State v. DudoitState v. Dudoit
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Lead Opinion
The defendant-appellant Mervin Dudoit, Jr. appeals solely with regard to his sentence in connection with his conviction of two counts of abuse of a family or household member, in violation of Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 709-906 (Supp.1997).1 On appeal,
I. BACKGROUND
Dudoit was charged by way of a complaint, filed on October 2, 1997, with two counts of abuse of a family or household member in violation of
On January 8, 1998, the family court conducted a change of plea hearing. In connection with Dudoit’s plea of no contest as to both charges, the prosecution recited the following factual basis:
This occurred on September 14th, 1997 in the morning hours, about 9 a.m.[ ]
The defendant had come home the night before at about 3 a.m.[] His wife had locked the door, so the defendant slept [o]n the back deck. When his wife woke up, she did go outside and attempted to wake the defendant up and was asking the defendant for their son’s money. Apparently, the defendant said he had the money but he didn’t produce the money. So there was some argument about the money.
They all then went into the house. While in the house[,] the defendant kicked the victim when the victim was by the icebox. He kicked the icebox door into the victim and it hit her in the left arm area. He then also kicked her in the arm causing a big bruise from her elbow to her shoulder on her left arm that lasted for more than one week.
At that time[,] the victim’s daughter, [Michelle], went to try to stop her father from beating up on the mom. [Michelle] grabbed the father and they then got into a fight. The father pulled [Michelle’s] hair and punched her in the head about two to three times ... [,][a]t which time the mom then intervened, stopped the two of them from fighting, was able to get the daughter, and they ran over to their neighbor’s house[,] which is also her brother’s home.
A short time later[,] the defendant went to the brother-in-law’s house and again got into another fight with ... both victim[s]. He kicked the daughter in the back. An independent witness then saw that[ ][and] ran to help the daughter. The defendant had the daughter by the hair at that time. His wife was in the house. The independent witness was able to break up the defendant from his daughter.
When the mom came outside, she then ... spit in the defendant’s face and started to yell at him. And then he grabbed herby the hair and began slapping her on the head at the brother-in-law’s house.
The independent witness then told the defendant to leave, at which time he did, and the police were called.
The defendant has no prior criminal record other than these charges. And with regard to the injuries [inflicted] on [Michelle], she did complain of pain to her head area where her hair had been pulled and punched, and she did have small scratch marks on the inside of her right arm which she complained of pain to.
The family court accepted Dudoit’s no contest pleas and turned to the issue of sentencing. The parties disputed whether the “repeat offender” provision of
The family court’s judgment was filed on February 9, 1998. Dudoit timely appealed on March 9,1998.2
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
A. Sentencing
“The authority of a trial court to select and determine the severity of a penalty is normally undisturbed on review in the absence of an apparent abuse of discretionor unless applicable statutory or constitutional commands have not been observed.” State v. Valera, 74 Haw. 424, 439, 848 P.2d 376, 383, reconsideration denied, 74 Haw. 650, 853 P.2d 542 (1993).
State v. Davia, 87 Hawai‘i 249, 253-54, 953 P.2d 1347, 1351-52 (1998) (quoting State v. Cornelio, 84 Hawai‘i 476, 483, 935 P.2d 1021, 1028 (1997) (quoting State v. Gaylord, 78 Hawai‘i 127, 143-44, 890 P.2d 1167, 1183-84 (1995))). “An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court has clearly exceeded the bounds of reason or has disregarded rules or principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a party litigant.” Id. at 253, 953 P.2d at 1351 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
B. Interpretation Of A Statute
“[T]he interpretation of a statute ... is a question of law reviewable de novo.” State v. Arceo, 84 Hawai‘i 1, 10, 928 P.2d 843, 852 (1996) (quoting State v. Camara, 81 Hawai‘i 324, 329, 916 P.2d 1225, 1230 (1996) (citations omitted)). See also State v. Toyomura, 80 Hawai‘i 8, 18, 904 P.2d 893, 903 (1995); State v. Higa, 79 Hawai‘i 1, 3, 897 P.2d 928, 930, reconsideration denied, 79 Hawai‘i 341, 902 P.2d 976 (1995); State v. Nakata, 76 Hawai‘i 360, 365, 878 P.2d 699, 704, reconsideration denied, 76 Hawai‘i 453, 879 P.2d 558 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1147, 115 S.Ct. 1095, 130 L.Ed.2d 1063 (1995).
Gray v. Administrative Director of the Court, 84 Hawai‘i 138, 144, 931 P.2d 580, 586 (1997) (some brackets added and some in original). See also State v. Soto, 84 Hawai‘i 229, 236, 933 P.2d 66, 73 (1997). Furthermore, our statutory construction is guided by established rules:
When construing a statute, our foremost obligation is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature, which is to be obtained primarily from the language contained in the statute itself. And we must read statutory language in the context of the entire statute and construe it in a manner consistent with its purpose.
When there is doubt, doubleness of meaning, or indistinctiveness or uncertainty of an expression used in a statute, an ambiguity exists....
In construing an ambiguous statute, “[t]he meaning of the ambiguous words may be sought by examining the context, with which, the ambiguous words, phrases, and sentences may be compared, in order to ascertain their true meaning.”HRS § 1-15(1) [ (1993) ]. Moreover, the courts may resort to extrinsic aids in determining legislative intent. One avenue is the use of legislative history as an interpretive tool.
Gray, 84 Hawai‘i at 148, 931 P.2d at 590 (quoting State v. Toyomura, 80 Hawai‘i 8, 18-19, 904 P.2d 893, 903-04 (1995)) (brackets and ellipsis points in original) (footnote omitted). This court may also consider “[t]he reason and spirit of the law, and the cause which induced the legislature to enact it ... to discover its true meaning.”HRS § 1-15(2) (1993). “Laws in pari materia, or upon the same subject matter, shall be construed with reference to each other. What is clear in one statute may be called upon in aid to explain what is doubtful in another.”HRS § 1-16 (1993).
State v. Stocker, 90 Hawai‘i 85, 90-91, 976 P.2d 399, 404-05 (1999) (quoting Ho v. Leftwich, 88 Hawai‘i 251, 256-57, 965 P.2d 793, 798-99 (1998) (quoting Korean Buddhist Dae Won Sa Temple v. Sullivan, 87 Hawai‘i 217, 229-30, 953 P.2d 1315, 1327-28 (1998))).
III. DISCUSSION
A. The Repeat Offender Provision Of
The legislature added the “repeat offender” language to
(1) For a violation of the order for protection that occurs after a conviction for a violation of the same order, a violator shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum jail sentence of not less than forty-eight hours;
(2) For any subsequent violation that occurs after a second conviction for violation of the same order for protection, the person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum jail sentence of not less than thirty days.
Id., § 6 at 749 (emphasis in original deleted) (emphases added). Thus, the three other “repeat offender” provisions created by Act 290 referred expressly to “conviction[s] for violation” of those statutes. By contrast, the amendments to
The amendments to
The nature of domestic abuse is such that ongoing violence is not uncommon and, in fact, has the great likelihood of becoming more serious and increasing in frequency. Your Committee understands that uniform sanctions applied in a graduated way in response to these serious offenses will deliver a strong message to the offenders, and compensate for any disparity in personal opinion or bias that may be held by an officer of the law or an officer of the court.
This bill was amended by making any person convicted of a second offense or any subsequent offense which occurs within one year of the previous offense to be termed a “repeat offender” for the purposes of sentencing and must serve a minimum jail sentence of thirty days.
Hse. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 20-92, in 1992 House Journal, at 906 (emphasis added). When H.B. No. 3326 was sent to the Senate, it was consolidated, along with several other bills, into H.B. No. 3854, which had previously related only to temporary restraining orders. The Senate Judiciary Committee described its purpose in consolidating the bills as follows:
Your Committee ... found this bill[, i.e., H.B. 3854,] to be an appropriate vehicle to consolidate several bills amending the provisions of chapter 586, a bill dealing with chapter 709 and a proposed amendment to chapter 580. These bills were thematically related and consolidation provided a better prospect of consistency. More specifically[,] the following bills were incorporated: H.B. 2605, H.D. 1 (§ 586-4 and -11), H.B. 3221, H.D. 1 (§ 585-5 and -6) and H.B. 3326, H.D. 1 (§ 709-906 ). In addition, a proposed amendment tosection 580-10 , Hawaii Revised Statutes was included.
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H.B. No. 3326, H.D. 1 proposed mandatory jail time, similar to the provision of H.B. No. 2605, H.D. 1 for abuse of a household member or refusal to comply with a lawful order of a police officer who is interceding in a domestic dispute. Your Committee amended the provisions of H.B. No. 3326[,] which were added to this bill to reflect the decisions made concerning the provisions taken from H.B. No. 2605, H.D. I. Your Committee notes that this consistency is achieved at the cost of reducing the currently applicable penalties. Consistency was chosen, over maintaining the more stringent penalties in the current law, primarily to highlight the issue for closer scrutiny by the conference committee!,1 which is virtually necessary on a bill of this complexity.
Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 2651, in 1992 Senate Journal, at 1181 (emphases added). The conference committee made further reference to the goal of “consistency5’: “This bill
Based on the foregoing legislative history, Dudoit argues that the legislature intended the “repeat offender” amendments to
As noted above, the family court agreed with Dudoit that the legislature had intended that the repeat offender provision of
The repeat offender sentencing enhancement contained in
In
Except as provided in subsection (2), amendments made by Act 314, Session Laws of Hawaii 1986, to this Code do not apply to offenses committed before the effective date of Act 314, Session Laws of Hawaii 1986. Prosecutions for offenses committed before the effective date of Act 314, Session Laws of Hawaii 1986, are governed by the prior law, which is continued in effect for that purpose, as if amendments made by Act 314, Session Laws of Hawaii 1986, to this Code were not in force. For purposes of this section, an offense is committed before the effective date of Act 81⅛ Session Laws of Hawaii 1986, if any of the elements of the offense occurred before that date.
(Emphases added.) In
Grades and classes of offenses. (1) An offense defined by this Code or by any other statute of this State for which a sentence of imprisonment is authorized constitutes a crime. Crimes are of three grades: felonies, misdemeanors, and petty misdemeanors....
(2) A crime is a felony if it is so designated in this Code or if persons convicted thereof may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term which is in excess of one year.
(Emphases added.) As the highlighted language indicates,
Construed together,
“[Tjhis court is ... willing to look beyond the plain, obvious, and unambiguous language of a statute, the facial constitutionality of which is not at issue, for the purpose of ascertaining its underlying legislative intent, but only if a literal construction ‘would produce an absurd and unjust result.’ ” State v. Buch, 83 Hawai‘i 308, 326-27, 926 P.2d 599, 617-18 (1996) (Levinson, J., concurring and dissenting) (citing Sandy Beach Defense Fund v. City Council of the City and County of Honolulu, 70 Haw. 361, 773 P.2d 250 (1989), and Franks v. City and County of Honolulu, 74 Haw. 328, 843 P.2d 668 (1993)) (emphasis in original) (footnote omitted).8 See also
... [I]n State v. Meyer, 61 Haw. 74, 595 P.2d 288 (1979), despite a clear and unambiguous legislative history — as reflected in the relevant committee reports’ — of an intent to accomplish a particular result in amending the drug laws, this court held, by virtue of the plain language of its statutory work product, that “the [ljegislature did not carry its intention into effect.” Id. at 76, 595 P.2d at 290. Accordingly, theMeyer court quoted Queen v. San Tana, 9 Haw. 106, 108 (1893), which it analogized to HRS § 701-104 (1976),[9] for the following “principle of construction” that, in its view, remained “sound”:
We cannot change the language of the statute, supply a want, or enlarge upon it in order to make it suit a certain state of facts. We do not legislate or make laws. Even where the Court is convinced in its own mind that the Legislature really meant and intended something not expressed by the phraseology of the Act, it has no authority to depart from the plain meaning of the language used.
Meyer, 61 Haw. at 77-78, 595 P.2d at 291 (emphasis added).
Buch, 83 Hawai‘i at 325-26, 926 P.2d at 616-17 (Levinson, J., concurring and dissenting) (some brackets added and some in original).
Dudoit appears to assert that it would be absurd to accord the plain meaning to the term “offense,” as employed in
One possible interpretation is that the legislature intended that each felony offense be committed after conviction for the preceding felony [in order] to warrant increased criminal penalties. Under this interpretation, convictions on several counts of an indictment which occur during the same trial would not be totalled up, but treated as “one” prior conviction. Another possible interpretation of the language of the statute is that a conviction on each count of an indictment represents a separate conviction for the purposes of adding up the number of convictions for sentencing. Under this interpretation, each conviction on a separate count would result in an enhanced criminal sentence.
Id. at 511-12, 630 P.2d at 635. The Tavares court then examined the case law of certain other jurisdictions and adopted the following statement of the general purpose of repeat offender sentencing statutes, as articulated by the Alaska Supreme Court in State v. Carlson, 560 P.2d 26 (Alaska 1977):
As the court pointed out, “[h]abitual criminal statutes are founded on the general principle that persistent offenders should be subject to greater sanctions than those who have been convicted once.” [Carlson, 560 P.2d] at 28. Moreover, the court emphasized that the increased sanctions under habitual offender statutes are reserved for criminals who have been given an opportunityto reform following a conviction, but who persist in violations of the law. Id. at 28-29. As the court stated, the rationale for this sentencing approach is that a convicted criminal who has not taken advantage of the opportunity to reform and subsequently commits another crime is a worse offender than one who has committed several crimes prior to any conviction. Id. at 30.
Id. at 513-14, 630 P.2d at 636-37. Accordingly, the Tavares court held that “convictions on several counts of an indictment are to be treated as only one conviction for the purposes of
Unlike the statute at issue in the present case, Tavares construed a statute that, by its express terms, pertained to the consequences of prior and subsequent convictions. See id. at 515, 630 P.2d at 637 (noting, in connection with the legislative history of
The provisions of
In any ease, this court has subsequently rejected the Tavares court’s reasoning. In Cornelio, we noted that the Tavares court had failed to heed the provision, set forth in
Notwithstanding its attractiveness as a policy matter, the Tavares analysis disregarded the very rules of statutory construction that it purported to apply. In particular, the Tavares court was able to perceive ambiguity in the plain meaning ofHRS § 706-606.5 only by pointedly ignoring the statute’s proviso that “[t]he sentencing court may impose the [mandatory minimum prison] sentences [prescribed therein] consecutive to any other sentence then ... imposed on the defendant^]” (Emphasis added.) In the face of the proviso, the only “possible interpretation” of the repeat offender statute was that “a conviction on each count of an indictment represents a separate conviction for the purposes of adding up the number of convictionsfor sentencing,” such that “each conviction on a separate count [could] result in an enhanced criminal sentence.” See Tavares, 63 Haw. at 512, 630 P.2d at 635. Had it therefore adhered to the “basic tenet of statutory interpretation” that “where the language of [a] statute is plain and unambiguous, construction by the court is inappropriate, and the court is bound to give effect to the law, according to its plain and obvious meaning,” see id. at 511, 630 P.2d at 635, the Tavares court could not have “look[ed] beyond [the] express language of the statute ... to the case law of other jurisdictions,” as “extrinsic aids to [its] construction,” for the purpose of holding that “convictions on several counts of an indictment are to be treated as only one conviction for the purposes of section 706-606.5(1) .” See id. at 511-12, 515, 630 P.2d at 635-37.
84 Hawai‘i at 491, 935 P.2d at 1036 (emphases and brackets in original) (footnote omitted). Because the legislature had amended
It is therefore no surprise that, in State v. Ramela, 77 Hawai‘i 394, 885 P.2d 1135 (1994), we reached a conclusion quite different from that of Tavares, in connection with our analysis of
was arrested for six separate offenses of prostitution, two occurring on the same evening. Prior to these offenses, [the defendant] had no criminal convictions. At arraignment, she pled not guilty to each offense.
All of the offenses were consolidated for trial, at which time, [the defendant] indicated that she wished to change all of her pleas to guilty. Defense counsel stipulated that a factual basis existed for each charged offense and requested that [the defendant] be allowed to enter her guilty pleas in reverse chronological order, with sentencing to follow in the same manner.
77 Hawai‘i at 394, 885 P.2d at 1135. Over the prosecution’s objection, the district court accepted the defendant’s pleas as proffered and therefore did not apply the repeat offender provisions of
Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, a person convicted of committing the offense of prostitution shall be sentenced as follows:
(a) For the first offense, a fine of $500 and the person may be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than thirty days....
(b) For any subsequent offense, a fine of $500 and a term of imprisonment of thirty days, without possibility of suspension of sentence or probation.
Id. at 395, 885 P.2d at 1136 (emphases added).
On appeal by the prosecution, this court construed the term “subsequent offense” as follows:
The word “subsequent” is defined as “[fjollowing in time; coming or being later than something else; succeeding.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1427 (6th ed.1990). Thus, in the context ofHRS § 712-1200(4)(b) , any offense occurring after the date of the first offense is a “subsequent offense.” According to this plain interpretation, all of [the defendant’s] offenses occurring after the date of the first offense are subsequent offenses subject to the mandatory sentence prescribed ’ in subsection (b). Any other reading ofHRS § 712-1200(4) would produce an absurd result, Franks, 74 Haw. at 341, 843 P.2d at 674, and contradict the obvious meaning of the statute. State v. Paaluhi, 70 Haw. 237, 240, 768 P.2d 235, 237 (1989).
Id. at 395-96, 885 P.2d at 1135-36 (emphasis in original). Because we were satisfied that an absurd result could only be avoided by employing the “plain meaning” approach to the construction of the term “subsequent offense,”
Likewise, because the plain meaning of the term “offense,” as employed in
In noting that an offense is committed at the time its elements occur, however, we do not mean to imply that a prior offense may be proved, for purposes of enhancing the sentence of a “second” or “subsequent” offense, in a manner other than through evidence of a conviction of the prior offense. In the matter before us, the issue is not directly implicated, inasmuch as the two offenses relevant to our analysis were adjudicated simultaneously in the same court by way of no contest pleas, thereby obviating the need for actual proof of the initial offense. See State v. Merino, 81 Hawai‘i 198, 215-19, 915 P.2d 672, 689-93 (1996). In any event, we agree with Dudoit and the Colorado Supreme Court that “it is not known legally that an offense has been committed until there is a conviction.” Nees, 615 P.2d at 693. Accordingly, in order to prove a prior offense in order to justify an enhanced sentence for a “second” or “subsequent” offense pursuant to
B. The Repeat Offender Provision Of
Dudoit next argues, by analogy to Ramela, that “offenses must occur on separate dates to constitute separate offenses” for purposes of
Neither
In Ramela, it was not analytically necessary to address the question whether a second offense occurring on the same day as the first constitutes a “subsequent” offense. The offenses that “follow[ed] in time” in that case were committed after the date of the first offense.11 Thus, our use of the phrase “after the date” in Ramela, somewhat inartful as it may have been, merely reiterated what we had already held in the preceding sentence — that a “subsequent” offense is one “coming or being later than” a prior offense. To the extent that our language in Ramela implied anything beyond that straightforward proposition, we hereby clarify that
Likewise, inasmuch as the language of
C. The Brief Interval Separating The “Offenses” In The Present Case Does Not Preclude The Application Of
As a final matter, Dudoit argues, by analogy to Ramela and Tavares, that multiple violations of
Both Dudoit and the dissent place an unwarranted spin on the prosecution’s offer of proof by arguing that Dudoit’s attacks on Josette and Michelle “took place virtually simultaneously.” Dissenting opinion at 279, 978 P.2d at 717. In fact, the prosecution represented that, after Dudoit inflicted several blows upon Josette and Michelle, Josette “intervened, stopped [Dudoit and Michelle] from fighting, was able to get [Michelle,] and they ran over to their neighbor’s house[.]” Dudoit rekindled the confrontation “[a] short time later,” when he went to the neighbor’s home and “got into another fight with ... both victim[s].” (Emphasis added.) ApparT ently encountering Michelle outside of the neighbor’s house, Dudoit again kicked her and grabbed her hair while “[Josette] was in the house.” Josette then came outside and spat on the defendant, provoking him to “grab[ ] her hair and ... slap[ ] her on the head[.]”- Although the record does not reflect the particular blows upon which the family court relied in accepting Dudoit’s no contest pleas,12 the family court could thus have legitimately selected blows that were separated by a significant interval. Accordingly, Dudoit’s offenses could hardly be deemed “simultaneous.” That being the case, we hold that the offense charged in Count II was “subsequent” to the offense charged in Count I, within the plain meaning of
Lastly, Dudoit argues, pursuant to Tavares, that he did not have time to “reform himself’ between the commission of the two offenses and that application of
We hold that the family court did not abuse its discretion in applying the repeat offender provision of
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing analysis, we affirm the family court’s judgment, guilty conviction, and sentence.
Notes
. On September 14, 1997, the date on which the alleged offenses took place,
Abuse of family and household members; penalty. (1) It shall be unlawful for any person, singly or in concert, to physically abuse a family or household member or to refuse compliance with the lawful order of a police officer under subsection (4)....
For the purposes of this section, “family or household member” means spouses, former spouses, reciprocal beneficiaries, former reciprocal beneficiaries, parents, children, and persons jointly residing or formerly residing in the same dwelling unit.
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(5) Abuse of a family or household member and refusal to comply with the lawful order of a police officer under subsection (4) are misdemeanors and the person shall be sentenced as follows:
(a) For the first offense the person shall serve a minimum jail sentence of forty-eight hours; and
(b) For a second offense and any other subsequent offense that occurs within one year of the previous offense, the person shall be termed a “repeat offender” and serve a minimum jail sentence of thirty days.
(6) Whenever a court sentences a person pursuant to subsection (5), it also shall require that the offender undergo any available domestic violence treatment and counseling programs ordered by the court. However, the court may suspend any portion of a jail sentence, except for the mandatory sentences under subsection (5)(a) and (b), upon the condition that the defendant remain arrest-free and conviction-free or complete court ordered counseling.
(Emphases added.)
. We note that,
[generally, a guilty plea made voluntarily and intelligently precludes a defendant from later asserting any nonjurisdictional claims [on appeal], including constitutional challenges to the trial proceedings. Although the defendant may still challenge the sufficiency of the indictment or other like defects bearing directly upon the government’s authority to compel the defendant to answer to charges in court, claims of nonjurisdictional defects in the proceedings, such as unlawfully obtained evidence and illegal detention, will generally not survive the plea. A plea of nolo contendere is equivalent to a plea of guilty in terms of waiving alleged nonjurisdictional defects.
State v. Morin, 71 Haw. 159, 162, 785 P.2d 1316, 1318 (1990) (citations omitted). See also State v. Domingo, 82 Hawai‘i 265, 921 P.2d 1166 (1996) (following Morin). However, inasmuch as sentence is determined after a plea is accepted, and (absent a prior agreement between the parties) a defendant cannot know what sentence will be imposed, a plea of no contest or guilty does not constitute a waiver of an appeal of the sentence on the grounds that it is illegal. See State v. Johnson, 459 So.2d 1316, 1319 (La.Ct.App.1984) (Crain, J., concurring) (“[A] guilty plea coupled with an agreed upon sentence that is made part of the record waives [the] right to appellate review of the sentence, but where there is no specific agreement in the record as to [the] sentenced] it will be reviewed on appeal.” (Citations omitted.)); State v. Carroll, 104 Ohio App.3d 372, 662 N.E.2d 65, 69-70 (1995) (holding that an express waiver of the right to appeal the sentence was invalid because the trial court had failed properly to advise the defendant and that the defendant therefore did not waive his right to appeal the legality of his sentence); People v. Crum, 175 A.D.2d 136, 572 N.Y.S.2d 25, 26 (1991) (“Since the defendant did not expressly waive the right to appeal his sentence on the plea, nor was this issue mentioned at his plea hearing, we find that his right to appeal the sentence was not waived.” (Citations omitted.)); Commonwealth v. Myers, 481 Pa. 217, 392 A.2d 685, 687 (1978) (“[W]hen a defendant enters a plea of guilty, he waives his right to challenge on appeal all nonjurisdictional defects except the legality of his sentence and the validity of his plea.” (Emphasis added.) (Citations omitted.)).
There is no indication in the record that Du-doit’s changes of plea entailed either an agreement regarding the sentence to be imposed or an express waiver of Dudoit’s right to appeal his sentence. Accordingly, Dudoit did not waive his right to bring the present appeal.
. As the prosecution points out,
Upon conviction and sentencing of the defendant, the court shall order that the defendant immediately be incarcerated to serve the mandatory minimum sentence imposed; provided that the defendant may be admitted to bail pending appeal pursuant to chapter 804. The court may stay the imposition of the sentence if special circumstances exist.
1998 Haw. Sess. L. Act 172, § 8 at 646 (emphasis in original deleted) (emphasis added). Act 172 also added a new subsection (7) to
As the prosecution observes, the legislature employed the term “conviction” in close proximity to its use of the term “offense” in its 1998 amendments to
. Because we deem the language of
Although the legislative history appears to be at odds with the plain meaning of the statutory language in the present case, see infra, there is no facial incongruity in the statutory language itself. Accordingly, there is no ambiguity of the kind noted in Mattiello.
. Dudoit points out that Black‘s Law Dictionary also defines “[s]econd offense” as “[o]ne committed after conviction for a first offense. It is the previous conviction, and not the indictment, which is the basis of the charge of a second offense. People v. Boardman, 172 App. Div. 733, 159 N.Y.S. 577 [(1916)].” Black’s Law Dictionary at 1081. Boardman, however, construed a very different statute. As the Boardman court noted, “the court is required by section 1941 of the Penal Law to act in imposing a sentence for a second conviction upon proof of a prior conviction alone.” 159 N.Y.S. at 578.
. The dissent misapprehends the implication of our observation in this regard, apparently concluding that, because one may be convicted of a crime, which is defined as a type of offense, “a conviction is merely a type of offense.” Dissenting opinion at 279, 978 P.2d at 717. ‘On the contrary,
.
An offense defined by this Code or by any other statute of this State constitutes a violation if it is so designated in this Code or in the law defining the offense or if no other sentence than a fine, or fine and forfeiture or other civil penalty, is authorized upon conviction or if it is defined by a statute other than this Code which provides that the offense shall not constitute a crime....
. The dissent appears to assert that the language of a statute, no matter how plain and unambiguous, may be trumped by indications of a contraiy meaning derived from legislative committee reports. However, as Justice Ramil himself aptly observed, as author of this court’s opinion in State v. Richie, 88 Hawai’i 19, 30, 960 P.2d 1227, 1230 (1998), “[i]t is a cardinal rule of statutory interpretation that, where the terms of a statute are plain, unambiguous and explicit, we are not at liberty to look beyond that language for a different meaning. Instead, our sole duty is to give effect to the statute’s plain and obvious meaning.” (Quoting Alvarez v. Liberty House, Inc., 85 Hawai‘i 275, 278, 942 P.2d 539, 542 (1997) (quoting Ross v. Stouffer Hotel Co. (Hawai‘i) Ltd., Inc., 76 Hawai‘i 454, 461, 879 P.2d 1037, 1044—45 (1994))). See also Konno v. County of Hawai‘i, 85 Hawai‘i 61, 71, 937 P.2d 397, 407 (1997)(“[W]here the language of the statute is plain and unambiguous, our only duty is to give effect to its plain and obvious meaning.”) (Quoting State v. Toyomura, 80 Hawai‘i 8, 18, 904 P.2d 893, 903 (1995) (quoting Housing Finance & Dev. Corp. v. Castle, 79 Hawai‘i 64, 76, 898 P.2d 576, 588 (1995))); Bumanglag v. Oahu Sugar Co., Ltd., 78 Hawai‘i 275, 280, 892 P.2d 468, 473 (1995) (same) (citing State v. Mezurashi, 77 Hawai‘i 94, 97, 881 P.2d 1240, 1243 (1994) (citing AIG Hawaii Ins. Co. v. Estate of Caraang, 74 Haw. 620, 634, 851 P.2d 321, 328 (1993))); Ing v. Acceptance Ins. Co., 76 Hawai‘i 266, 270, 874 P.2d 1091, 1095 (1994) (same) (citing Caraang, 74 Haw. at 634, 851 P.2d at 328); Kuhnert v. Allison, 76 Hawai‘i 39, 44, 868 P.2d 457, 462 (1994) (same) (citing Caraang, 74 Haw. at 634, 851 P.2d at 328); Lealaimatafao v. Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 75 Haw. 544, 551, 867 P.2d 220, 224 (1994) (same) (citing Caraang, 74 Haw. at 634, 851 P.2d at 328).
.
Principles of construction. The provisions of this Code cannot be extended by analogy so as to create crimes not provided for herein; however, in order to promote justice and effect the objects of the law, all of its provisions shall be given a genuine construction, according to the fair import of the words, taken in their usual sense, in connection with the context, and with reference to the purpose of the provision.
Buch, 83 Hawai‘i at 325-26 n. 3, 926 P.2d at 616-17 n. 3 (Levinson, J., concurring and dissenting).
. The conviction constitutes the adjudicated proof that the prior offense, in fact, occurred. As discussed supra, however, the date of the prior offense is the date on which the elements of the prior offense occurred and not the date of conviction. To use the present case as an example, Dudoit was convicted in connection with his attack on Josette on February 9, 1998, when the family court’s judgment was filed. However, the offense occurred on September 14, 1997, when Dudoit actually attacked Josette.
. Although two of the offenses at issue in Rame-la were committed on the same evening, it is clear that they were not the defendant’s first and second offenses, inasmuch as we expressly vacated “the sentences for each of Ramela’s six offenses.” Ramela, 77 Hawai‘i at 396, 885 P.2d at 1137. Had the first two offenses occurred on the same day, and had we meant to impose a rule that offenses occurring on the same day cannot be considered “subsequent” for purposes of the repeat offender provision of
. We note that this court’s opinion in State v. Arceo, 84 Hawai‘i 1, 928 P.2d 843 (1996), is not implicated here, inasmuch as no jury was involved and Dudoit acquiesced in all of the prosecution‘s representations regarding the events material to his offenses. Moreover, Hawai‘i Rules of Penal Procedure (HRPP) Rule 11(f) (1996) does not require that a no contest plea be supported by a “factual basis.” Merino, 81 Hawai‘i at 215-19, 915 P.2d at 689-93.
. “Offense” could also mean a charge or an indictment for an offense that has occurred, i.e., the elements of the crime have taken place. In any event, it is unclear, based on the bare words of the statute, what kind of “offense” would subject a defendant to the repeat offender provision of
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion by
RAMIL, J.I dissent. In my view, the majority today has adopted the doctrine of the dissenting opinion in State v. Buch, 83 Hawai‘i 308, 325-26, 926 P.2d 599, 616-17 (1996) (Levinson, J., concurring and dissenting) (noting that “[e]ven where the Court is convinced in its own mind that the Legislature really meant and intended something not expressed by the phraseology of the Act, it has no authority to
I. Our Foremost Obligation In Statutory Construction
Absent constitutional obstacles, we have long recognized that our foremost obligation in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature to the fullest degree. See CARL Corp. v. State, Dept. of Educ., 85 Hawai‘i 431, 459, 946 P.2d 1, 29 (1997); see also Kim v. Contractors License Bd., 88 Hawai‘i 264, 269, 965 P.2d 806, 811 (1998) (quoting Korean Buddhist Dae Won Sa Temple of Hawaii, 87 Hawai‘i 217, 229-30, 953 P.2d 1315, 1327-28 (1998) (quoting State v. Cullen, 86 Hawai‘i 1, 8-9, 946 P.2d 955, 963-64 (1997))); Kawamata Farms, Inc. v. United Agri Products, 86 Hawai‘i 214, 255, 948 P.2d 1055, 1096 (1997) (quoting State v. Wells, 78 Hawai‘i 373, 376, 894 P.2d 70, 73, reconsideration denied, 78 Hawai‘i 474, 896 P.2d 930 (1995)); Macabio v. TIG Ins. Co., 87 Hawai‘i 307, 311, 955 P.2d 100, 104 (1998) (citing State v. Aluli, 78 Hawai‘i 317, 320, 893 P.2d 168, 171 (1995)); Richardson v. City and County of Honolulu, 76 Hawai‘i 46, 68-69, 868 P.2d 1193, 1215-16 (Klein, J., dissenting), reconsideration denied, 76 Hawai‘i 247, 871 P.2d 795 (1994) (citing Methven-Abreu v. Hawaiian Ins. & Guar. Co., Ltd., 73 Haw. 385, 392, 834 P.2d 279, 284, reconsideration denied, 73 Haw. 625, 838 P.2d 860 (1992) (citation omitted)). Indeed, although the established rules of statutory construction may be of aid in ascertaining and implementing legislative intent, they may not be used to deflect legislative purpose and design. State v. Murray, 63 Haw. 12, 18, 621 P.2d 334, 339 (1980) (citing State v. Smith, 59 Haw. 456, 461-62, 583 P.2d 337, 341-42 (1978) and State v. Prevo, 44 Haw. 665, 668-69, 361 P.2d 1044, 1047 (1961)). As this court has aptly stated in the past:
In construing a statute the paramount guide is the intent of the legislature. While the established rules of construction, including that of ejusdem generis, are aids in ascertaining and giving effect to the legislative intent, these rules cannot be used in contravention of the purpose of the legislature by confining the operation of the statute within narrower limits than intended. They are neither final nor conclusive but must yield to the legislative will.
Prevo, 44 Haw. at 668-69, 361 P.2d at 1047 (citing 50 Am.Jur., Statutes, § 224, p. 203). Therefore, notwithstanding the rules of statutory construction, our paramount objective in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature.
Although it is true that we obtain the intent of the legislature primarily from the language of the statute itself, we have rejected an approach to statutory construction which limits our inquiry to the bare words of a statute. Four Star Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Hawaiian Elec. Indus., Inc., 89 Hawai‘i 427, 431, 974 P.2d 1017, 1021 (1999) (quoting Bragg v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 81 Hawai‘i 302, 306, 916 P.2d 1203, 1207 (1996)) (quoting Sato v. Tawata, 79 Hawai‘i 14, 17, 897 P.2d 941, 944 (1995)). Instead, we must consider the words of a statute in the context of the entire statute and construe it in a manner consistent with its purpose. See Shipley v. Ala Moana Hotel, 83 Hawai‘i 361, 364-65, 926 P.2d 1284, 1287-88 (1996) (quoting State v. Toyomura, 80 Hawai‘i 8, 19, 904 P.2d 893, 904 (1995)); see also Mendes v. Hawaii Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 87 Hawai‘i 14, 17, 950 P.2d 1214, 1217 (1998) (citing Mathewson v. Aloha Airlines, Inc., 82 Hawai‘i 57, 71, 919 P.2d 969, 983 (1996)).
In considering the meaning of the words in a statute, “[t]he legislature is presumed not to intend an absurd result, and legislation will be construed to avoid, if possible, inconsistency, contradiction];,] and illogicality.” Kim, 88 Hawai‘i at 270, 965 P.2d at 812 (quoting State v. Arceo, 84 Hawai‘i 1, 19, 928 P.2d 843, 861 (1996) (citation and internal
when aid to construction of the meaning of words, as used in the statute, is available, there certainly can be no rule of law which forbids its use, however clear the words may appear on superficial examination. Thus, the plain language rule of statutory construction, does not preclude an examination of sources other than the language of the statute itself even ivhen the language appears clear upon perfunctory review. Were this not the ease, a court may be unable to adequately discern the underlying policy which the legislature seeks to promulgate and, thus, would be unable to determine if a literal construction would produce an absurd or unjust result, inconsistent with the policies of the statute.
Four Star, 89 Hawai‘i at 431, 974 P.2d at 1021. (quoting Bragg, 81 Hawai‘i at 306, 916 P.2d at 1207 (quoting Sato, 79 Hawai‘i at 17, 897 P.2d at 944)) (emphasis added); see also Kahana Sunset Owners Ass’n v. Maui County Council, 86 Hawai‘i 132, 134, 948 P.2d 122, 124 (1997) (quoting Crompton v. Tern Corp., 83 Hawai‘i 1, 6, 924 P.2d 169, 175 (1996) (citation omitted)).
In light of our foremost obligation to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature, I disagree with the majority’s use of the bare words of
II. DISCUSSION
A. The Intent of the Legislature in
As the majority concedes, in enacting
Indeed, as the majority notes, subsection (5) of
In amending
any person convicted of a second offense or any subsequent offense or any subsequent offense which occurs within one year of the previous offense to be termed a “repeat offender” for the purposes of sentencing and ... serve a minimum jail sentence of thirty days.
Hse. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 20-92, in 1992 House Journal, at 906 (emphasis added). As the majority notes, House Bill 3326, which related to
Your Committee ... found this bill to be an appropriate vehicle to consolidate several bills amending the provisions of chapter 586, a bill dealing with chapter 709 and a proposed amendment to chapter 580.These bills were thematically related and consolidation provided a better prospect of consistency. More specifically^] the following bills were incorporated: H.B. 2605, H.D. 1 (§ 586-4 and -11), H.B. 3221, H.D. 1 (§ 585-5 and -6) and H.B. 3326, H.D. 1 ( § 709-906 ). In addition, a proposed amendment to section 580-1, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes was included.
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H.B. No. 3326, H.D. 1 proposed mandatory jail time, similar to the provision of H.B. No. 2605, H.D. 1 for abuse of a household member or refusal to comply with a lawful order of a police officer who is interceding in a domestic dispute concerning the provisions taken from H.B. 2605, H.D. 1. Your Committee notes that this consistency is achieved at the cost of reducing the currently applicable penalties. Consistency was chosen, over maintaining the more stringent penalties in the current law [.]
Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 2651, in 1992 Senate Journal, at 1181 (emphases added). The conference committee made further reference to the goal of “consistency”:
This bill is used as a vehicle to consolidate several bills amending the provisions of Chapter 586, HRS, a bill dealing with Chapter 709, HRS, and a proposed amendment to Chapter 580, HRS. These bills are thematically related and consolidation provides a better prospect of consistency.
Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 122, in 1992 House Journal, at 854 (emphasis added). Given the legislative history behind the enactment of
Based upon the majority’s accurate recitation of the legislature’s intent, it is puzzling how the majority can ignore the legislature’s intent to apply the repeat offender provision of
B. The Language of
We have previously stated that the words of a statute are only a starting point in the construction of a statute. Shipley, 83 Hawai‘i at 364-65, 926 P.2d at 1287-88. Yet, the majority effectively concludes that the term “offense,” as used in
In arriving at its definition of “offense,” the majority cites to Black’s Law Dictionary 1081 (6th ed.1990). Majority at 269-270, 978 P.2d at 706-707. In my view, however, the dictionary definition of “offense” is only a starting point in ascertaining its meaning. See Shipley, 83 Hawai‘i at 364-65, 926 P.2d at 1287-88 (noting that the dictionary definition of “constantly necessary” is only a starting point). As the majority observes, Black’s Law Dictionary defines an “offense” as “a breach of the criminal laws,” ie., a “violation of law for which [a] penalty is prescribed.” Majority at 269, 978 P.2d at 706 (emphases added). In contrast, the term “conviction” is “[t]he final judgment on a verdict or finding of guilty, a plea of guilty, or a plea of nolo contendere[.]” Id. at 269, 978 P.2d at 706.
However, these dictionary definitions are not conclusive for purposes of enhancing a defendant’s sentence under the repeat offender provision of
C. Application of the
The majority’s disregard of the clear legislative intent to have the repeat offender provision of
Thereafter, the prosecution charged Du-doit with one count of abuse of a family and household member for his actions against Josette (Count I). In the same complaint but in a separate count, the prosecution charged Dudoit with abuse of a family and household member for his actions against Michelle (Count II). Dudoit pleaded no-contest to both counts. At sentencing, the family court ruled that Count II of the complaint was a “second offense” under the repeat offender provision of
By upholding the enhanced sentence in this case, the majority allows a defendant who committed essentially a single offense in a single incident to be classified a “repeat offender.” In other words, the majority allows a defendant convicted on two counts under the same indictment or complaint to be classified as a “repeat offender” and subject to an enhanced mandatory minimum term of incarceration. In light of the legislative intent to apply the repeat offender provision of
Moreover, the majority fails to acknowledge that in considering whether to impose the enhanced sentencing provision of
Although an “offense” occurs when “the elements of the offense have actually taken
Therefore, I cannot agree with the majority’s construction of the term “offense” in a vacuum. Instead, in deciding whether to impose the enhanced jail term under the repeat offender provision of
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, because the majority’s construction of