State v. DowState v. Dow
- Reporters:
- ,
- Before:
- Quinnbrintnall
Lead Opinion
¶2
FACTS
¶3 The Cowlitz County prosecutor charged Dow by amended information with one count of first degree child molestation,1
¶4 Dow then moved to suppress the statements he made during a police interview, arguing that these statements were inadmissible because of lack of corpus delicti.3 The State conceded that, without the alleged victim’s statements, it lacked independent evidence to establish corpus delicti, but it argued that Dow’s statements were admissible under
(1) In сriminal and juvenile offense proceedings where independent proof of the corpus delicti is absent, and the alleged victim of the crime is dead or incompetent to testify, a lawfully obtained and otherwise admissible confession, admission, or other statement of the defendant shall be admissible into evidence if there is substantial independent evidence that would tend to establish the trustworthiness of the confession, admission, or other statement of the defendant.
(2) In determining whether there is substantial indeрendent evidence that the confession, admission, or other statement of the defendant is trustworthy, the court shall consider, but is not limited to:
(a) Whether there is any evidence corroborating or contradicting the facts set out in the statement, including the elements of the offense;
(b) The character of the witness reporting the statement and the number of witnesses to the statement;
(c) Whether a record of the statement was made and the timing of the making of the record in relation to the making of the statement; and/or
(d) The relationship between the witness and the defendant.
(3) Where the court finds that the confession, admission, or other statement of the defendant is sufficiently trustworthy to be admitted, the court shall issue a written order setting forth the rationale for admission.
(4) Nothing in this section may be construed to prevent the defendant from arguing to the jury or judge in a bench trial that the statement is not trustworthy or that the evidence is otherwise insufficient to convict.
¶5 The trial court held a hearing on the admissibility of Dow’s statement. At the hearing, the State supplied the trial court with a 21-page trаnscript of the taped police interview, and the police officer who conducted the interview testified that she interviewed Dow at his mother’s house in Portland, Oregon, with two other officers present; that Dow was very cooperative; that the interview environment was “very comfortable”; that nothing “coercive or hostile” took place during the course of the interview; and that she arrested Dow at the end of the interview. Report of Proceedings at 6.
¶6 In its written findings of fact, the trial court stated,
The court had reviewed the evidence available to the state, which includes the transcript of an interview conducted by a police [sic] with the defendant, which the state seeks to admit into evidence against the defendant. The state concedes there is no other available evidence against the defendant in this case.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 5-6.
¶7 In its written conclusions of law, it stated,
2. The corpus delicti rule traditionally followed by the courts in the State of Washington provides that the confession or admission of the defendant charged with a crime cannot [be] used to рrove the defendant’s guilt in the absence of independentevidence establishing a prima facie case against the defendant.
3. In regard to the state’s contention that the enactment ofRCW 10.58.035 reflects the intent of the Washington State Legislature to depart from the traditional corpus delicti rule, a review of the legislative history of the enactment of this statute does reflect that the legislature did indicate intent to adopt what was described as the “trustworthiness” enunciated by the United State’s [sic] Supreme Court and Opper v United States [, 348 U.S. 84, 75 S. Ct. 158, 99 L. Ed. 101 (1954)].
4. In reviewing that case and its progeny, it is apparent that the standard for admission by these federal cases is that there is a corroboration requirement that is two pronged: first, although the state may not introduce independent evidence of the corpus delicti in conformance with the traditional test, it must introduce sufficient evidence that the criminal conduct at the core of the offense has occurred. Second, it must introduce independent evidence tending to establish the trustworthiness of the admissions, unless the confession is, by virtue of special circumstances, inherently reliable. Only when both of these prongs are satisfied will the evidence be deemed sufficient in a case in which the conviction depends in part on such admission.
5. In order to satisfy minimum due process requirements in Washington State courts, while the legislature has the ability to modify the corpus delicti rule as a rule of evidence, the Opper standard which consists of the two prong test set forth above, represents the requirements that аt a minimum must be satisfied in order to guarantee the due process rights of defendants in Washington State courts.
6. In regard to the trustworthiness prong of the above test, which is always a preliminary threshold issue to be resolved by the trial court, the statements in issue satisfy that prong of the test.
7. However, in regard to the first prong of the test requiring sufficient evidence to establish that the criminal conduct at the core of the offense charged against this defendant has occurred, there is simply insufficient evidence to satisfy that prong of the test and as a result, the stаtement of the defendant is inadmissible in evidence.
CP at 6-7 (emphasis added).
¶8 The State admitted that, without Dow’s statements, it could not proceed. The trial court dismissed the charge and the State appeals. RAP 2.2(b)(2).4
¶9 In this case of first impression, we address whether the trial court properly required the State to establish by independent evidence that the criminal conduct at the core of the offense charged occurred before admitting Dow’s trustworthy statement under
ANALYSIS
¶10 Generally, whether evidence will be admitted at trial is an issue fоr the sound exercise of the trial court’s discretion. State v. Wade, 138 Wn.2d 460, 463-64, 979 P.2d 850 (1999). Determining admissibility under
¶11 When it enacted
¶12 The corpus delicti rule is an evidentiary rule that establishes the foundational requirements for admitting a defendant’s statements or admissions. State v. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d 311, 327-28, 150 P.3d 59 (2006); State v. Aten, 130 Wn.2d 640, 656, 927 P.2d 210 (1996); State v. C.D.W., 76 Wn. App. 761, 763, 887 P.2d 911 (1995) (citing City of Bremerton v. Corbett, 106 Wn.2d 569, 576, 723 P.2d 1135 (1986)). And our Supreme Court has held that the corpus delicti rule, particularly the requirement that the State establish some independent corroboration that the offense occurred, is judicially created, not constitutionally mandated.
Unlike the principles enunciated in Miranda v. Arizona, [384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966)], and the development of similar constitutional doctrines relating to the voluntariness of confessions, the corpus delicti rule does not have a constitutional source; it is traceable to English law and was early established in America.
Corbett, 106 Wn.2d at 576 (emphasis added); see also C.D.W., 76 Wn. App. at 763.
¶13 Although these cases support the State’s assertion that Washington’s version of the corpus delicti rule is not a constitutional standard, they do not address whether the federal version of the corpus delicti rule is a constitutional standard.7 To determine that issue, we must examine whether the corroboration rule discussed in Opper, 348 U.S. 84, United States v. Lopez-Alvarez, 970 F.2d 583 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 989 (1992), and related cases is based in common law, in which case the legislature may alter it by statute, or whether it is a statement of the minimal due process requirements established in the federal constitution.
¶14 In Opper, our nation’s highest court stated that the State is not required to establish corpus delicti independently of a defendant’s statement, but it is required to show that a defendant’s statement is reliable before it can be admitted. 348 U.S. at 93-94. The Court did not state that this requirement was a constitutional requirement; instead, it recognized that the corroboration requirement was based on an expansion of the common law and general concepts of justice:
In the United States our concept of justice that finds no man guilty until proven has led our state and federal courts generally to refuse conviction on testimony concerning confessions of the accused not made by him at the trial of his case. See Warszower v. United States, 312 U.S. 342, 345 [n.2, 61 S. Ct. 603, 85 L. Ed. 876 (1941)]. We have gone further in that direction than has the common law of England. There the courts have been hesitant to lay down a rule that an uncorroborated extrajudicial confession may not send an accused to prison or to death. In our country the doubt persists that the zeal of the agencies of prosecution to protect the peace, the self-interest of the accomplice, the maliciousness of an enemy or the aberration or weakness of the accused under the strain of suspicion may tinge or warp the facts of the confession.
Opper, 348 U.S. at 89-90 (footnote and citation omitted).
The general rule that an accused may not be convicted on his own uncorroborated confession has previously been recognized by this Court, Warszower[, 312 U.S. at 345 n.2]; Isaacs v. United States, 159 U.S. 487[, 16 S. Ct. 51, 40 L. Ed. 229 (1895)]; cf. Miles v. United States, 103 U.S. 304, 311-312[, 26 L. Ed. 481 (1880)], and has been consistently applied in the lowеr federal courts and in the overwhelming majority of state courts .... Its purpose is to prevent “errors in convictions based upon untrue confessions alone,” Warszower[, 312 U.S. at 347]; its foundation lies in a long history of judicial experience with confessions and in the realization that sound law enforcement requires police investigations which extend beyond the words of the accused. Confessions may be unreliable because they are coerced or induced, and although separate doctrines exclude involuntary confessions from consideration by the jury, Bram v. United States, [168 U.S. 532, 542-43, 18 S. Ct. 183, 42 L. Ed. 568 (1897)]; Wilson v. United States, [162 U.S. 613, 622-23, 16 S. Ct. 895, 40 L. Ed. 1090 (1896)], further caution is warranted because the accused may be unable to establish the involuntary nature of his statements. Moreover, though a statement may not be “involuntary” within the meaning of this exclusionary rule, still its reliability may be suspect if it is extracted from one who is under the pressure of a police investigation—whose words may reflect the strain and confusion attending his predicament rather than a clear reflection of his past. Finally, the experienсe of the courts, the police and the medical profession recounts a number of false confessions voluntarily made, Note, 28 Ind. L. J. 374. These are the considerations which justify a restriction on the power of the jury to convict, for this experience with confessions is not shared by the average juror. Nevertheless, because this rule does infringe on the province of the primary finder of facts, its application should be scrutinized lest the restrictions it imposes surpass the dangers which gave rise to them.
Smith, 348 U.S. at 152-53 (emphasis added) (some citations omitted).
¶16 Nor do these controlling cases set out a common law basis for the corroboration rule; they note that the corroboration rule is a judicially-created exclusionary rule, necessary only to protect a defendant from being convicted based on unreliable evidence that can easily be misconstrued by a jury. Our Supreme Court thus recognized that a trial court is in a better position to evaluate the weight of particular evidence (defendant’s statements) in light of the surrounding circumstances, which suggests that the corroboration rule is evidentiary and not constitutionally based.
¶17 The Smith Court also noted that, although its application was later expanded, the corroboration requirement was given limited application at its inception, applying only to serious crimes of violence, which were at the time capital offenses. 348 U.S. at 153-54. This limitation is an additional indication that the corroboration requirement was not constitutionally based; had it been a constitutional limitation, it would have applied across the board at its inception.
¶18 Nine years later, in Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S. Ct. 407, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441 (1963), the Court reiterated that the corroboration requirement was judicially, not constitutionally, created, stating:
It is a settled principle of the administration of criminal justice in the federal courts that a conviction must rest upon firmer ground than the uncorroborated admission or confession of the accused. We observed in [Smith, 348 U.S. at 153], that therequirement of corroboration is rooted in “a long history of judicial experience with confessions and in the realization that sound law enforcement requires police investigations which extend beyond the words of the accused.”
Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 488-89 (footnote omitted).
¶19 And the federal courts have continued to recognize that the corroboration rule is not constitutionally based. In Lopez-Alvarez, the court stated that the corroboration standard arose “from the high incidence of false confessions and the resulting need to prevent ‘errors in convictions based upon untrue confessions alone,’ ” and from “the belief that ‘a system of criminal law еnforcement which comes to depend on the “confession” will, in the long run, be less reliable and more subject to abuses than a system which depends on extrinsic evidence independently secured through skillful investigation.’ ” 970 F.2d at 589 & n.5 (quoting Warszower, 312 U.S. at 347; Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 488-89, 84 S. Ct. 1758, 12 L. Ed. 2d 977 (1964)). It further stated that the Court had established this approach in Wong Sun. Lopez-Alvarez, 970 F.2d at 591 (citing Wong Sun, 371 U.S. 471). But it also noted that the Smith Court held there could be circumstances where independent corroboration was not required because the circumstances of the admission were sufficient to establish its reliability absent this proof. Lopez-Alvarez, 970 F.2d at 589 n.6.
¶20 Additionally, in In re Application of Aschmeller, 403 F. Supp. 983 (D.S.D. 1975), aff’d, 534 F.2d 830 (8th Cir. 1976), the court stated:
The requirement of cоrroboration of an extrajudicial confession of the accused or the corpus delicti rule has never been termed a constitutional requirement. [United States] ex rel. Hayward v. Johnson, 508 F.2d 322, 330 (3rd Cir.[ ]) (n. 28 citing Smith[, 348 U.S. at 152-53]), cert. denied 422 U.S. 1011 [(1975)]. Additionally, it should be noted that the requirement of corroboration of the testimony of an accomplice is not a constitutional right. Johnson v. Turner, 429 F.2d 1152, 1155 (10th Cir. 1970); Lee v. Henderson, 342 F.Supp. 561, 566 (W.D.N.Y.1972); Wampler v. Warden, Maryland Penitentiary, 224 F.Supp. 37, 40 (D.Md.1963). The requirement of corroboration in both cases focuses upon the inherently suspect and untrustworthy nature of the respective forms of evidence. Neither has been constitutionally required, however, and a violation of either rule does not raise a question cognizable in a habeas corpus hearing.
¶21 Thus, case law weighs heavily against the trial court’s conclusion here that corroboration was a federal constitutional requirement.8
¶22 We conclude that the independent evidence or corroboration requirement is not constitutionally based and that there is no constitutional impediment to admitting a defendant’s statements found trustworthy under
¶23 Dow argues that, although the legislature clearly intended to adopt the Opper standard, because
¶24 Assuming arguendo that the corpus delicti rule is grounded in due process principles,
¶25 I agree with both my learned colleagues. The corpus delicti rule is not constitutionally based, and it addresses both admissibility and sufficiency of evidence.
¶26 In this case, it is premature to dismiss. On remand, the trial court should consider admissibility of the confession as set forth in the majority. The defense may file a Knapstad motion, and the trial court should consider in that context whether independent proof of a corpus delicti exists. State v. Knapstad, 107 Wn.2d 346, 729 P.2d 48 (1986). In spite of the State’s concessions in the record, the proper place to address these or other deficiencies in the State’s case is at such a Knapstad hearing. Thus, I would hold that the dissent’s call for dismissal comes too soon.
¶27 Accordingly, we reverse and remand for the trial court to apply each of the factors set out in
¶28 Penoyar, J. (concurring) — I concur in the reasoning and the result of the majority. I also agree with the dissent, however, that a conviction cannot stand unless the State establishes a corpus delicti that a crime has occurred, independent from any confession. Thus, the fact that a confession may be admissible under
Notes
A person is guilty of child molestаtion in the first degree when the person has, or knowingly causes another person under the age of eighteen to have, sexual contact with another who is less than twelve years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least thirty-six months older than the victim.
The State conceded this issue.
Dow does not сhallenge the voluntariness of his statements or their admissibility under CrR 3.5.
RAP 2.2(b) provides in relevant part:
[T]he State or a local government may appeal in a criminal case only from the following superior court decisions and only if the appeal will not place the defendant in double jeopardy:
(2)... A pretrial order suppressing evidence, if the trial court expressly finds that the practical effect of the order is to terminate the case.
“The choice, interpretation, or application of a statute to a set of facts is a matter of law reviewed de novo.” State v. Law, 110 Wn. App. 36, 39, 38 P.3d 374 (2002).
See State v. Johnson, 115 Wn. App. 890, 897, 64 P.3d 88 (2003).
Division One of this court noted in C.D.W. that the conclusion that corpus delicti is not constitutionally based “finds [additional] support in the fact that the federal courts themselves have replaced the requirement that the elements of the corpus delicti be independently corroborated with a less stringent corroboration rule.” 76 Wn. App. at 763 (citing Opper, 348 U.S. 84; Landsdown v. United States, 348 F.2d 405, 409 (5th Cir. 1965)).
Although Dow briefly mentions the state constitution, he appears to concede that the due process standards are the same under thе federal and state constitutions. See State v. Fortune, 128 Wn.2d 464, 475, 909 P.2d 930 (1996) (in absence of argument, we will construe the state due process clause consistently with the federal due process clause). Accordingly, we have addressed only the federal due process issue.
We note that the lenient corpus delicti requirements of
We note that, on this record, the trial court could have dismissed the charge for insufficient evidence under Knapstad, 107 Wn.2d 346; that issue is not before us. In finding of fact 3, the trial court specifically found that the only evidence against Dow was his statement; and in finding of fact 6, it found that the statement was ultimately exculpatory rather than sufficient to support a conviction. The State does not challenge these findings, and they are verities on appeal. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d at 343. These findings clearly establish that the trial court could have dismissed the case without prejudice under Knapstad. But the record also shows that because the State objected that it had not had the opportunity to present all the relevant evidence at the corpus delicti hearing, the trial court did not decide the motion to dismiss under Knapstad. Therefore, where the trial court did not decide the Knapstad motion because the State contended that it had not had sufficient time to respond, we do not address Dow’s alternate motion to dismiss under Knapstad.
State v. Knapstad, 107 Wn.2d 346, 729 P.2d 48 (1986).
Dissenting Opinion
¶29 (dissenting) — I respectfully dissent. Although I agree with the majority that the corpus delicti rule does not derive from the constitution, its purpose is to ensure that sufficient evidence supports criminal conviction.
¶30 The majority opinion at page 978 states, “The corpus delicti rule is an evidentiary rule that establishes the foundational requirements for admitting a defendant’s statements or admissions.” But the corpus delicti rule does not merely set a standard for the admission of statements into evidence; it establishes that an uncorroborated confession is insufficient evidence to sustain a conviction as a matter of law unless independent proof shows that a crime occurred. State v. Aten, 130 Wn.2d 640, 655, 927 P.2d 210 (1996); see also 1 John William Strong, McCormick on Evidence § 145, at 525 (5th ed. 1999) (“There is no justification for treating the rule as one related to admissibility of defendant’s admissions; the requirement should be only one of evidence sufficiency.”).
¶31 “Corpus delicti” means “ ‘body of the crime’ ” and prevents convictions for crimes that never occurred. Aten, 130 Wn.2d at 655 (quoting 1 John William Strong, McCormick on Evidence § 145, at 557 (4th ed. 1992)). The corpus delicti rule requires proof of (1) an injury or loss and (2) a criminal act that caused it. City of Bremerton v. Corbett, 106 Wn.2d 569, 573-74, 723 P.2d 1135 (1986). Our Supreme Court articulated this standard in Aten, 130 Wn.2d at 656 (quoting State v. Meyer, 37 Wn.2d 759, 763-64, 226 P.2d 204 (1951)):
“The confession of a person charged with the commission of a crime is not sufficient to establish the corpus delicti, but if there is independent proof thereof, such confession may then be considered in connection therewith and the corpus delicti established by a combination of the independent proof and the confession.”
And our courts continue to follow the Aten rule to require independent evidence corroborating confessions. See, e.g., State v. Baxter, 134 Wn. App. 587, 596, 141 P.3d 92 (2006); State v. Rooks, 130 Wn. App. 787, 802, 125 P.3d 192 (2005), review denied, 158 Wn.2d 1007 (2006).
¶32
¶33 Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court but on different grounds. Therefore, I dissent.
Review granted at 164 Wn.2d 1007 (2008).