash. App. 678 | Wash. Ct. App. | 1986
—Terry M. Evans appeals his second degree burglary conviction contending the trial court erred in (1) refusing to suppress evidence; (2) ruling on the admissibility of prior burglary convictions; and (3) refusing to dismiss the State's case. We affirm.
On the evening of November 27, 1984, Spokane plainclothes police officers Keller and Alderson entered the Riverside Tavern in response to a call concerning a rape suspect described as a black male, approximately 5 feet 8 inches in height, and 200 pounds, with horizontally braided hair and wearing a blue jacket. The officers observed and started toward Mr. Evans, a black male resembling that description, whereupon Mr. Evans fled through the rear door of the tavern. A chase ensued and just prior to Mr. Evans' capture and arrest, Officer Alderson observed him throw something onto an overhead sidewalk awning. Officer Alderson later retrieved the discarded object from on top of the awning. It proved to be a set of keys. Following a custodial search, several items of jewelry were found on Mr. Evans' person, including an 1899 silver dollar necklace reported stolen from the nearby Park Tower apartment building. One of the keys found on the awning fit the front door of the Park Tower. Mr. Evans was charged with and convicted by a jury of second degree burglary. He appeals.
The first issue is whether the trial court erred in refusing to suppress the necklace taken from Mr. Evans
where the facts and circumstances within the arresting officer's knowledge and of which the officer has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in a belief that an offense has been committed.
State v. Terrovona, 105 Wn.2d 632, 643, 716 P.2d 295 (1986). Although probable cause to arrest must be based on more than the fact a person matches a general physical description, Guffey v. State, 103 Wn.2d 144, 152, 690 P.2d 1163 (1984); State v. Smith, 102 Wn.2d 449, 688 P.2d 146 (1984), the arresting officer's special expertise in identifying criminal behavior must be given consideration. State v. Scott, 93 Wn.2d 7, 11, 604 P.2d 943, cert. denied, 446 U.S. 920 (1980). Moreover, flight is circumstantial evidence of guilt and, as such, can be an element of probable cause. State v. Baxter, 68 Wn.2d 416, 421-22, 413 P.2d 638 (1966); State v. Friederick, 34 Wn. App. 537, 542-43, 663 P.2d 122 (1983); State v. Bundy, 21 Wn. App. 697, 701, 587 P.2d 562 (1978).
Here, the investigating officers' attention was immediately drawn to Mr. Evans since he fit the description of the rape suspect, particularly, according to the officers' testimony, because of his uniquely braided hair. Upon seeing the officers and apparently noting their interest in him, Mr. Evans immediately fled from the tavern and continued to flee from the pursuing police, ignoring their shouts identifying themselves as officers and ordering him to stop. These circumstances, coupled with the arresting officers' special expertise in identifying criminal behavior, satisfy the requirements of probable cause to arrest. The evidence obtained pursuant to the arrest was admissible.
We next examine whether the trial court erred in ruling evidence of two prior burglary convictions would be admissible as more probative then prejudicial under ER 609(a). As threshold issues, the State raises two preliminary argu
The State additionally argues Mr. Evans' offer of proof concerning his testimony was untimely and therefore precludes appellate review. If a defendant elects not to testify, an offer of proof of his testimony must be made at the time of the ER 609 ruling. State v. LeFever, 102 Wn.2d 777, 786, 690 P.2d 574 (1984); State v. Pam, 98 Wn.2d 748, 659 P.2d 454 (1983). Here, after the court denied the defense motion to exclude prior convictions, Mr. Evans' attorney stated he intended to make an offer of proof. Although the offer was not made until the following day, it was prior to jury selection and prior to the actual commencement of opening argument or the taking of testimony. Therefore, it was timely in that it gave the trial court the opportunity to evaluate the impact of its ruling and preserve the error for appeal purposes.
ER 609(a) states in pertinent part:
General Rule. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that he has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from him or established by public record during cross examination but only if the crime (1) was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of 1 year under the law under which he was convicted, and the court determines that*682 the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the defendant, . . .
Because the rule balances the right of the accused to testify freely in his own behalf and the desirability of allowing the State to attack the credibility of the accused who chooses to testify, under subsection (a)(1) a prior felony conviction is admissible only if the trial court first determines the probative value of admitting the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect on the defendant. State v. Jones, 101 Wn.2d 113, 118, 677 P.2d 131 (1984); State v. Alexis, 95 Wn.2d 15, 19, 621 P.2d 1269 (1980). In making this discretionary determination, the trial court must consider factors such as the need to allow the defendant to tell his side of the story; the need to avoid misleading the jury as to defendant's credibility; the type of crime; the remoteness of the prior convictions; the similarity of the prior crime; the age and circumstances of the defendant; whether the defendant testified at a previous trial; and the length of the defendant's criminal record. Jones, at 121.
To enable appellate evaluation of the trial court's reasons for exercising discretion under ER 609(a)(1), the trial court must state for the record the factors which favor admission or exclusion of prior conviction evidence. Jones, at 122. Here, in ruling on the issue, the trial court stated:
Now, if the defendant in this case testifies, having two prior burglary convictions within the ten year period limited by the Rule, both convictions, which are punishable by more than one year, the probative value of that with respect to the issue of credibility, outweighs the prejudicial effect to the defendant, in my view, and I so hold; and your motion is denied.
As was the case in Jones, this bare conclusion without recording any balancing factors provides this court no way of knowing whether the trial court effectively exercised its discretion. Failure to articulate the rationale for admitting the convictions was error and constitutes a violation of a procedural rule wholly separate from ER 609(a). State v. Rhoads, 101 Wn.2d 529, 535, 681 P.2d 841 (1984). Although
Our next inquiry thus becomes whether admitting the prior burglary convictions was correct. If not, since ER 609(a)(1) has a direct effect on a defendant's constitutional right to testify in his own defense, the "constitutional" harmless error analysis applies. Jones, at 124-25; State v. Harris, 102 Wn.2d 148, 157, 685 P.2d 584 (1984). A constitutional error is harmless if the appellate court is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that any reasonable jury would have reached the same result if the error had not occurred. State v. Guloy, 104 Wn.2d 412, 425, 705 P.2d 1182 (1985), cert. denied,_U.S._, 89 L. Ed. 2d 321, 106 S. Ct. 1208 (1986). The appellate court applies the "overwhelming untainted evidence" test to determine if the evidence is so "overwhelming that it necessarily leads to a finding of guilt". Guloy, at 426.
Although the constitutional harmless error test applies to the omission of valid evidence as well as the admission of illegal evidence, State v. Finnegan, 6 Wn. App. 612, 621, 495 P.2d 674 (1972), cert. denied, 410 U.S. 967 (1973), its application is difficult in the context of unadmitted evidence. See Guloy, at 432 (Brachtenbach, J., concurring). Here, Mr. Evans is arguing he was not able to offer exculpatory evidence since he chose not to testify in order to avoid the potential prejudice of the introduction of his prior convictions.
In making the ER 609(a) determination, the trial court must bear in mind the only purpose of admitting a prior conviction is to aid the jury in evaluating the witness' credibility, not to persuade the jury the defendant committed the crime of which he is presently accused. Alexis, at 18-19; 5 K. Tegland, Wash. Prac., Evidence § 236, at 504 (2d ed. 1982). The fact a prior conviction was for an offense identical to that charged in the present case is of "paramount" significance, Pam, at 761 (Utter, J., concurring), based on the premise that "when the crime parallels that for which a defendant witness is being tried, prejudice is magnified". State v. Renfro, 96 Wn.2d 902, 908, 639 P.2d 737, cert. denied, 459 U.S. 842 (1982).
Here, since Mr. Evans' testimony was the only means of placing a defense before the jury, hence credibility was a key factor, introduction of two recent identical convictions may have resulted in improper and prejudicial impeachment. See State v. Moore, 33 Wn. App. 55, 651 P.2d 765 (1982).
Nevertheless, Mr. Evans' offer of proof concerning his reasons for fleeing preserved the error and allows this court to examine the effect of the proffered testimony. State v. Koloske, 100 Wn.2d 889, 897, 676 P.2d 456 (1984). Mr. Evans did not testify. Thus, he was not able to tell the jury that he ran from the police, not because of present criminal
Finally, we determine whether the trial court erred in refusing to dismiss at the close of the State's case. Proof of possession of recently stolen property, unless accompanied by other evidence of guilt is not prima facie evidence of burglary. State v. Mace, 97 Wn.2d 840, 843, 650 P.2d 217 (1982). Other evidence of guilt may include a false or improbable explanation of possession, flight, use of a fictitious name, or the presence of the accused near the scene of the crime. State v. Q.D., 102 Wn.2d 19, 28, 685 P.2d 557 (1984). In denying the motion to dismiss, the trial court stated:
In this case, the possession of stolen property is established by direct evidence, that is, the officer saw the necklace around the neck. And, it is accompanied by indicatory evidence on collateral matters, which includes the keys and the presence of somebody in that premises. And, therefore, the motion should be denied, given the inferences that can be drawn from the State's case in a most favorable view.
In addition to the collateral indicia articulated by the trial court, the record contains other evidence of guilt including Mr. Evans' flight, see State v. Bruton, 66 Wn.2d 111, 112, 401 P.2d 340 (1965); State v. Hebert, 33 Wn. App. 512, 515, 656 P.2d 1106 (1982); his furtive attempt to dispose of the apartment keys; his arrest within blocks of the Park Tower; and the testimony of several apartment resi
Affirmed.
Green, C.J., and McInturff, J., concur.
Review denied by Supreme Court January 6, 1987.
The offer of proof consisted primarily of the following statement: "That if the defendant had been permitted to testify, he would have testified that he fled from the officer because he was on release from a court in Oregon, pending sentencing for another charge in Oregon.
"One of the conditions of release was that he not leave the State of Oregon. Therefore, he believes that to testify would prejudice his case in that regard."
We note this dilemma is alleviated in the federal courts where a defendant must testify at trial to preserve appeal of a trial court's denial of a motion in limine to forbid the use of prior convictions for impeachment. Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 83 L. Ed. 2d 443, 105 S. Ct. 460 (1984). Contrary to interpretation under rule 609(a) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, however, Washington has elevated a court's ER 609(a) ruling to constitutional dimensions, compare
