Defendant appeals the sentence on his first degree theft conviction. ORS 164.055. We affirm the conviction and remand for resentencing.
Defendant was charged with embezzling $6,333.62 from his employer. He pled guilty to first degree theft and was sentenced to 42 months of incarceration, with a 14-month minimum sentence. Execution was suspended, and defendant was placed on five years probation, subject to several conditions. The only condition relevant to this appeal provides that defendant pay restitution of $7,282.62, together with interest on the unpaid balance at the rate of 9 percent per annum, commencing on execution of the restitution order. The principal sum includes the amount embezzled, plus $949 for accounting services necessary to determine the full extent of defendant’s theft.
Defendant assigns as error the imposition of interest. 1 He contends that a court’s sentencing authority exists solely by statutory grants of power and that there is no statutory authority to impose interest as part of an order to pay restitution.
ORS 137.103 to 137.109 defines the full extent of a court’s authority to order restitution. ORS 137.106(1) provides:
“When a person is convicted of criminal activities which have resulted in pecuniary damages, unless the presentence investigation report contains such a presentation, the district attorney shall investigate and present to the court, prior to or at the time of sentencing, evidence of the nature and amount of such damages. In addition to any other sentence it may impose, the court may order that the defendant make restitution to the victim.” (Emphasis supplied.)
ORS 137.103(2) defines pecuniary damages as:
*286 “* * * all special damages, but not general damages, which a person could recover against the defendant in a civil action arising out of the facts or events constituting the defendant’s criminal activities and shall include, but not be limited to, the money equivalent of property taken, destroyed, broken or otherwise harmed, and losses such as medical expenses and costs of psychological treatment or counseling.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The order to pay interest was proper only if interest would be recoverable as special damages in a civil action based on the same facts that gave rise to this case.
See State v. Dillon,
The most likely civil remedy for embezzlement is an action in conversion. In
Harris v. Cantwell,
“Special damages for loss of use are recoverable in a conversion action. Preble et al v. Hanna,117 Or 306 ,244 P 75 (1926); Singer v. Pearson-Page Co.,58 Or 526 ,115 P 158 (1911).”
Defendant’s criminal acts deprived his employer of the use of its money. In a civil case, interest awarded as special damage representing loss of use is proper from the time of the offense until judgment is entered. Interest after the entry of a final “judgment or decree” is an appendage to a judgment, not special damages authorized under ORS 82.010(3), but a restitution order is not a final “judgment or decree” subject to ORS 82.010(3). As a condition of probation, the restitution order is modifiable by the court at any time. ORS 137.540(6). The restitution order borrows from civil law only in that it limits the type and amount of restitution to what could be recovered as special damages in a civil suit against the defendant. It is not a quasi-civil recovery device. It is an aspect of criminal law.
State v. Dillon, supra,
In this case, the interest on the restitution order was not special damage but was to commence on execution of the order. In the absence of an agreement to pay, interest must expressly be authorized by statute.
Mayer/Kleinknecht v. Bassett,
Conviction affirmed; remanded for resentencing.
Notes
Defendant also challenges two other aspects of his sentence. First, he asserts that his mandatory minimum sentence is unconstitutionally disproportionate. His assertion is meritless.
See State v. Turner,