252 Conn. 579 | Conn. | 2000
Opinion
The defendant, Raymond C. Ehlers, Jr., was charged in an information with one count of possessing child pornography in violation of General Statutes § 53a-196d.
We must decide whether the trial court, in denying the defendant’s motion to dismiss, incorrectly determined that: (1) § 53a-196d is not unconstitutionally vague even though it fails to define the term “minor”; and (2) there was sufficient evidence that the materials the defendant possessed met the statutory definition of child pornography, which requires a live performance before an audience. We conclude that the trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss on both grounds and, accordingly, affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I
We start with the statutory provisions at issue. Section 53a-196d provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of possessing child pornography when he knowingly possesses child pornography, as defined in subdivision (13) of section 53a-193. . . .” Section 53a-193 (13) defines child pornography as “material involving
The defendant argues that the lack of a statutory definition of minor with respect to § 53a-196d renders the statute unconstitutionally vague, because a person of common intelligence cannot determine whether child pornography includes materials depicting persons younger than eighteen, seventeen or sixteen years of age.
“[P]erhaps the most important factor affecting the clarity that the Constitution demands of a law is whether it threatens to inhibit the exercise of constitutionally protected rights. If, for example, the law interferes with the right of free speech or of association, a more stringent vagueness test should apply.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Linares, 232 Conn. 345, 355, 655 A.2d 737 (1995), quoting State v. Indrisano, supra, 228 Conn. 803-804. Thus, while ordinarily, “[a] defendant whose conduct clearly comes within a statute’s unmistakable core of prohibited conduct” may not challenge the statute because it is vague as applied to some hypothetical situation; State v. Indrisano, supra, 804; when an allegedly vague statute implicates the first amendment right of free speech, “the statute’s constitutionality is tested for vagueness on its face.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Williams, 205 Conn. 456, 470, 534 A.2d 230 (1987). The reason for the first amendment exception to the general principle that a defendant cannot challenge a statute that is not vague as applied to his or her conduct is the concern that “persons whose expression is constitutionally pro
For the reasons that follow, we conclude that there is no such concern in this case because constitutionally protected speech is not implicated. Accordingly, even if the statute were vague as applied in some hypothetical case, we would conclude that the defendant cannot prevail on his facial challenge under the first amendment.
In Ferber, the United States Supreme Court recognized that child pornography is “a category of material outside the protection of the First Amendment . . . .” Id., 763. The Supreme Court also recognized that
In Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 110 S. Ct. 1691, 109 L. Ed. 2d 98 (1990), the United States Supreme Court held that, because laws prohibiting the possession of child pornography are not premised on the desirability of controlling a person’s private thoughts, but, rather, on the desirability of protecting the victims of child pornography; id., 109; such laws do not violate the first amendment. See id., 111. Therefore, it upheld the Ohio statute under review, which, subject to exceptions, prohibited the possession of certain materials depicting persons under eighteen years of age in a state of nudity. Id., 100-107, 113 n.9.
In United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., 513 U.S. 64, 115 S. Ct. 464, 130 L. Ed. 2d 372 (1994), the defendant argued that the federal child pornography statute under review
Based on this line of cases, we conclude that there is no first amendment right to possess materials otherwise covered by the definition of child pornography set forth in § 53a-193 (13) when the person depicted is younger than eighteen years. See New York v. Ferber, supra, 458 U.S. 763 (child pornography is “a category of material outside the protection of the First Amendment”); see also United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., supra, 513 U.S. 79 (relying on Ninth Circuit’s conclusion that first amendment does not require adult treatment of sixteen and seventeen year olds). Although the state may permit adult treatment of sixteen and seventeen year olds
The defendant has conceded, and we agree, that § 53a-196d clearly gives fair notice that possession of child pornography depicting children under the age of sixteen is prohibited, and that it does not prohibit possession of pornographic materials depicting persons eighteen years of age or older. The only arguable ambiguity in the statute is whether it prohibits possession of material depicting sixteen and seventeen year olds. Such material is not protected by the first amendment, and may be freely regulated at the discretion of the legislature. See United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., supra, 982 F.2d 1288. Therefore, there is no danger in this case that “persons whose expression is constitutionally protected may well refrain from exercising their rights for fear of criminal sanctions by a statute susceptible of application to protected expression”; (internal quotation marks omitted) New York v. Ferber, supra, 458 U.S. 768; because no such protected expression is implicated. Even if it is assumed that § 53a-196d is vague as to materials depicting sixteen and seventeen year olds, because first amendment rights are not implicated, we reject the defendant’s claims that the statute is facially vague and overbroad. Furthermore, because the defendant’s conduct in this case clearly falls within the statute’s “unmistakable core meaning of prohibited conduct”;
Thus far, we have assumed, for purposes of our analysis of the defendant’s facial vagueness claim under the
The definition of minor, for purposes of § 53a-196d, is a question of statutory interpretation, and our review is, therefore, plenary. Wright Bros. Builders, Inc. v. Dowling, 247 Conn. 218, 226, 720 A.2d 235 (1998). “The process of statutory interpretation involves a reasoned search for the intention of the legislature. Frillici v. Westport, 231 Conn. 418, 431, 650 A.2d 557 (1994). In other words, we seek to determine, in a reasoned manner, the meaning of the statutory language as applied to the facts of this case, including the question of whether the language actually does apply. In seeking to determine that meaning, we look to the words of the statute itself, to the legislative history and circumstances surrounding its enactment, to the legislative policy it was designed to implement, and to its relationship to existing legislation and common law principles governing the same general subject matter. . . . Id.; Carpenteri-Waddington, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 231 Conn. 355, 362, 650 A.2d 147 (1994); United Illuminating Co. v. Groppo, 220 Conn. 749, 755-56, 601 A.2d 1005 (1992).” (Internal quotation marks
In interpreting a statute, “[r] elated statutory provisions, or statutes ‘in pari materia,’ often provide guidance in determining the meaning of a particular word . . . .” Stuart v. Dept. of Correction, 221 Conn. 41, 45-46, 601 A.2d 539 (1992). “[I]n the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, we may presume that a word used in different parts of the same statutory scheme has the same meaning. See, e.g., Weinberg v. ARA Vending Co., 223 Conn. 336, 343, 612 A.2d 1203 (1992) (‘where the same words are used in a statute two or more times they will ordinarily be given the same meaning in each instance’. . .).” State v. Rivera, 250 Conn. 188, 201, 736 A.2d 790 (1999).
As we previously noted, the pertinent statutory provisions, i.e., §§ 53a-196d and 53a-193 (13), read together, do not plainly define the term minor as that term is used in defining child pornography for purposes of § 53a-196d. The term minor, however, is clearly defined for purposes of a closely related statute that also uses the term child pornography, namely, General Statutes § 53a-196c.
Our reliance on the general principle that the same words used in related sections of a statutory scheme have the same meaning finds support in the legislative history of § 53a-196d. During the floor debate in the Senate on the legislation, Senator Stephen R. Somma remarked: “This [legislation] would be constitutional and permitted under . . . Osborne v. Ohio, [supra, 495 U.S. 103] . . . [which] was rendered in 1990. Eleven states have imposed such a ban. Connecticut currently has in its statute the definition of child pornography. So it’s currently defined, and would be, could be consistent with the language if adopted today.” (Emphasis added.) 38 S. Proc., Pt. 8, 1995 Sess., p. 2894. Thus, the legislature clearly intended the term child pornography in § 53a-196d to have the same meaning that it had in § 53a-196c, the only section of the Penal Code in which the term was fully defined, as of the date of Senator Somma’s remarks. As we noted previously, child pornography, as that term is used in § 53a-196c, clearly means materials depicting persons under the age of sixteen years.
“If the meaning of a statute can fairly be ascertained through judicial construction ... it need not be
II
We next address the defendant’s argument that the trial court improperly denied his motion to dismiss because there was insufficient evidence of the existence of an audience for purposes of § 53a-196d. Specifically, the defendant argues that child pornography, as defined in § 53a-193 (13),
The meaning of the term audience is a question of statutory interpretation, and our review is, therefore, plenary. Wright Bros. Builders, Inc. v. Dowling, supra, 247 Conn. 226. “It is well settled that statutory construction involves a reasoned search for the legislature’s intent, focusing on the language of the statute, [and] its legislative history, including the purpose and policies behind its enactment . . . .” Hartford Electric Supply Co. v. Allen-Bradley Co., 250 Conn. 334, 346, 736 A.2d 824 (1999). We are required to “construe a statute in a manner that will not thwart [the legislature’s] intended purpose or lead to absurd results. . . . We must avoid a construction that fails to attain a rational and sensible result that bears directly on the purpose the legislature sought to achieve. ... If there are two possible interpretations of a statute, we will adopt the more reasonable construction over one that is unreasonable.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Badolato v. New Britain, 250 Conn. 753, 757, 738 A.2d 618 (1999).
Because the Penal Code does not specifically define the term audience for purposes of § 53a-196d, we turn to the legislative history of the statute for guidance. “Statements of legislators often provide strong indication of legislative intent.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Lynn v. Haybuster Mfg., Inc., 226 Conn. 282, 292, 627 A.2d 1288 (1993). During the floor debate in the Senate on the proposed legislation that later was enacted and codified at § 53a-196d, Senator Somma remarked that “[t]he purpose of the [legislation] . . . would essentially do two things, protect the victims of child pornography and destroy the market for child pornography.” 38 S. Proc., supra, p. 2894. Thus, § 53a-196d was intended to prevent harm to potential subjects of child pornography by reducing the market for it. The
The interpretation urged by the defendant, namely, that audience, as used in § 53a-193 (11), and incorporated in § 53a-196d, means two or more spectators who actually must be depicted in the prohibited material, would completely vitiate the primary statutory purpose of destroying the market for child pornography, thereby protecting the subjects thereof. The interpretation urged by the defendant would lead to the absurd result that the possession of material depicting live performances of minors engaged in prohibited sexual acts would not be prohibited, no matter how harmful the conduct to the minors involved, unless two or more live audience members also were depicted in the material. Thus, marketers and consumers of child pornography could avoid prosecution merely by ensuring that their pornographic materials do not depict any audience members. We see no conceivable reason why the legis
Accordingly, we conclude that the requirement in § 53a-196d, through its incorporation of § 53a-193 (11) and (13), that the live performance depicted in the materials be “performed before an audience”; General Statutes § 53a-193 (11); means that there must be some recording or viewing of, or listening to, a live performance, or a reproduction of a live performance, by a person or persons other than the person or persons simultaneously engaged in the performance.
The defendant has admitted to possessing photographs depicting persons under the age of sixteen years engaged in prohibited sexual acts. The photographs necessarily were taken by a photographer, who would constitute an audience under our reading of § 53a-196d. Therefore, there is ample evidence that the statutory requirement of the existence of an audience has been met. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss on the ground that there was insufficient evidence of the existence of an audience.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
General Statutes § 53a-196dprovides: “(a) Apersonis guilty of possessing child pornography when he knowingly possesses child pornography, as defined in subdivision (13) of section 53a.-193. Possession of a photographic or other visual reproduction of a nude minor for a bona fide artist ic, medical, scientific, educational, religious, governmental or judicial purpose shall not be a violation of this subsection.
“(b) Possessing child pornography is a class D felony.”
General Statutes § 53a-193 (13), which applies to § 53a-196d, provides: “ ‘Child pornography’ means any material involving a live performance or photographic or other visual reproduction of a live performance which depicts a minor in a prohibited sexual act.”
General Statutes (Rev. to 1995) § 53a-193 (11), which applies to both General Statutes §§ 53a-193 (13) and 53a-196d, provides: “ ‘Performance’ means any play, motion picture, dance or other exhibition performed before an audience.”
Section 53a-196d was enacted in 1995; Public Acts 1995, No. 95-143, § 3; ten years after the most recent of the related sections in the Penal Code was enacted, and after the United States Supreme Court held in Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 110 S. Ct. 1691, 109 L. Ed. 2d 98 (1990), that states could criminalize the possession of child pornography without running afoul of the first amendment. The legislature, however, neglected to amend § 53a-193 (2) to include a reference to § 53a-196d.
As we noted previously, § 53a-193 (2) (A) defines a minor as “any person less than seventeen years old as used in section 53a-196 and less than sixteen years old as used in sections 53a-196a, 53a-196b and 53a-196c . . . .’’On the other hand, General Statutes § 1-ld provides in relevant part that “[ejxcept as otherwise provided by statute . . . the [term] ‘minor’ . . . shall be deemed to refer to a person under the age of eighteen years . . . .” The defendant argues that it is not clear which one of these three statutory definitions applies to § 53a-196d.
The defendant conceded at oral argument that § 53a-196d was not vague as applied to his case, because the materials in his possession clearly depicted persons younger than sixteen years of age.
We conclude later in this opinion that, as a matter of statutory interpretation, the term minor in the definition of child pornography; see General Statutes § 53a-193 (13); which is incorporated in § 53a.-196d, is not vague, but means a person under the age of sixteen years. We recognize, however, that, although the trial court’s decision was not entirely clear, both the state and the defendant read it as suggesting that, contrary to our interpretation, the age of a minor, for puiposes of § 53a-196d, is under eighteen years. Furthermore, the trial court characterized the statute as “unclear.” The defendant argues that when a learned trial judge cannot determine the definition of minor for purposes of the statute, it hardly can be said that the statute gives lay persons of ordinary intelligence fair warning. This concern over lack of fair warning is, in large part, addressed by our holding that the term minor, for purposes of § 53a-196d, means a person younger than sixteen years, which is the narrowest of the three possible interpretations. See State v. Breton, 212 Conn. 258, 270, 562 A.2d 1060 (1989) (this court must put judicial gloss upon constitutionally precarious statute thereby construing it as narrowly as possible in defendant’s favor). Even the defendant concedes that he had fair warning that, under any interpretation, possession of materials depicting fifteen year olds is prohibited. We are constrained, however, to make clear that, even if we were to agree with the trial court’s characterization of § 53a-196d as “unclear” in some applications, the defendant still cannot prevail on his claim that the statute is facially vague and invalid under the first amendment, even as to conduct clearly within the “unmistakable core meaning of the statute.” State v. Indrisano, supra, 228 Conn. 804.
The defendant in X-Citement Video, Inc. was convicted of violating the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977, which “prohibits the interstate transportation, shipping, receipt, distribution or reproduction of visual depictions of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct.” United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., supra, 513 U.S. 65-66; see 18 U.S.C. § 2252 (1988 & Sup. II 1990).
The court cited Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U.S. 361, 380, 109 S. Ct. 2969, 106 L. Ed. 2d 306 (1989) (eighth amendment does not preclude imposition of death penalty on individuals who committed crime at sixteen or seventeen years of age).
See footnote 7 of this opinion.
General Statutes § 53a-196c provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of importing child pornography when, with intent to promote child pornography, he knowingly imports or causes to be imported into the state any child pornography of known content and character. . .
See footnote 3 of this opinion.
See footnote 4 of this opinion.
The defendant notes that Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary defines audience as “a group of listeners or spectators,” and defines group as “two or more figures.” The defendant also notes that the World Book Dictionary defines audience as “people gathered in a place to hear or see.”
General Statutes § 53-21 provides in relevant part: “Any person who . . . has contact with the intimate parts, as defined in section 53a-65, of a child under the age of sixteen years or subjects a child under sixteen years of age to contact with the intimate parts of such person, in a sexual and indecent manner likely to impair the health or morals of such child . . . shall be guilty of a class C felony.”
General Statutes § 53a-196a provides in relevant part: “(a) A person is guilty of employing a minor in an obscene performance when (1) he employs any minor, whether or not such minor receives any consideration, for the purpose of promoting any material or performance which is obscene as to minors, notwithstanding that such material or performance is intended for an adult audience . . .
We assume that, if a person engaged in the performance himself records the performance, or views or listens to material depicting a reproduction of a performance in which he participated, he will constitute an audience for purposes of § 53a-196d.
Our conclusion is consistent with the understanding of the term audience as reflected in federal case law construing federal statutes regulating child pornography. In United States v. Knox, 32 F.3d 733 (3d Cir. 1994), the court was called upon to construe a federal child pornography law that, like § 53a-196d, was intended to protect children from the harm caused by being used as the subjects of pornographic materials. See id., 745. In construing the phrase “ ‘lascivious exhibition,’ ” the court held that “lasciviousness is not a characteristic of the child photographed but of the exhibition which the photographer sets up for an audi ence that consists of himself or' like-minded pedophiles.” (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 747, quoting United States v. Wiegand, 812 F.2d 1239, 1244 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 856, 108 S. Ct. 64, 98 L. Ed. 2d 118 (1987). Although the court, was construing the phrase “lascivious exhibition” rather than the term audience, it is clear that the court recognized, as we do, that child pornography laws are intended to prohibit the exhibition and viewing of children engaged in sexual conduct, regardless of the number of spectators or whether the spectators are depicted in any reproduction.
Under our interpretation, a photographer could, for instance, set up a camera to record alive performance in his or her absence, and still constitute an audience for purposes of § 53a-196d.