*1 March 12, 2015 No. 8
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON STATE OF OREGON, Respondent on Review, v.
LAWRENCE BEN ALLEN DICKERSON, Petitioner on Review.
(CC MI092911; CA A147467; SC S062108) En Banc
On review from the Court of Appeals* Argued and submitted October 9, 2014, at La Grande High School, La Grande, Oregon.
Erik Blumenthal, Deputy Public Defender, Salem, argued the cause and filed the brief for petitioner on review. With him on the brief was Peter Gartlan, Chief Defender, Office of Public Defense Services.
Stephanie L. Striffler, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Salem, argued the cause and filed the brief for respondent on review. With her on the brief were Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Anna M. Joyce, Solicitor General.
BALDWIN, J.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the circuit court are affirmed. Defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal on the count of second-degree
criminal mischief, arguing that the state failed to prove that he had intention- ally damaged “property of another,” as that phrase is used in ORS 164.354. Specifically, he argued that wild deer do not become property until reduced to possession. The trial court denied defendant’s motion, a jury convicted defendant of second-degree criminal mischief and other crimes, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. Held: Wild deer are “property of another,” for purposes of ORS 164.354. The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the circuit court are affirmed. ________________ * Appeal from Deschutes County Circuit Court, Barbara Haslinger, Judge.
BALDWIN, J.
Oregon’s criminal mischief statute, ORS 164.354,
prohibits persons from intentionally damaging “property
of another.” The issue in this case is whether wild deer
are “property of another” for purposes of that statute.
*2
Defendant was convicted of second-degree criminal mis-
chief, ORS 164.354, after aiding and abetting his son to
shoot two state-owned deer decoys that they believed to be
deer. Defendant appealed his criminal mischief conviction,
arguing that the trial court had erred in denying his motion
for judgment of acquittal because wild deer do not become
property until reduced to physical possession. The Court of
Appeals affirmed defendant’s conviction.
State v. Dickerson
,
In reviewing a denial of a motion for judgment of
acquittal, we describe the relevant facts and all reasonable
inferences that may be drawn from those facts in the light
most favorable to the state.
State v. Walker
,
As a result of that incident, the state charged defen- dant with attempting to take a wildlife decoy, ORS 496.996 [1] ing of wildlife if: [1] ORS 496.996(1) provides that a person commits the crime of unlawful tak- and ORS 161.405; [2] use of unlawful hunting methods, ORS 498.002; [3] and second-degree criminal mischief, ORS 164.354. On the criminal mischief count, the information originally charged defendant with “unlawfully and inten- tionally damag[ing] a wildlife decoy [,] the property of The State of Oregon, by shooting the decoy in the head , the said defendant having no right to do so nor reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant has such right.” (Emphasis added.) At trial, the state pursued the theory that defen- dant had aided and abetted his son in shooting two deer decoys that belonged to the state and that defendant and his son had believed to be actual deer.
After the state had presented its evidence, defen- dant moved for a judgment of acquittal on all counts. On the criminal mischief count, defendant argued that no reason- able trier of fact could find that he had intended to damage a wildlife decoy. The court suggested that the state amend the charge to strike the references to the decoys, stating, “[Y]ou can strike what the property is, all that matters is that it’s something belonging to the State of Oregon, I think.” Defendant responded that, even if the charge were *3 so amended, the state had failed to prove that wild deer are “property of another” for purposes of the intent element of the criminal mischief statute. Specifically, he argued that wild deer may become property only after being reduced to physical possession. The state countered that all wildlife is the property of the sovereign and therefore is “property “(a) The person discharges a firearm or other hunting device, traps, or acts toward a wildlife decoy in any manner consistent with an unlawful tak- ing of wildlife; and
“(b) The wildlife decoy is under the control of law enforcement officials.” substantial step toward commission of the crime.” ORS 161.405(1). a crime when the person intentionally engages in conduct which constitutes a ORS 161.405 provides, in part, “A person is guilty of an attempt to commit [2] another in * * * hunting * * * any wildlife in violation of the wildlife laws or of any rule promulgated pursuant thereto.” ORS 498.002(1). ORS 498.002 provides, in part, “No person shall * * * hunt * * * or assist [3] believe that the person has such right, the person intentionally damages prop- degree criminal mischief if, “[h]aving no right to do so nor reasonable ground to erty of another[.]” ORS 164.354(1)(b). ORS 164.354 provides, in part, that a person commits the crime of second- [4] ORS 498.146, but that charge was dismissed before trial. [5] The state also charged defendant with spotlighting from a motor vehicle, 825 of another.” The trial court denied defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal. The state later moved to amend the information to strike the references to the decoys, and the court granted the motion, over defendant’s objection. Thus, the amended information charged defendant with second-degree criminal mischief on the ground that he had “unlawfully and intentionally damage[d] property of The State of Oregon, the said defendant having no right to do so nor reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant has such right.” [6] A jury thereafter found defendant guilty of all charges.
Defendant appealed his criminal mischief convic-
tion, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.
[8]
Dickerson
, 260
Or App at 81. In considering whether the state had proved
that defendant acted with intent to damage the “property
of another,” the court examined the text, context, and legis-
lative history of ORS 164.305(2), which defines the phrase
“property of another” for purposes of the criminal mis-
chief statute.
Dickerson
, 260 Or App at 83 (citing
State v.
Gaines
,
“ ‘Property of another’ means property in which anyone other than the actor has a legal or equitable interest that Defendant did not challenge that amendment on appeal. ORS 498.002. decoy, ORS 496.996 and ORS 161.405, or for using unlawful hunting methods, Defendant did not appeal his conviction for attempting to take a wildlife App at 83 n 4. defendant’s only argument on appeal was that wild deer are not the property of See Dickerson the state for purposes of the intent element of the crime. ed 2003) (discussing disparity between intended and actual result). As noted, , 260 Or challenge the criminal mischief conviction on the basis that no wild deer were to damage wild deer but instead damaged a wildlife decoy. Defendant did not damaged. See Substantial Criminal Law Wayne R. LaFave, 1 § 5.2(c), 348-50 (2d *4 Defendant’s conviction was based on the fact that his son had intended
the actor has no right to defeat or impair, even though the
actor may also have such an interest in the property.”
(Emphasis added.) Tracing the historical development of the
state’s interest in wildlife to determine whether it is a “legal
or equitable interest,” the court concluded that the state
has a “sovereign interest” in wildlife.
We allowed defendant’s petition for review to resolve
the question whether wild deer are “property of another,” as
that phrase is used in Oregon’s criminal mischief statute.
As a threshold matter, however, the state argues that we
need not reach that issue. Rather, the state contends that,
regardless whether wild deer are property of the state, a
rational trier of fact still could have found the essential ele-
ments of criminal mischief beyond a reasonable doubt.
See
State v. Hall
,
The state’s first argument—that defendant intended to shoot at decoys that were property of the state—relies on a different factual theory from that pursued by the state *5 at trial. At trial, the state consistently argued that defen- dant and his son had shot at two deer decoys that they had believed to be actual deer. For example, when defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal on the count of attempt- ing to take a wildlife decoy, he insisted that the state was required to prove that defendant knew that the decoys were decoys, not live deer. The trial court disagreed, reasoning that requiring the state to so prove would be “an absurd way to interpret [that] statute.” In moving for a judgment of acquittal on the count of use of unlawful hunting methods, defendant argued that he could not have hunted deer out- side the prescribed hours because no deer had actually been present. The prosecutor responded, “[T]hey’re hunting deer . I mean, that’s the circumstantial evidence in this case.” (Emphasis added.) During closing argument, the prosecutor argued that the evidence showed that defendant had posi- tioned his “vehicle to get the light on the decoy, to allow [his son] to hunt after hours and shoot what they believe are deer .” (Emphasis added.) On review, the state does not point to any evidence in the record that would support its alternative theory that defendant and his son intended to shoot decoys rather than live deer. Instead, the state speculates that a “trier of fact could conclude that defendant and his son, frus- trated after a fruitless day of hunting, shot at the decoys just for the sake of shooting * * * or even that they determined to engage in some target practice.” Because we conclude that the facts in the record do not support the state’s first alternative basis for affirmance, and further that the record might have developed differently had the state raised that theory below, we decline to exercise our discretion to affirm the judgment on that basis.
We likewise decline to affirm based on the state’s second argument—that a reasonable trier of fact could have found that defendant intended to shoot wild deer that did not belong to him and that he believed that he had no right to damage. The state argues that whether wild deer are property of the state is irrelevant because the state was not required to prove whose property defendant intended to damage. Rather, the state contends that, “[r]egardless of what exactly defendant believed he was shooting, and regardless of who as an abstract legal matter owns the thing that defendant believed he was shooting, the evidence sufficed to support an inference that defendant intention- ally shot something that he knew was not his, and that he believed he had no right to shoot.”
We disagree that that evidence is sufficient to sup- port a conviction for second-degree criminal mischief on that basis. Under ORS 164.354(1)(b), a person commits second-degree criminal mischief if, “[h]aving no right to do so nor reasonable ground to believe that the person has such right, the person intentionally damages property of another .” *6 (Emphasis added.) To the extent that the state argues that the jury needed to find only that defendant had aided and abetted his son in shooting at deer that his son believed that he did not have a right to shoot, the state reads out of the statute the requirement that defendant shot at “property of another”—a phrase that has a specific, statutorily pre- scribed meaning. To the extent that the state argues that the jury needed to find only that defendant intentionally had shot at deer that he believed did not belong to him, the state’s argument begs the question of whether wild deer are “property of another.” Defendant’s central argument is that wild deer are not the property of anyone until reduced to capture. For that reason, we find it necessary to resolve the issue whether wild deer are the property of another for pur- poses of the criminal mischief statute. Thus, we decline the state’s invitation to affirm the judgment below on an alter- native basis. See Outdoor Media Dimensions Inc. , 331 Or at 659-60 (appellate court may, in its discretion, affirm on alternate grounds).
We turn now to the question presented on review— whether wild deer are “property of another” for purposes of the criminal mischief statute. The state argues that wild deer are the property of the state and, thus, “property of another” as that phrase is used in ORS 164.354(1)(b). Defendant agrees that the state has a sovereign interest in wild animals but argues that a sovereign interest is regu- latory, not proprietary, in nature. He further argues that the legislature intended the phrase “property of another,” as used in the criminal mischief statute, to refer to more common types of property interests, rather than an interest held by the state by virtue of its sovereignty.
Because defendant’s argument presents an issue
of statutory interpretation, we consider the statute’s text,
context, and any relevant legislative history to discern the
meaning of “property of another” as intended by the legisla-
ture when it defined that term in ORS 164.305(2) and incor-
porated it as an element of the crime of criminal mischief in
ORS 164.354(1)(b).
Gaines
,
A person commits the crime of second-degree criminal mischief if, “[h]aving no right to do so nor reasonable ground to believe that the person has such right, the person inten- tionally damages property of another.” ORS 164.354(1)(b). “Property of another” means “property in which anyone other than the actor has a legal or equitable interest that the actor has no right to defeat or impair, even though the actor may also have such an interest in the property.” ORS 164.305(2).
The legislature did not define the terms “legal interest” or “equitable interest” as used in ORS 164.305(2). When the legislature does not provide a definition of a stat- utory term, we ordinarily look to the plain meaning of the statute’s text to determine what particular terms mean. Comcast Corp. v. Dept. of Rev. , 356 Or 282, 295, 337 P3d 768 (2014). Because “legal interest” and “equitable interest” *7 are legal terms, however, we give those terms their estab- lished legal meanings, consulting legal dictionaries as an aid in determining those meanings. See id. at 296 (noting that, “when a term is a legal one, we look to its ‘established legal meaning’ as revealed by, for starters at least, legal dic- tionaries”); Ann Sacks Tile and Stone, Inc. v. Dept. of Rev. , 352 Or 380, 386, 287 P3d 1062 (2012) (“When the words in a statute have a well-defined legal meaning, we use that meaning in interpreting the statute.”). At the time that the legislature enacted the current version of ORS 164.305(2), Black’s Law Dictionary defined an “interest” in property as “a right to have the advantage accruing from anything; any right in the nature of property, but less than title; a partial or undivided right; a title to a share.” Black’s Law Dictionary 950 (4th ed 1968). “Legal” was defined as “[p]roper or sufficient to be recognized by the law; cognizable in the courts; competent or adequate to fulfill the requirements of the law.” Id. at 1038. “Equitable” was defined as “[e]xist- ing in equity; available or sustainable only in equity, or only upon the rules and principles of equity.” Id. at 632. Although those dictionary definitions provide some guidance, they do not clearly identify the bounds of what constitutes a legal or equitable interest for purposes of determining whether the state’s sovereign interest in wildlife fits within those bounds.
However, the enactment history of ORS 164.305(2) is instructive. See State v. Ziska / Garza , 355 Or 799, 806, 334 P3d 964 (2014) (contextual analysis of statute may include prior versions of the statute). When ORS 164.305(2) was originally enacted in 1971, it defined “property of another” as “property in which anyone other than the actor has a possessory or proprietary interest.” Or Laws 1971, ch 743, § 141(2). In 1977, the legislature amended the stat- ute, removing the phrase “possessory or proprietary inter- est” and replacing it with the much broader phrase “legal or equitable interest that the actor has no right to defeat or impair, even though the actor may also have such an inter- est in the property.” Or Laws 1977, ch 640, § 1(2).
Defendant acknowledges that the 1977 amendments to ORS 164.305(2) broadened the definition of “property of another,” but he argues that the legislature did not intend to expand the definition beyond commonly recognized property ownership categories. Rather, he contends that the legisla- ture intended to broaden the definition to include only secu- rity interests. Our review of the legislative history confirms defendant’s contention that, when the legislature undertook to amend the definition of “property of another”—which is used in both the criminal mischief and the arson statutes— it intended, at least in part, to allow for certain prosecutions for arson. The prior definition of “property of another” did not encompass instances where a person burned his or her own residential or commercial property to collect insurance proceeds. For example, even where a lender held a security interest in a piece of property that a borrower burned, or a husband and wife shared an equitable interest in a piece of property that one of them burned, the state was unable, in *8 some instances, to prosecute the crime as arson, because those interests were not “possessory or proprietary” inter- ests. See, e.g. , Tape Recording, House Subcommittee on Judiciary, HB 2384, Mar 15, 1977, Tape 19, Side 1 (statement of James Ayers, State Police Arson Division) (explaining that prosecutors would not bring charges in cases where bank holds mortgage on piece of destroyed property, because bank was not an owner of that property); Tape Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, HB 2384, May 23, 1977, Tape 60, Side 1 (statement of Gary Rusher, Legal Counsel for Oregon Fire Chiefs Association) (describing proposed amendment to definition of “property of another” as addressing situation where husband and wife each have an equitable interest in property and one of them “torches” that property).
We disagree, however, with defendant’s assertion that the 1977 amendment to ORS 164.305(2) essentially redefined “property of another” to mean only that property in which a person other than the actor has a possessory, pro- prietary, or security interest. Nothing in the statutory text indicates that the legislature intended to limit the definition of “property of another” to those three specific categories. As this court has stated:
“The legislature may and often does choose broader lan-
guage that applies to a wider range of circumstances than
the precise problem that triggered legislative attention. * * *
When the express terms of a statute indicate such broader
coverage, it is not necessary to show that this was its con-
scious purpose. In the absence of an affirmative showing
that the narrower meaning actually was intended by the
drafters, we shall take the legislature at its word and give
[the term] its ordinary meaning.”
South Beach Marina, Inc. v. Dept. of Rev.
,
Our remaining inquiry, then, is whether the state’s sovereign interest in wild deer fits within the broad param- eters of the legislature’s amended definition of “property of another.” To answer that question, we consider Oregon’s common-law and statutory understanding of the nature of the state’s sovereign interest in wild animals. See State v. Pipkin , 354 Or 513, 526, 316 P3d 255 (2013) (noting that “context includes the preexisting common law and the stat- utory framework within which the law was enacted”) (inter- nal quotation marks omitted).
In
State v. Hume
, 52 Or 1, 5-6, 95 P 808 (1908),
this court adopted the English common-law view that prop-
erty rights in wild animals lie in the sovereign. The court
employed, as had courts in many other states, the metaphor
of a trust to describe the state’s interest in wildlife. The
court concluded that title to animals, “so far as that claim
is capable of being asserted before possession is obtained, is
held by the state, in its sovereign capacity in trust for all its
citizens[.]”
Id.
at 5;
see also Anthony et al. v. Veatch et al.
, 189
Or 462, 487,
Oregon codified the state’s property interest in wild-
life as section 39-201, Oregon Code 1930. That statute pro-
vided, in part, that wild animals “shall always and under
all circumstances be and remain the property of the state.”
Oregon Code, title XXXIX, ch II, § 39-201 (1930). That stat-
utory concept remained substantively the same until the
1973 Legislative Assembly enacted ORS 498.002—the cur-
rent statute declaring the state’s property interest in wild
animals.
See Simpson v. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife
, 242 Or
App 287, 300-02,
The dispositive issue, then, is whether the state’s
sovereign interest is a “legal or equitable interest,” such
that wild animals are “property of another” under ORS
164.305(2). Defendant argues that the state’s sovereign
“own” wild animals in the traditional sense of ownership and that the concept of
,
First, as discussed, the legislature has declared that “[w]ildlife is the property of the state.” ORS 498.002(1); see also Oregon Code, title XXXIX, ch II, § 39-201 (1930) (providing that wild animals “shall always and under all cir- cumstances be and remain the property of the state”). That declaration confirms that the state has a property interest in wildlife that is recognized by law.
Second, the state can obtain compensation for dam- age done to wildlife. See, e.g. , ORS 496.705 (providing that the state “may institute suit for the recovery of damages for the unlawful taking or killing of any of the wildlife referred to in subsection (2) of this section that are the property of the state”). The state’s ability to bring an action for damages to wildlife also indicates that its property interest in wildlife is recognized by law and that it is enforceable in courts of law.
Finally, as explained, Oregon courts have long used
the metaphor of a trust to describe the state’s sovereign
interest in wildlife.
Hume
,
Defendant argues that, even if the state has a legal or equitable interest in wildlife, the legislature did not intend for wildlife violations to be prosecuted under criminal laws of general applicability. He asserts that the comprehen- sive nature of Oregon’s wildlife code indicates a legislative intent to establish an administrative framework for regu- lating interactions between humans and wildlife. However, defendant cites no authority for the proposition that, in the absence of an explicit statement from the legislature, we may interpret the wildlife code to preclude criminal prosecu- tion for intentional damage to wildlife. Instead, the legisla- ture has broadened the criminal mischief statute to include damage intentionally done to any “property in which any- one other than the actor has a legal or equitable interest,” *12 without exception. ORS 164.305(2); ORS 164.354(1)(b). We therefore enforce that expressed intention.
In summary, when the legislature amended ORS 164.305(2) in 1977, it broadened the definition of “prop- erty of another.” We assume that, at the time of the 1977 amendment, the legislature was aware of its prior declara- tion that the state has a property interest in wildlife. See ORS 498.002(1) (so declaring). We also assume that the leg- islature was aware of the existing common law regarding the sovereign nature of that property interest. Because the state, as a trustee, holds a legal interest in wildlife, we con- clude that the state has a “legal * * * interest” in wildlife, as that phrase is used in ORS 164.305(2). We therefore con- clude that wild deer are “property of another,” for purposes of ORS 164.354 (1)(b) and ORS 164.305(2), and that the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal on the second-degree criminal mischief count.
The decision of the Court of Appeals and the judg- ment of the circuit court are affirmed.
that the state owns the property that is damaged. Under ORS 164.354(1)(b), it is sufficient that the state prove that the property damaged is “property of another.” We note that the state need not prove under the criminal mischief statute