State v. Deuel

66 P. 1037 | Kan. | 1901

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Greene, J. :

The appeal in this case is from a judgment of conviction and sentence by the district court of Finney county for petit larceny. It is contended that the court below erred in refusing to give certain instructions; in giving others objected to by the appellant ; in overruling a motion for a new trial, and in rendering judgment and pronouncing sentence upon him.

i. statutory jurisdiction1of supieme court. The state resists the consideration of this cause by , this court on the ground that it has no appellate jurisdiction in misdemeanors. If this be true, the only judgment that could be remjered WOuld be a dismissal of the action. The argument is that section 1 of chapter 278, Laws of 1901-, does not confer on this court jurisdiction in appeals from conviction in misdemeanors, but provides that it shall not have jurisdiction of such cases. In so far as such act has any application to the question under consideration, it reads as follows r

“The supreme court may reverse, vacate and modify a judgment of a district court or other court, of record, except a probate court for errors appearing on the record and in the reversal of such judgment or order may reverse, vacate or modify any intermediate order involving the merits of the action or any portion thereof. The supreme court may also reverse, vacate or modify any of the following orders, of a district court or other court of record, or a judge thereof, except a probate court: (1) A final order. (2) An order that grants or refuses a continuance ; discharges, vacates or modifies a provisional remedy ; that grants, refuses, vacates or modifies an injunction ; that grants ■or refuses a new trial; or that confirms or refuses to confirm the report of a referee, or that sustains or ovei’rules a demurrer. (3) An order that involves the merits of an action or some part thereof, but shall have no jurisdiction unless the amount or value in controversy exclusive of cqsts in civil actions exceeds one hundred dollars and in misdemeanors. And in cases involving the tax or revenue laws, or the title to real estate, or an action for damages in which ■slander, libel, malicious prosecution or false imprisonment is declared upon, or the constitution of this state, or the constitution, laws or treaties of the United States, and when the judge of the district or superior court trying any case involving less than one hundred dollars shall certify to the supreme court that the case is one belonging to the excepted classes.” (Gen. Stat. 1901, §5019.)

The contention of the state is that the clause limiting the jurisdiction of this court in civil actions includes within it appeals from convictions in misdemeanors ; that it is a positive denial of the jurisdiction of this court in such cases.

The different subjects of subdivision 3 of said act are inaccurately arranged. The limitation placed upon the jurisdiction of this court in civil actions is «disconnected from its qualifying clauses by the words “and in misdemeanors,” without reference to the unity of the sentence, and the clause is abruptly -ended by a period before,the sentence is completed. The whole is ungrammatical and would be unintelligible were it not for certain well-known rules of construction. In the interpretation of a statute the object to be sought is the true intention of the legislature. This should be found in the language itsfelf, if possible, and the statute should be read and interpreted according to its grammatical sense, unless it is clear that its author intended something else. This, however, is only one rule of construction. If this fails, or if the act is so ungrammatical as not to make §ense, we should adopt some other. That part of the statute which causes trouble is not only ungrammatical, but it is illogical in its arrangement.

Mr. Sutherland, in, his work on Statutory Construction, section 260, says:

“Legislative enactments are not any more than any other writings to be defeated on account of mistakes, errors, or omissions, provided the intention of the legislature can be collected from the whole statute. . . . Where one word has been erroneously used for another, or a word omitted, and the context affords the means of correction, the proper word will be deemed substituted or supplied.”

In the interpretation of statutes, the court will arrange and substitute, if necessary, to make the meaning clear. (Hamilton v. Steamboat R. B. Hamilton, 16 Ohio St. 428; Allen v. Russell, 39 id. 336.)

In Shriedley v. State of Ohio, 23 Ohio St. 130, 140, and in Albright v. Payne, 43 id. 8, 1 N. E. 16, it was said that, “in construing a statute, punctuation may aid, but does not control unless other means fail; and in rendering the meaning of a statute, punctuation may be changed or disregarded.” This rule has been adopted in this state. (Brook v. Blue Mound, 61 Kan. 184, 59 Pac. 273; Landrum v. Flannigan, 60 id. 436, 56 Pac. 753.)

Another rule of interpretation is that other statutes inpari materia may be examined for the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the legislature. Our statutes have always provided for appeals in misdemeanors, if not to this court, to other courts of appeal, for which provisions have been made from time to time. Prior to 1895 our statutes provided for appeals in misdemeanors to this court. By chapter 96, Laws of 1895, the courts of appeals were created, and by section 9 of that act said courts were given exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases of misdemeanors. Immediately after the expiration of that court by limitation, the legislature passed the act in question, attempting to restore the jurisdiction of this court over some, if not all, the cases of which it had been deprived by the act of 1895. After the passage of the latter act, and until the passage of the act in question, this court did not exercise jurisdiction in appeals from conviction in misdemeanors ; in fact, in every instance where it had been attempted to invoke its jurisdiction in such cases it has been denied. This was the settled law when the act of 1901 was passed.

To support the contention of the state, that this act expressly provided that this court should not have jurisdiction in such cases, would be to charge the legislature with having enacted an absurdity. It must be presumed that the legislature knew what the law then was, and if did not intend to confer jurisdiction on this court, in appeals from convictions in misdemeanors, it would not have referred to the subject at all. The only reason that can be offered for its reference to misdemeanors in the act is to authorize an appeal in such cases to this court. We think that is what was intended by this act, and it may be so read without doing violence to the rules of interpretation or construction. By placing a period after the word “dollars,” and a comma after the word “misdemeanors,” the sentence would then read :

“An order that involves the merits of an action or some part thereof, but shall have no jurisdiction unless the amount or value in controversy exclusive of costs in civil actions exceeds one hundred dollars. And in misdemeanors, and in cases involving the tax or revenue laws, or the title to real estate,” etc.

This would make sense and express the evident intention of the legislature. The statute will be so read. The motion to dismiss is overruled.

2. immaterial vanance. The first assignment of error by appellant is that there was a- fatal variance between the information and proof, and that for this reason the court erred in not instructing the j ury to acquit the appellant. The charging part of the information is that the appellant and others “did then and there wilfully, intentionally, unlawfully and feloniously steal, take and carry away one certain G. W. Wells make, heavy, new cowboy saddle; then and there of the value of thirty-five dollars.” The proof was that, while the saddle had been well cared for, it had been in use about two years. This, it is claimed, did not meet the allegation that the article was a new saddle. This court cannot say, as matter of law, that there was a variance between the allegation and the proof. The word “new” is a comparative expression and, as applied to the article stolen, in its generally accepted sense, may have been correct. There are other terms used descriptive of the article stolen more definite than the word “new.” It is said in the information that the saddle stolen was a “heavy saddle,”a “cowboy saddle,” a “G. W. Wells make.” These words definitely describe the article alleged to Laye been stolen, and tbe proof corresponded with these descriptive words.

The court instructed the jury concerning the presumptions arising from the possession of recently •stolen property :

s incorrect-presumption “You are instructed that possession of the fruits ■of crime recently after its commission is prima facie ■evidence of guilty possession; and, if unexplained either by direct evidence or by the attending circumstances, or by the character and habits of life of the possessor or otherwise, it is taken as conclusive. Of course, it must be so recent after the time of the larceny as to render it morally certain that the possession could not have •changed hands since the larceny.”

This instruction cannot be sustained. Neither the ■possession nor unexplained possession of the fruits of a recent larceny is, as matter of law, conclusive evidence of the guilt of the possessor. They are facts which may be introduced in evidence, and it has been held by this court that, if the possession is immediate after the commission of the crime and unexplained, it is prima facie evidence of guilt, but nowhere have we been able to find an authority for saying, as matter of law, that it is conclusive. The unexplained pos•session of a subject of a recent larceny is prima facie evidence of the guilt of the accused, and is sufficient to authorize the jury in finding a verdict of guilty, but, as in all other circumstances, the jury is the exclusive judge of its conclusiveness.

Error is also predicated on the following instruction :

i. Previous good charactor. “You are further instructed that the evidence of previous good character is competent in favor of the party accused of a crime, as tending to show he would not be likely to commit the crime alleged against him ; and in this case, if you believe from the evidence that, prior to the commission of the alleged crime, the defendant had always borne a good character for honesty and a law-abiding citizen among his acquaintances, and in the neighborhood where he lived, then it is a fact proper to be considered by you, with all the other evidence in the case, in determining the question whether the witnesses who have testified to facts tending to criminate the defendant have been mistaken, or have testified falsely or untruthfully ; and if, after a proper consideration of all the evidence in the case, including that bearing upon his previous good character, you entertain any reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, then you should acquit him.”

The last part of the instruction is specific, and directs the attention of the jury to this character of evidence and its office. It was the evident intention of the court to inform the jury that when they should come to consider the question of whether the witnesses for the prosecution who testified to facts tending to criminate the defendant were mistaken or testified falsely, they might consider the evidence of previous good character; and that the evidence went only to the question of whether the witnesses for the prosecution were mistaken or wilfully falsified.

Evidence of previous good character is affirmative, and the better rule is that, in every prosecution where guilty knowledge or intention is of the essence of the crime, however conclusive the evidence of such guilt may appear, the defendant may introduce evidence of previous good character. Experience teaches us that one whose previous life has been one of rectitude and honesty is not likely to commit a crime. There are exceptions, but they are only exceptions. Evidence of previous good character goes to meet every phase of a case involving the guilty knowledge or intention of a defendant, and should be considered by the jury in determining whether it is probable that the defendant is guilty; nor is such evidence confined to refuting the case made by the state, but, as in this case, where the defendant takes the witness-stand in his own behalf, evidence of previous good character is most important, and it was highly proper that the jury should (and no doubt would, if permitted) consider this evidence in determining his credibility and the weight to be attached to his testimony. This instruction deprived the defendant of these rights and is erroneous.

The judgment of the court below is reversed,

Johnston, Smith, Ellis, JJ., concurring.