17 Conn. App. 359 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1989
The defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of the crimes of robbery in the first degree, General Statutes § 53a-134 (a) (3), and attempt to commit larceny
The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. On February 3, 1987, the victim went to the premises at 42 Taylor Terrace in New Milford, a house he owned that was being rented by his daughter and her husband. Lisa Percoco, the defendant’s girlfriend, who was a friend of the victim’s daughter, was at the residence. The victim and Percoco were in a bedroom, partially dressed, engaging in sexual activity when the defendant entered the room and represented by his actions that he was photographing them. While the victim was attempting to dress, he was attacked by the defendant, who struck him, threw him down the stairs, put a knife to his throat, and took his wallet, which contained approximately $120. The defendant then informed the victim that, unless the victim procured $5000 and placed it in a mailbox at a designated address by 8 p.m. that night, the defendant would show the purported photographs to the victim’s wife. The victim proceeded to make telephone arrangements for the procurement and placement of the money according to the defendant’s instructions. The defendant and Percoco left the premises together.
Thereafter, the victim reported the incident to the police, who subsequently arrested the defendant and Percoco. Percoco was charged with attempt to commit larceny in the first degree by extortion. The defendant and Percoco were originally scheduled to be tried
During the course of his trial, the defendant called Percoco as a witness. Percoco was questioned in an offer of proof outside the presence of the jury. Initially, in response to defense counsel’s questions, she gave her name and testified that she knew the defendant. She refused to say how long she had known the defendant, asserting her rights under the fifth and fourteenth amendments. She went on to answer questions as to her age and birthdate. She refused to answer a question inquiring where she had been living on February 3, 1987, the date of the incident in question, again citing her fifth amendment privilege. She answered in the affirmative a question about whether she had been receiving public assistance during February, 1987. Thereafter, in obedience to the court’s order directing her to answer yes or no, Percoco affirmed that she had prepared a letter or written statement addressed to the defendant sometime after February 3, 1987. Relying on the fifth amendment privilege, she refused to answer all other questions.
The question in this appeal is whether the court erred in permitting Percoco to exercise a “blanket privilege” by refusing to answer any and all questions in front of the jury. The defendant argues that the court’s decision in this regard resulted in the denial of his right to compulsory process under article first, § 8, of the Connecticut constitution and his statutory right under General Statutes § 54-153 to have witnesses summoned on his behalf. These claims are without merit.
Under the circumstances of this case, the trial court did not err in refusing to compel the witness to testify before the jury. At the time she was called to testify at the defendant’s trial, Percoco was awaiting trial on charges based on the same alleged facts and circumstances that gave rise to the charges brought against the defendant. Consequently, while being questioned by defendant’s counsel outside the jury’s presence, she repeatedly asserted her fifth amendment right not to incriminate herself and declined to answer all material questions. The trial court correctly sustained her claim of privilege. In order for the trial court properly to refuse to recognize the privilege when a witness invokes
The defendant contends, however, that the court at least should have required Percoco to take the witness stand in front of the jury and answer those questions she had willingly answered outside the jury’s presence. The defendant says this would have assisted the jury
It is true that the defendant has a right under article first, § 8, of the state constitution to have compulsory process to produce witnesses in his behalf. Percoco, however, had a fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination. In a conflict between the rights of the accused and the privilege of a witness, “the accused’s right to compel testimony must give way to the witness’ privilege against self-incrimination, just as the power of the state to compel testimony must give way to the privilege.” State v. Simms, supra. The decision in State v. Bryant, supra, does not alter that conclusion. In Bryant, the Supreme Court held that the trial court had erred in refusing to compel a witness to answer before the jury only those questions he had willingly answered on the voir dire. The trial court had refused to compel the witness to testify on the basis that the testimony the witness had willingly given was irrelevant. The Supreme Court held that the testimony was clearly relevant because the identity of the culprit was in issue and the witness had willingly testified, without asserting his fifth amendment privilege, to his age, height, weight, familial relationship to the defendant, and other discrete facts which would have been useful to the jury in evaluating whether the defendant was guilty of the crimes charged. In Bryant, therefore, the trial court’s refusal to compel the witness to testify was erroneous only because the witness had been willing to offer clearly relevant, and potentially exculpatory, testimony.
The defendant’s final claim of error is that the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of Karen Hine, a witness called by the defendant. In an offer of proof, Hine, welfare director for the town of New Milford, testified that Percoco had told her in a conversation in her office on the date of the events in question that she was frightened because the victim had made sexual threats on the telephone and had told her he was going to come to the house that night. Hine testified that Percoco had asked what she should do.
Hearsay statements which are not admissible under any of the recognized exceptions to the hearsay rule may nevertheless be admissible if “(1) . . . there was a reasonable necessity for the admission of the statements], and (2) . . . the statements] [were] supported by the equivalent guarantees of reliability and trustworthiness essential to other evidence admitted under the traditional hearsay exceptions.” State v. Sharpe, 195 Conn. 651, 664, 491 A.2d 345 (1985); see also State v. Stepney, 191 Conn. 233, 249, 464 A.2d 758, cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1084, 104 S. Ct. 1455, 79 L. Ed. 2d 772 (1983); State v. Summerville, 13 Conn. App. 175, 180, 535 A.2d 818 (1988).
The defendant has failed to establish that the hearsay statements were admissible under this test and that the trial court abused its discretion in ruling that they were inadmissible. On appeal, the trial court’s rulings on the admissibility of evidence are accorded great deference. Ellice v. INA Life Ins. Co. of New York, 208 Conn. 218, 222, 544 A.2d 623 (1988); State v. Boucino, 199 Conn. 207, 225, 506 A.2d 125 (1986). Rulings on evidentiary matters will be disturbed only upon a showing of clear abuse of discretion. Ellice v. INA Life Ins. Co. of New York, supra; State v. Acquin, 187 Conn. 647, 680, 448 A.2d 163 (1982), cert. denied, 463 U.S. 1229, 103 S. Ct. 3570, 77 L. Ed. 2d 411 (1983).
The defendant argues that the trial court should have permitted Hine to testify about Percoco’s statements because Percoco herself had been rendered unavailable to testify about them. The unavailability of the declarant can be a factor creating a “reasonable necessity” for the admission of a hearsay statement; State v. Sharpe, supra, 665; In re Jason S., 9 Conn. App. 98,
The defendant also has failed to demonstrate that the hearsay statements were supported by “the equivalent guarantees of reliability and trustworthiness essential to other evidence admitted under the traditional hearsay exceptions.” State v. Sharpe, supra, 664. The types of statements which fall within recognized exceptions to the hearsay rule are admissible because they were made under circumstances tending to assure that the statements are reliable. For instance, a dying declaration is admissible if the declarant was conscious of his impending death; State v. Onofrio, 179 Conn. 23, 43, 425 A.2d 560 (1979); because the circumstances in which the statement is made indicate a strong likelihood that the statement is truthful. See United States v. Bailey, 581 F.2d 341, 348 (3rd Cir. 1978). Similarly, statements of the declarant made at a prior proceeding are admissible in a pending proceeding, In re Durant,
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling on the admissibility of the testimony.
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Percoco claimed the privilege with respect to the following questions:
(1) “Do you know [the victim]?”
(2) “During January and the very early part of — first few days of February, 1987, did you have a roommate, [was your roommate the victim’s daughter]?”
(3) “During January and the early part of February, 1987, were you living in a premises whieh was owned by someone else?”
(4) “During January and February, 1987, were you afraid of one of the joint owners of the premises?”
(5) “Did one of your landlords during January, 1987, make suggestions to you of a sexual nature?”
(6) “Did you.sometime after February 3,1987, write a single page note or letter to the defendant consisting of six paragraphs?”
(7) “Is that a copy of the note you wrote to the defendant?”
(8) “Did you give to the New Milford police department or officers of the New Milford police department one or more statements in writing in*362 connection [with] any event which took place in New Milford on or about February 3, 1987?”
(9) “If any such'statements were prepared for you by the New Milford police department in connection with an event which took place on or about February 3,1987, did you at a subsequent time, that is at a later time, state that those statements were incorrect?”
(10) “Did you sometime after February 3, 1987, in connection with an event that happened on or about February 3,1987, write to the defendant and tell him that the police would not let you handwrite your own statements?”
(11) “Did you, in a written communication to the defendant sometime after February 3,1987, tell him that the police told you if you just signed the statement you would be permitted to leave?”
(12) “Were you sick at the time you gave statements to the New Milford police department, if in fact you gave any statements to the New Milford police department?”
(13) “Prior to February 3,1987, did the owner of the house in which you were living make suggestions to you to engage in sex acts?”
(14) “Did you on February 3,1987, on or about February 3,1987, in the town of New Milford, in your residential premises, did you have occasion to witness an altercation between the defendant and someone else?”
(15) “Sometime after February 3, 1987, anytime between February 3, 1987, and this date, did you have occasion to talk to officers of the New Milford police department on any subject whatsoever?”
(16) “Did you attempt to, after February 3, 1987, recant or retract or withdraw statements previously made to officers of the New Milford police department?”
The following colloquy took place:
“The Court: Would you be willing to be sworn in as a witness?
“Mrs. Percoco: Yes.
“The Court: And let us assume that the court should direct you to answer certain questions, what would be your position?
“Mrs. Percoco: I would still refer to my fifth amendment right.
“The Court: Based on your attorney’s advice?
“Mrs. Percoco: Yes.
“The Court: Is that your position?
“Mrs. Percoco: Yes.”
Hine testified as follows:
“She told me that she was very frightened that day, and [the victim] had made sexual threats on the telephone, and he called her and told her he was coming up to the house that night, and she asked me what she should do. I advised her not to let him into the house and to lock the door.”