261 Conn. 730 | Conn. | 2002
Opinion
The defendant, Richard Dorans, appeals
The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. On November 30, 1998, the victim, John Cahoon, and the defendant both were employed as electricians by the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics in Groton (Electric Boat). On that day, both the defendant and the victim worked the second shift, which began at 3:30 p.m. and ended at 1:30 a.m., with a twenty minute meal break at 8 p.m. At this time, the defendant was forty-one years old, six feet three inches tall and 240 pounds.
At approximately 8 p.m., the defendant and the victim, along with a number of other second shift employees, took their break in a locker room (room) designated for such breaks. The room had a concrete floor, several rows of steel lockers, two tables and several chairs. During the break, certain employees initiated a conversation concerning layoffs.
In order to exit the room, however, the victim was required to walk by the table at which the defendant was seated. As the victim attempted to exit the room, the defendant sprung to his feet and struck the victim twice in the head. The first blow was delivered with such force that it knocked the victim’s hard hat and safety glasses off his head and caused the victim to fall to one knee. The second powerful blow,
Believing that the defendant was preparing to strike the victim again, the shift supervisor, Ronald Poole, ran to separate the defendant from the victim and directed the defendant to sit down, which he did. Another employee telephoned for an ambulance. Two other
Upon arrival at the hospital, the victim initially was evaluated by emergency room personnel, who decided to discharge the victim after assessing his condition. The victim’s condition soon deteriorated, however, and he lost consciousness before being discharged. He then was treated by Joel Abramovitz, a neurosurgeon. A CT
At trial, Abramovitz testified about the nature and extent of the victim’s injuries. On direct examination, Abramovitz concluded with reasonable medical certainty that blunt force trauma to the victim’s head was the cause of the intracerebral hemorrhage and hematoma, which, in turn, caused the victim to experience intracranial pressure. On cross-examination, Abramovitz acknowledged that an examination of the victim’s brain that was performed in connection with the victim’s autopsy revealed that the victim had suffered from amyloid angiopathy*
Malka B. Shah, a forensic pathologist and one of the state’s associate medical examiners, performed an autopsy on the victim. Shah testified that the cause of the victim’s death was the hemorrhage, which was the result of trauma to the victim’s head. In addition, Dean Uphoff, a neuropathologist and consultant to the state medical examiner’s office, testified that, although the victim suffered from amyloid angiopathy, the cause of the victim’s intracerebral hemorrhage was blunt force trauma.
I
The defendant first claims that the trial court’s instructions on the element of proximate cause violated his due process right to a fair trial. Specifically, he
The following relevant portions of the trial court’s instructions are relevant to our review of the defendant’s claim. With respect to the element of proximate cause, the trial court instructed the jury as follows: “[An] essential element of the crime of manslaughter ... is that the defendant’s conduct caused the death of another person, [the victim]. The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant caused the death of [the victim]. Proximate cause does not necessarily mean the last act of cause or the act in point of time nearest to the death. The concept of . . . proximate cause incorporates the notion that an accused may be charged with a criminal offense even though his acts were not the immediate cause of the death. An act or omission to act is a proximate cause of death when it substantially and materially contributes in a natural and continuing sequence unbroken by an efficient intervening cause to the resulting death. It is a cause without which the death would not have occurred and a predominating cause, a substantial factor from which the death following is a natural, direct and immediate consequence. It does not matter whether this particular kind of harm that results in the defendant’s act be intended by him. When the death allegedly caused by the defendant’s conduct is a foreseeable and natural result of that conduct, the law considers the chain of
“Every person is held to be responsible for the natural consequences of his acts, and if he commits the alleged striking and death following it, it does not alter its nature or diminish its criminality to produce or cause to produce a reason. A defendant’s criminal liability is not lessened because of a preexisting medical condition of an alleged victim. A defendant takes a victim as he finds him. In this case, as part of your consideration of the question of proximate cause, you must also consider the doctrine of efficient intervening cause.
“Here the defendant claims that his conduct was not the proximate cause of the victim’s death because there was an efficient intervening cause that was the proximate cause of death. This doctrine refers to a situation in which the defendant’s conduct is a cause in fact of the victim’s death. That is, the victim would not have died but for the defendant’s conduct but, nonetheless, some other circumstance occurred and that other circumstance does more than supply a concurring or contributing cause of the death, but is, itself, unforeseeable and sufficiently powerful in its effect that it serves to relieve the defendant of the criminal responsibility for his conduct. In such a case, the defendant’s conduct is not the proximate cause of the victim’s death.
“Thus, the doctrine of efficient intervening cause serves as a dividing line between two closely related factual situations. One, where two or more acts or forces, one of which was set in motion by the defendant, combined to cause the victim’s death, in which case the doctrine will not reheve the defendant of criminal responsibility, and two, where an act or force intervenes in such a way as to relieve a defendant, whose conduct contributed in fact to the victim’s death, from responsi
“It is a question of fact for you the jury to resolve, whether the alleged circumstances constitute a concurring or contributing cause, in which case the defendant will not be relieved of criminal responsibility, or an efficient intervening cause, in which case he will be so relieved. I remind you that the burden remains on the state to prove the defendant’s conduct was the proximate cause of the victim’s death, as I have just explained proximate cause to you.” (Emphasis added.)
Because the crime of manslaughter in the second degree requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant “recklessly cause [d] the death of [the victim]”; General Statutes § 53a-56 (a) (1); the trial court instructed the jury on the meaning of recklessness in accordance with General Statutes § 53a-3 (13).
“The standard of conduct of a reasonable person in the same situation as the defendant is the doing of something which a reasonably prudent person would do under the circumstances or omitting to do what
The defendant first maintains that the court’s statement, “[a] defendant takes a victim as he finds him,” improperly suggested to the jury that it was free to disregard the defendant’s claim that, because the victim suffered from amyloid angiopathy, his death was not a foreseeable consequence of the defendant’s conduct. The defendant also raises the related claim that the challenged language was misleading in regard to the element of recklessness because it suggested to the jury that, in determining whether the defendant had acted with an awareness of the requisite risk, it could make that determination without regard to the fact that the defendant was unaware that the victim suffered from amyloid angiopathy.
“Our analysis begins with a well established standard of review. When reviewing the challenged jury instruction . . . we must adhere to the well settled rule that a charge to the jury is to be considered in its entirety, read as a whole, and judged by its total effect rather than by its individual component parts. . . . [T]he test of a court’s charge is not whether it is as accurate upon legal principles as the opinions of a court of last resort but whether it fairly presents the case to the jury in such a way that injustice is not done to either party under the established rules of law. ... As long as [the instructions] are correct in law, adapted to the issues and sufficient for the guidance of the jury ... we will
“To prove causation, the state is required to demonstrate that the defendant’s conduct was a proximate cause of the victim’s death—i.e., that the defendant’s conduct contributed substantially and materially, in a direct manner, to the victim’s injuries and that the defendant’s conduct was not superseded by an efficient intervening cause that produced the injuries. . . . Proximate cause in the criminal law does not necessarily mean the last act of cause, or the act in point of time nearest to death. The concept of proximate cause incoiporates the notion that an accused may be charged with a criminal offense even though his acts were not the immediate cause of death. An act or omission to act is the proximate cause of death when it substantially and materially contributes, in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by an efficient, intervening cause, to the resulting death. It is the cause without which the death would not have occurred and the predominating cause, the substantial factor, from which death follows as a natural, direct and immediate consequence. . . . It is unnecessary for proximate cause purposes that the particular kind of harm that results from the defendant’s act be intended by him. In many situations giving rise to criminal liability, the harm that results is unintended, yet is directly or indirectly caused by an act of the defendant. In such cases, where the death or injury caused by the defendant’s conduct is a foreseeable and natural result of that conduct, the law considers the chain of legal causation unbroken and holds the defendant criminally responsible. . . . The defendant’s conduct need not be the predominating cause or the substantial factor in bringing about the victim’s injuries, [as] long as his conduct was a cause that necessarily set in operation the factors that accomplish the injury.”
“The doctrine of intervening cause . . . refers to a situation in which the defendant’s conduct is a ‘but for’ cause, or cause in fact, of the victim’s injury, but nonetheless some other circumstance subsequently occurs—the source of which may be an act of the victim, the act of some other person, or some nonhuman force—that does more than supply a concurring or contributing cause of the injury, but is unforeseeable and sufficiently powerful in its effect that it serves to relieve the defendant of criminal responsibility for his conduct. . . . Thus, the doctrine serves as a dividing line between two closely related factual situations: (1) where two or more acts or forces, one of which was set in motion by the defendant, combine to cause the victim’s injuries, in which case the doctrine will not relieve the defendant of criminal responsibility; and (2) where an act or force intervenes in such a way as to relieve a defendant, whose conduct contributed in fact to the victim’s injuries, from responsibility, in which case the doctrine will apply. . . . Furthermore, in a case in which the evidence, viewed in favor of the defendant, justifies an instruction on the doctrine of intervening cause ... it will ordinarily be a question of fact for the jury, to be resolved pursuant to appropriate
Finally, under our Penal Code, “[a] person acts ‘recklessly’ with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that disregarding it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation . . . .” General Statutes § 53a-3 (13).
Upon application of the foregoing principles, we are persuaded that the challenged portion of the court’s instructions, when considered in the broader context of the court’s otherwise accurate and thorough charge, was not likely to have misled the jury regarding either the element of proximate cause or the element of recklessness. The trial court’s statement that “[a] defendant takes a victim as he finds him” was intended to underscore the principle that, if the evidence established that the defendant’s conduct was a “but for” cause of the victim’s death, the state was not also required to prove that the defendant’s conduct was the sole or even most immediate cause of death.
To be sure, the jury reasonably could have interpreted the challenged language, when considered in isolation from the remainder of the charge, as suggesting that the victim’s preexisting condition, namely, amyloid angiopathy, was irrelevant to a determination of the cause of the victim’s death or whether the defendant
II
The defendant next contends that the evidence adduced at trial did not warrant an instruction by the trial court regarding the limitation on the use of deadly physical force by an accused who claims to have acted
At trial, the defendant claimed, pursuant to General Statutes § 53a-19,
The defendant’s claim is belied by a review of the evidence adduced at trial. That evidence established that the defendant was approximately fifty pounds heavier, seven inches taller and over twenty years younger than the sixty-three year old victim. The victim apparently was caught off guard by the two blows, the first of which was delivered with such force that it knocked the victim’s hard hat and safety goggles off his head and caused him to fall to one knee. Two eyewit
Ill
The defendant also contends that the state’s evidence was insufficient to establish the element of recklessness.
IV
The defendant next contends that the trial court faded to conduct an adequate hearing on his claim of possible
The following additional facts are relevant to our resolution of this issue. After the jury returned its verdict and prior to sentencing, the defendant filed a motion for a new trial, alleging that he had received information that one of the jurors, B.B.,
The evidence adduced at the hearing indicated that B.B.’s husband had been involved in a postretirement dispute with the same union to which the defendant belonged.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the defendant claimed that the evidence raised questions as to B.B.’s impartiality. The defendant further claimed that, in light of the evidence presented at the hearing, B.B.’s testimony was necessary to the resolution of those questions. The trial court disagreed with both of the defendant’s claims, concluding that the evidence adduced at the hearing did not support any basis for inferring that B.B. might have been biased against the defendant or that she otherwise might not have been a fair and impartial juror. The court therefore denied the defendant’s request for permission to call B.B. to testify at the hearing and his motion for a new trial.
“The law relating to alleged juror misconduct is well settled. Jury impartiality is a core requirement of the right to trial by jury guaranteed by . . . the sixth amendment to the United States constitution. . . .
“To ensure that the jury will decide the case free from external influences that might interfere with the exercise of deliberate and unbiased judgment ... a trial court is required to conduct a preliminary inquiry, on the record, whenever it is presented with information tending to indicate the possibility of juror misconduct or partiality. . . . We previously have instructed that the trial court should consider the following factors in exercising its discretion as to the form and scope of a preliminary inquiiy into allegations of jury misconduct: (1) the criminal defendant’s substantial interest in his constitutional right to a trial before an impartial jury; (2) the risk of deprivation of the defendant’s constitutional right to a trial before an impartial jury, which will vary with the seriousness and the credibility of the allegations of jury misconduct; and (3) the state’s interests of, inter alia, jury impartiality, protecting jurors’ privacy and maintaining public confidence in the jury system.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Feliciano, 256 Conn. 429, 447-48, 778 A.2d 812 (2001).
“Furthermore, we determined that [although the form and scope of such an inquiry he within a trial court’s discretion, the court must conduct some type of inquiry in response to allegations of jur[or] misconduct. That form and scope may vary from a preliminary inquiry of counsel, at one end of the spectrum, to a full evidentiary hearing at the other end of the spectrum, and, of course, all points in between. Whether a preliminary inquiry of counsel, or some other limited form of
“Any assessment of the form and scope of the inquiry that a trial court must undertake when it is presented with allegations of [juror bias or] misconduct will necessarily be fact specific. No one factor is determinative as to the proper form and scope of a proceeding. It is the trial court that must, in the exercise of its discretion, weigh the relevant factors and determine the proper balance between them. . . . Consequently, the trial court has wide latitude in fashioning the proper response to allegations of juror bias. . . . We [therefore] have limited our role, on appeal, to a consideration of whether the trial court’s review of alleged jury misconduct can fairly be characterized as an abuse of its discretion. . . . Although we recognize that trial [c]ourts face a delicate and complex task whenever they undertake to investigate reports of juror misconduct or bias . . . we nevertheless have reserved the right to find an abuse of discretion in the highly unusual case in which such an abuse has occurred. . . . Ultimately, however, [t]o succeed on a claim of [juror] bias the defendant must raise his contention of bias from the realm of speculation to the realm of fact. . . . Finally, when . . . the trial court is in no way responsible for the alleged juror misconduct, the defendant bears the burden of proving that the misconduct actually occurred and resulted in actual prejudice.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Feliciano, supra, 256 Conn. 448-49.
We conclude that the defendant has failed to establish either that the trial court abused its discretion in precluding the defendant from calling B.B. to testify at
V
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly granted the state’s motion in limine through which the state sought to preclude the defendant from impeaching one of the state’s witnesses with evidence of prior felony convictions. We disagree.
The following additional facts are necessary to our review of this claim. Robert Perkins, a coworker of
Prior to the presentation of the state’s case-in-chief, the state made a motion in limine seeking to preclude the defendant from cross-examining Perkins about Perkins’ prior felony convictions. Perkins had three prior felony convictions, all of which were for breaking and entering and larceny. Two of Perkins’ convictions dated back to 1961, and the third dated back to 1965.
The principles governing our review of the defendant’s claim are well established. “The credibility of a witness may be attacked by introducing the witness’ conviction of a crime if the maximum penalty for that conviction is imprisonment exceeding one year. See
As the defendant asserts, the crimes underlying Perkins’ convictions are probative of lack of honesty. State v. Askew, supra, 245 Conn. 363-64. We agree with the state, however, that the probative value of Perkins’ convictions is minimal, if not negligible, in view of the long span of time between the convictions
VI
The defendant’s final claim is that the trial court improperly permitted the state to introduce into evidence a photograph of the victim for the purpose of demonstrating his size and physical condition. Specifically, the defendant contends that the probative value
“Before addressing the merits of the defendant’s [claim], we . . . set forth the well established principles that govern our analysis of those claims. This court has consistently held that photographic evidence is admissible where the photograph has a reasonable tendency to prove or disprove a material fact in issue or shed some light upon some material inquiry. . . . [Moreover] [t]here is no requirement . . . that a potentially inflammatory photograph be essential to the state’s case in order for it to be admissible; rather, the test for determining the admissibility of the challenged evidence is relevancy and not necessity. . . . Thus, although irrelevant evidence of [an inflammatory] character is inadmissible, [t]he [state], with its burden of establishing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, is not to be denied the [ability] to prove every essential element of the crime by the most convincing evidence it is able to produce. . . . Accordingly, [a] potentially inflammatory photograph may be admitted if the court, in its discretion, determines that the probative value of the photograph outweighs the prejudicial effect it might have on the jury. . . . Furthermore, a trial court has broad discretion in weighing the potential prejudicial effect of a photograph against its probative value. . . . On appeal, we may not disturb . . . [the trial court’s] finding absent a clear abuse of discretion.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Satchwell, 244 Conn. 547, 574-75, 710 A.2d 1348 (1998).
The defendant does not dispute that the victim’s height, weight, age and physical condition were relevant to the contested issues of whether the defendant acted recklessly when he delivered the blows that led to the victim’s death and whether the defendant was acting in self-defense when he struck the victim. Nor does the defendant dispute that the photograph accurately depicts those characteristics of the victim. Thus, the defendant does not challenge the relevancy of the photograph. The defendant contends, rather, that the photograph was so likely to evoke sympathy for the victim that the trial court reasonably could not have concluded that its probative value was outweighed by its prejudicial effect.
The defendant cannot prevail on his claim. Although the photograph depicts the victim and his wife with a beach in the background, there is nothing particularly provocative or inflammatory about the scene. The fact that the victim appears in a relaxed and happy pose with his wife simply does not, without more, render the photograph unfairly prejudicial. Moreover, efforts were made to limit any potential, albeit minimal, prejudice that might have flowed from the admission of the photograph. Specifically, when the state’s attorney published the photograph to the jury, he explained that it “generally [depicts the victim] as he appeared in terms of size, weight and other physical characteristics at the time of his death.” Thereafter, the trial court told the jury that “the state’s attorney has indicated for you the
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
The defendant appealed to the Appellate Court, and we transferred the appeal to this court pursuant to General Statutes § 51-199 (c) and Practice Book § 65-1.
The trial corut sentenced the defendant to a term of seven years imprisonment, execution suspended after thirty months, and four years probation.
The defendant was charged with manslaughter in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-55 (a) (3). The jury, however, found the defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of manslaughter in the second degree.
General Statutes § 53a-56 (a) provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when: (1) He recklessly causes the death of another person . . . .”
The defendant also was described by witnesses as being very strong and muscular.
There had been a number of layoffs at Electric Boat, including several electricians, in the recent past.
The defendant’s “super seniority” status enabled him to retain his job at Electric Boat even when more senior employees were being laid off.
Under applicable safety regulations, hard hats and safety glasses are required to be worn in shipyard work areas.
One witness described the second blow as making a sound like “hitting a watermelon with a baseball bat.” Another witness characterized the blow as a “power slam.”
“CT” is an acronym for computed tomography, which is a method by which a three dimensional image of the internal organs or tissue of a person’s body is produced through computer analysis of a series of cross sectional scans made along a single axis of the subject. See generally 2 Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (D. Olendorf et al. eds. 1999) pp. 774^76.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a condition through which degeneration of certain cerebral arteries occurs by virtue of the formation of amyloid— a waxy, starch like substance consisting of proteins—in the walls of the cerebral arteries. 2 T. Harrison, Principles of Internal Medicine (14th Ed. 1998) p. 2344. The arteriolar degeneration associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy can result in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages. Id.
Walter Borden, a psychiatrist, testified for the defendant. After being presented with a hypothetical fact pattern based upon the nature and extent of the victim’s injuries, Borden opined that it was unlikely that the victim would have suffered significant brain damage. Borden also indicated that the hemorrhage that the victim experienced could have been spontaneous, i.e., not the result of trauma. It was apparent, however, based on Borden’s testimony, that he never had examined the victim. Furthermore, Borden acknowledged on cross-examination that he had not reviewed the autopsy report, the neurosurgeon’s report, or the victim’s CT scan.
See footnote 11 of this opinion.
General Statutes § 53a-3 provides in relevant part: “(13) A person acts ‘recklessly’ with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that disregarding it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation . . . .”
Of course, the victim’s preexisting condition was not irrelevant in light of the defendant’s claims that amyloid angiopathy, and not the blows delivered by the defendant, caused the victim’s death, and that the defendant, who was unaware that the victim suffered from a condition that caused him to be susceptible to intracranial bleeding, had not acted recklessly because the victim’s death was not a foreseeable consequence of the defendant’s conduct.
Because the challenged portion of the instruction, when delivered to a jury in a criminal case, may be misleading if viewed in isolation, we discourage its use in future criminal cases.
The defendant contends that the trial court’s instruction violated his rights under both the federal and state constitutions. Because the defendant has presented no independent state constitutional analysis, however, we limit our review to his claim under the federal constitution. See, e.g., State v. Eady, 249 Conn. 431, 435 n.6, 733 A.2d 112, cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1030, 120 S. Ct. 551, 145 L. Ed. 2d 428 (1999).
General Statutes § 53a-19 provides in relevant part: “(a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, a person is justified in using reasonable physical force upon another person to defend himself . . . from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of physical force, and he may use such degree of force which he reasonably believes to be necessary for such purpose; except that deadly physical force may not be used unless the actor reasonably believes that such other person is (1) using or about to use deadly physical force, or (2) inflicting or about to inflict great bodily harm.
“(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, a person is not justified in using deadly physical force upon another person if he knows that he can avoid the necessity of using such force with complete safety (1) by retreating, except that the actor shall not be required to retreat if he is in his . . . place of work and was not the initial aggressor ....
“(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, a person is not justified in using physical force when (1) with intent to cause physical injury or death to another person, he provokes the use of physical force by such other person, or (2) he is the initial aggressor
The trial court further charged the jury on self-defense as follows: “Great bodily harm is not limited by the definition of serious physical injury. It may encompass other acts of the victim. The term ‘great’ has its ordinary meaning and connotes a bodily harm that is harm and is substantially more than minor or inconsequential harm. The word ‘ordinary’ has its ordinary meaning. The words ‘about to use’ have their ordinary meaning and connote an act ready to take place or about to occur and not an act that is to take place at some unspecified future time.
“Now, just because I included that portion of [§] 53a-19 (a), which defines deadly physical force, and have just discussed deadly physical force, that does not mean that deadly physical force applies or does not apply to this case, for that, again, is solely for you to decide. If you find that deadly physical force is not applicable here, you must disregard that portion of these instructions on justification, self-defense concerning deadly physical force, and only determine whether or not reasonable physical force was or was not justified as I am also defining that here. As I said earlier, the defendant does not have to prove that he acted in self-defense, but if self-defense is raised in a case, and it has been raised here, then it is the state’s burden to disprove the defense beyond a reasonable doubt as that term has been defined for you.”
See footnote 14 of this opinion.
In reviewing a claim of evidentiary insufficiency, “[w]e apply a two-part test. First, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. Second, we determine whether upon the facts so construed and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom the [trier of fact] reasonably could have concluded that the cumulative force of the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. ... In this process of review, it does not diminish the probative force of the evidence that it consists, in whole or in part, of evidence that is circumstantial rather than direct. ... It is not one fact, but the cumulative impact of a multitude of facts which establishes guilt in a case involving substantial circumstantial evidence. . . .
“While the [trier of fact] must find every element proven beyond a reasonable doubt in order to find the defendant guilty of the charged offense, each of the basic and inferred facts underlying those conclusions need not be [proven] beyond a reasonable doubt. ... If it is reasonable and logical for the [trier] to conclude that a basic fact or an inferred fact is true, the [trier] is permitted to consider the fact proven and may consider it in combination
The defendant also claims a violation of his state constitutional right to a trial by an impartial jury; Conn. Const., art. I, § 8; but has failed to provide an independent analysis of his claim. Accordingly, we review only his claim under the federal constitution. See footnote 17 of this opinion.
We use the initials of the juror to protect the juror’s legitimate privacy interests. See, e.g., State v. Hodge, 248 Conn. 207, 229 n.25, 726 A.2d 531, cert. denied, 528 U.S. 969, 120 S. Ct. 409, 145 L. Ed. 2d 319 (1999).
As we indicated previously in this opinion, the defendant was a union steward.
The dispute apparently arose from a claim by the union that B.B.’s husband was continuing to work in the electrical trade subsequent to his retirement.
One of the witnesses who testified at the hearing indicated that he believed that B.B. had accompanied her husband to the union office, but acknowledged that he did not have personal knowledge that she did so.
Perldns apparently was sentenced to a maximum term of fourteen years imprisonment for his last conviction in 1965. It is unclear from a review of the record when Perkins was released from confinement in connection with that conviction but, even if we assume that he had served his entire sentence, he would have been eligible for release in 1979, twenty-two years before Perkins was called to testify in the present case. See Conn. Code Evid. § 6-7 (a) commentary (later of date of conviction or date of release from confinement imposed in connection with conviction relevant to determination of remoteness).
Section 6-7 (a) of the Connecticut Code of Evidence provides: “For the purpose of impeaching the credibility of a witness, evidence that a witness has been convicted of a crime is admissible if the crime was punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. In determining whether to admit evidence of a conviction, the court shall consider:
“(1) The extent of the prejudice likely to arise,
“(2) the significance of the particular crime in indicating untruthfulness, and
“(3) the remoteness in time of the conviction.”
General Statutes § 52-145 (b) provides: “A person’s interest in the outcome of the action or his conviction of crime may be shown for the purpose of affecting his credibility.”
Rule 609 (b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides in relevant part: “Evidence of a conviction ... is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction or of the release . . . from the confinement imposed for that conviction, whichever is the later date, unless the court determines, in the interests of justice, that the probative value of the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. ...”
“We have noted that this federal standard is not our own, but rather serves as a rough bench mark in deciding whether trial court discretion has been abused . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Carter, 228 Conn. 412, 431 n.19, 636 A.2d 821 (1994).
See footnote 27 of this opinion.
The defendant claims that the trial court improperly failed to consider the probative value of Perkins’ convictions and granted the state’s motion in limine solely on account of remoteness. To the contrary, the court expressly noted that, in making its ruling, it was required to balance the probative value of the convictions against their prejudicial effect.
Section 4-3 of the Connecticut Code of Evidence provides: “Relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or surprise, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
We note that the trial court did preclude the state from introducing into evidence another photograph with which the state sought to establish the victim’s size and physical condition. The excluded photograph depicted the victim posing wi1h five family members, including two children, in front of a mantle containing holiday cards and Christmas stockings. The court concluded that the admission of the photograph depicting the victim with his family in a holiday setting “would be prejudicial.”