193 N.W. 928 | N.D. | 1922
Lead Opinion
This is an appeal from a judgment of conviction of contempt against Harry B. Dunbar. On or about May 5, 1921, the appellant herein (Dunbar) who was chief inspector of the state licensing department and a peace officer of the state, captured from the defendants in the above-entitled criminal action and one M. J. Madden, in Stutsman county, a Cadillac automobile loaded with whisky. The capture and the arrest of the defendants were accomplished after overcoming resistance, a gun fight taking place, in which Madden, the owner of the car was killed. The remaining defendants were held to answer for the offense and admitted to bail. The action was on the calendar for the December 1921 term of the court, and when the state’s attorney moved the arraignment of the defendants they failed to appear; whereupon the court declared the bonds forfeited and directed the issuance of'bench warrants. Of the whisky captured approximately two cases were left with the sheriff of Stutsman county, Dunbar retaining the remainder and the automobile. Prior to the convening of the December term of the district court of Stutsman county, and on. or about November 17th, Dunbar, or an attorney purporting to represent him,
It further alleges that the other parties who were riding in the automobile were arrested and were being prosecuted in the district court of Stutsman county, and that the prosecutions were then pending; that the liquors were at the time of the application within the jurisdiction of the court in the fifth judicial district and,'upon information and belief, that no other court had jurisdiction thereof. The only circumstance recited or alleged in the petition, showing any necessity for the destruction of the liquor is as follows:
“That applicant is about to retire from office and it would be quite expensive to transport said liquor back to Stutsman county, or. to Bur-leigh county, and that the best interests of the state would be subserved by destroying the same here in Ward county.”
By order dated November 19, 1921, signed by the Honorable John 0. Lowe, judge, Dunbar was directed to destroy the liquors in Ward county, and by a return dated the 21st day of November, he certified that the order had been executed. On April 22, 1922, by an order filed April 25, 1922, in the office of the clerk of the district court of Stutsman county, the report of destruction was confirmed nunc pro tunc as of November 21, 1921.
While these proceedings (except the nunc pro tunc order) were taking place outside of the district court of Stutsman county, the case of State v. Dufek and Smith had not been disposed of, nor reached for
“Now, if the court please, our position amounts to this, that there is no authority in law for this kind of a proceeding. There is no civil action pending against the party who is ordered to show cause. There is no summons or complaint issued, either issued or served on him, so we take it from that that there is no provisional remedy that could lie because there would be no foundation for it, namely a plenary action.*858 We cannot make it stick from a criminal standpoint because there is no criminal proceeding pending against the party required to show cause; no complaint was-ever filed with a magistrate charging him with any crime and no warrant issued. There is nothing in the Volstead Act which would give the court jurisdiction of authority in this special proceeding, and there is nothing in the act which appoints — under which Dunbar is inspector which would authorize this proceeding. I will briefly call the court’s attention to it. . . . Now as to the act appointing him inspector; I presume, if your Honor is familiar with it, I won’t need to take your time to read it. It makes him a peace officer. Furthermore it appears from his affidavit that he is not now pool hall inspector — I mean license inspector. He has been discharged, so he is an ordinary citizen. He is not a de facto officer or a de jure officer. I take this position, that there is a great question whether ho can be brought in and examined. I take the position that there must be a proceeding in court of a plenary nature, either civil action or a criminal action. Mr. Dunbar is not subpoenaed to come in to testify on matters which are material to an information which is filed. He is ordered to come in and testify generally. No subpoena has been issued. I can’t conceive of any statute or any law which would authorize this kind of a proceeding unless we say the court’s inherent powers. Now, if the court has inherent power to order Mr. Dunbar then the court would have inherent power to order any citizen of North Dakota in.”
At the conclusion of this hearing the court continued the matter for two weeks. In the interim a second order to show cause was issued reciting, among other things, the nonappearance of Dunbar personally, as directed by the previous order; that no reason or excuse was presented for his failure to appear and submit himself to examination as required. Also, that it further appeared to the court that the purported return to the previous order was not a sufficient compliance therewith. Whereupon it was ordered that Dunbar appear on the 24th of March and show cause why he should not be held and adjudged in contempt of court on account of this failure to comply with the requirements of the previous order. Upon the adjourned hearing of the original order to show cause and upon the return of the second order, returns were filed, showing reliance upon the order of destruction made by the district judge of Ward county as above indicated, and stating “that the liquor
The state’s attorney was granted permission to examine Dunbar; whereupon his counsel stated:
‘‘The said II. B. Dunbar refuses to testify or to be sworn on the grounds and for the reasons that the answers to the questions propounded might have a tendency to incriminate him, and the said II. B. Dunbar claims the constitutional privilege, both under the Federal and the state Constitutions, and the attorney for Mr. Dunbar states, that he has interviewed the said Dunbar with reference to the matter and upon the facts given, advised the said II. B. Dunbar to claim the privilege of immunity from testifying both under the state and Federal Constitutions.”
Dunbar took the stand and was advised of his constitutional rights by the court. lie refused to answer any question having the remotest bearing upon the disposition of the liquor. Another witness testified to the application being made to Judge Coffey at Washburn on or about November 17th. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court entered the following judgment:
“Now, on this 25th day of April, 1922, came into court II. B. Dunbar, pursuant to an order to show cause dated March 10, 1922, in the within entitled matter, directed to the said II. B. Dunbar, requiring and ordering him to be and appear before this court at the court room thereof, in the courthouse, in the city of Jamestown, in said county of Stutsman, and state of North Dakota, on the 24th day of March, a. d. 1922, at 2 o’clock in the afternoon of said day, or as soon thereafter as counsel could be heard, and then and there show cause, if any there be, why he should not be held and adjudged in contempt of this court on account of his failure to comply with the requirements of a certain order of this court in the within entitled matter dated February 27, 1922, and why he should not be punished for said contempt; the time for hearing said order to show cause dated March 10, 1922, having been postponed and continued on the application of said II. B. Dunbar from the 24th day of March 1922, to the 25th day of April, 1922; the said II. B. Dunbar appearing on this 25th day of April, 1922, in person*860 and by J. K. Murray of Mott, North Dakota, bis attorney, and the state of North Dakota appearing by Louis G. Tellner, state’s attorney, and F. G. Kneeland, assistant state’s attorney; and it appearing to the court that the said H. B. Dunbar has failed to produce in this court, or deliver into the possession and custody of the sheriff of Stutsman county, that certain intoxicating liquor which was seized by him on or about the 5 th day of May, 1921, in Stutsman county, said intoxicating liquor being that certain liquor referred to in the aforesaid order dated February 27, 1922, he being required so to do by the said last-mentioned order; and it further appearing to the court that the said H. B. Dunbar has failed to make a proper showing to this court, on account of his failure to produce said liquor in this court,- or to deliver same into the possession and custody of the sheriff of Stutsman county and has failed to file with the clerk of this court an inventory of said liquor, as required by said last-mentioned order; now therefore, upon all the proceedings had in this matter and all the files and records herein, it is the order and judgment of this court that the said H. B. Dunbar is in contempt of this court by reason of his failure to comply with the orders of this court, or to offer a reasonable excuse for his failure to so do, and that by reason thereof, and on account of such contempt, it is hereby ordered and adjudged that the said H. B. Dunbar be, and he is, ordered committed to the county jail within and for the county of Stutsman and state of North Dakota, on account of such contempt and as a punishment therefor, for a period of thirty days, beginning at 12 o’clock noon of this day, and that he stand committed until this order is complied with.”
This judgment is stayed on appeal.
(after stating the facts). Section 9 of the Prohibition Law in force at the time of the seizure of the liquor in question (Sess. Laws 1921, chap. 97) makes it the duty of any peace officer to seize any and all intoxicating liquors found in any automobile or other conveyance when any person is discovered in the act of transporting it in violation of law. The officer is further required to proceed at once against the person arrested in any court having competent jurisdiction, and the court upon conviction of the person so arrested is
Tbe appellant contends that the judgment in question is invalid for
The argument for its insufficiency as a judgment on a direct contempt is that § 8181, Comp. Laws, 1913, requires an order to be made, stating the facts which constitute the offense and reciting that the same occurred in the immediate view and presence of the court, and specifically prescribing the punishment to be inflicted therefor. The only part of the judgment or order which may be thought to show a compliance with this statute is the following:
“And it appearing to the court that the said IT. B. Dunbar has failed to produce in this court, or deliver into the possession and custody of the sheriff of Stutsman county, that certain intoxicating liquor which was seized by him on or about the 5th day oFlfay, 192-1, in Stutsman county, said intoxicating liquor being that certain liquor referred to in the aforesaid order dated February 27, 1922, lie being- required so to do by the said last-mentioned order and it further appearing to the court that the said IT. B. Dunbar has failed to make the proper showing to this court on account of his failure to- produce said liquor in this court, or to deliver same into the possession and custody of the sheriff of Stutsman county and has failed to file with the cleric of this court an inventory of said liquor, as required by said last-mentioned order; now therefore, upon all the proceedings had in this matter mid all the files and records herein, it is the order and judgment of this court that the said IT. B. Dunbar is in contempt of this court bjr reason of his failure to comply with the orders of this court, or to offer a reasonable excuse for his failure to so do.”
- It will be noted that for the most part this order or judgment, in its findings of fact, finds in the alternative that Dunbar has failed to produce the liquor in court or to deliver it into the possession and custody of the sheriff of Stutsman county. So it was' not his failure to produce the liquor in court that constituted a contemptuous act or omission, for the alternative or additional finding can only mean that this failure would have been excused had he delivered it into the possession and custody of the sheriff, an act which obviously would have taken place
Is the omission of interrogatories fatal? The language of the statute is mandatory. It says that when the accused is produced on the return of an order to show cause (§ 8181) “the court or judge must, unless the accused admits the offense charged, cause interrogatories to be filed, specifying the facts and circumstances of the offense charged against him. The accused must make written answer thereto under oath within such reasonable time as the court or judge allows therefor and either party may produce affidavits or other proofs contradicting or corroborating any answer. Upon the original affidavits, the answer and subsequent proofs the court or judge must determine whether the accused has committed the offense charged.”
The importance of interrogatories in contempt proceedings of this character has been recognized from a very early time. At common law, if the answers of the accused cleared him the complaint was dismissed. 4 Bl. Com. 288. But this effect is not any longer generally given or conceded. On the contrary, the court is required to determine, as a matter of fact, whether a contempt has been committed. Such at least is the better view, United States v. Shipp, 203 U. S. 563, 51 L. ed. 319, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 165, 8 Ann. Cas. 265, and our statute expressly requires it. Notwithstanding this, however, interrogatories still appear to be mandatory. Noble Twp. v. Aasen, 10 N. D. 264, 86 N. W. 742; Latimer v. Barmore, 81 Mich. 592, 46 N. W. 1; Metheany v. Kent Circuit Judge, 142 Mich. 628, 106 N. W. 147; 13 C. J. 73; Rapalje, Contempt, § 122.
We are not prepared to say that this procedural requirement is not a wholesome one. It has a tendency, necessarily, of making the charge
The defects above pointed out are fatal to the judgment- in the instant case. It is not sufficient that the record upon appeal shall show that a contempt has, in fact, been committed, but it is essential that the record shall show that the defendant has been duly convicted of a specific contempt, and that if it be a direct contempt, that the order or judgment shall contain the requisite findings of fact, or if it be an indirect contqmpt, that the anterior procedure prerequisite to such a judgment shall have been had in order that it shall appear that no valuable right of the party accused may have been denied him. See State v. Root, 5 N. D. 487, 57 Am. St. Hep. 568, 67 N. W. 590.
In view of tire subsequent proceedings incident to the reversal of the judgment in this case, we are called upon to consider some of the additional questions presented by counsel. As previously intimated in this opinion, we construe the prohibitory statute as placing seized liquors under-the control of the court in which prosecutions for the offense of transportation may be pending. The officer seizing the liquor, being required promptly to institute the prosecution, holds it thenceforth as an agent of the court and subject to the ultimate power of the court to make a legal disposition thereof. As such agent he may not assert a right to do acts likely to embarrass the court in which prosecutions are pending, either in the matter of the presentation of evidence, or in the matter of making final judicial disposition of the conveyances or of the contraband goods seized. On the contrary he may be called upon to account at any time for the property so left in his hands. A peace officer has no right, without the consent of the court in which the prosecution may be pending, to remove large quantities of the contraband goods for safe keeping or otherwise to a remote place in the state. If he might thus remove a portion of the whisky, the sheriff, with equal right, might remove the remainder and leave the pi’osecutor without evidence. Neither has he the right, consistent with the duty he owes to the court,
Furthermore, when such peace officer is called to account for his disposition of the property seized, or is. called upon to turn the property over to the sheriff of the county in which the prosecution may be pending, his failure to do so is disobedience of a lawful order of the court, and this constitutes a criminal contempt under § 8178, Oomp. Laws, 1913. lie may not escape the consequences of such a contempt by asserting his constitutional privilege to refrain from answering questions concerning the disposition of the liquor on the ground that his answers might tend to incriminate him. He may, if he choose, so refrain from answering questions and thus give no evidence that might be used against him upon a charge of embezzlement, perjury or the like, but nevertheless his wilful failure to account to the court having a right to demand an account when ordered so to do would constitute a criminal contempt. One cannot escape the consequences of a contempt of this character by asserting that he cannot perform an official or fiduciary duty without divulging matters that might subject him to criminal prosecution. The constitutional right to refrain from giving incriminating testimony is not a license to commit contempt.
The appellant contends that all proceedings looking towards the prosecution for contempt are invalid for the reason that they were not initiated by affidavit.* It is pointed out that the original affidavit, upon which the first order to show cause was issued, did not allege any facts purporting to amount to a contempt of court, and that, as no subsequent affidavit was filed purporting to allege any contempt, all subsequent proceedings are vitally defective. While it is true that the state’s attorney, in the first affidavit, was not instituting contempt proceedings, if does not follow, in our opinion, that this affidavit, together with the facts that were within the personal knowledge of the court, and which were relied upon as the basis of the second order to show cause and recited in it, did not constitute a sufficient foundation for the order and a sufficient pleading. The office of the affidavit is simply to allege facts for the information of the party against whom an order is prayed and to call the court’s attention to facts of which it may not be aware. It required no affidavit to inform the court that Dunbar did not appear personally in response to the first order to show cause, or that he did not
Judgment reversed and cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Rehearing
On rehearing.
A rehearing has been had in this case. The court adheres to the opinion previously rendered. In accordance with that opinion, further proceedings may be had as follows:
(1) Upon the filing of interrogatories, an inquiry may be conducted to determine whether or not the appellant herein was guilty of contempt in his failure to comply with the first order to show cause in the manner recited in the second order. In determining this question, the court need not consider the order of destruction nor the proceedings in Ward county as being a full or a sufficient accounting for the liquor.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring specially). I concur in. the reversal of the judgment. I express no opinion concerning matters that may affect subsequent proceedings incident to such reversal.*
Concurrence Opinion
(specially concurring upon rehearing). I concur in the disposition of this cause as heretofore made and in the language contained in paragraphs one and two of the per curiam opinion upon rehearing.