This is a criminal appeal in which defendant challenges a post-judgment order that lengthened his sentence on a failure to appear conviction from one to six months. We review for errors of law, ORS 138.220, and vacate the order and remand for further proceedings.
On December 3, 1997, defendant pleaded guilty to burglary in the first degree, ORS 164.225, and no contest to a charge of failure to appear in the first degree, ORS 162.205, both of which are felonies. The court convicted defendant on both counts and sentenced him to 21 months’ incarceration for burglary 1 and one-month incarceration for failure to appear. The sentences were imposed consecutively, for a total term of 22 months. 2 Both judgments committed defendant to the legal and physical custody of the Oregon Department of Corrections (ODOC). On December 22, 1997, the court entered a post-judgment order lengthening defendant’s failure to appear sentence to six months. Defendant argues on appeal that the trial court lacked authority to modify the sentence for two reasons: first, defendant’s sentence on that conviction had already been executed, thus divesting the trial court of modification authority; second, even if the court could modify the judgment, the court lacked authority to do so without holding a hearing and having defendant present.
As a threshold matter, the state urges that defendant’s claim of error is beyond our scope of review, relying on ORS 138.050. Upon a plea of guilty or no contest, ORS 138.050 limits appellate review to determining whether the sentence exceeds the maximum allowable by law or is cruel and unusual. The state, however, overlooks ORS 138.222(4)(a). That statute provides that in any appeal from a felony conviction, this court may review a claim that the court failed to comply with the requirements of law in imposing the sentence. Defendant’s challenges are in that category and, therefore, are within the scope of what we may consider.
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See State v. Perry,
Next, the state argues that defendant failed to preserve his claims below. The state’s argument is not well taken. The trial court entered the post-judgment order without holding a hearing and without having either the state or defendant present. As to defendant’s claim that he had a right to be present, that right, if it attaches, must be waived to be foregone. In other words, a defendant is not required affirmatively to assert the right to be present to preserve it; rather, the state must demonstrate that defendant waived his right to be present before the trial court may proceed without the defendant’s presence.
See generally State v. Harris,
As to defendant’s claim that the court lacked modification authority because the judgment had been executed, the issue is whether defendant should be expected to “preserve” that claim when the court failed to hold a hearing on the modification and defendant was not present. We conclude that ordinary preservation requirements simply do not apply to that circumstance. A party cannot be required to raise an objection contemporaneously with a trial court’s ruling or other action when the party was not on notice of the trial court’s intended action and had no opportunity to be present when the trial court acted. Nor is there any obvious procedural vehicle — let alone one available to a defendant as a matter of right — by which defendant could have raised his objections after the court entered the post-judgment modification. 3
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Turning to the merits, we have no difficulty concluding that the trial court erred in entering the modification order without a hearing and without having defendant present. A defendant’s right to be present when sentenced on a felony is both statutorily and constitutionally grounded.
Stacey v. State of Oregon,
Furthermore, because of the nature of the error, we are unwilling to deem it harmless, as the state urges we should. To be sure, the trial cocui; might have imposed the same sentence, notwithstanding defendant’s presence. But defendant had no opportunity to exercise his right to be heard generally or to raise legal or other objections to the sentence, such as his challenge to the trial court’s modification authority. Under those circumstances, the error cannot be said to be harmless.
See DeAngelo,
The remaining question is one of remedy. If, as defendant further argues, the trial cocui; lacked authority to modify the sentence, the trial court should reinstate the original judgment. Alternatively, if the trial court had that *243 authority, then the trial court may still exercise it, if it does so with defendant present.
A trial court’s power to modify a sentence ends when that sentence has been “executed.”
State ex rel O’Leary v. Jacobs,
The parties’ debate on which of the two sentences runs consecutive to the other is beside the point. The fact that one sentence is to be served consecutive to another does not mean that the judgment imposing that sentence remains “unexecuted” until the earlier sentence has been fully served. To the contrary, Oregon’s statutes provide for immediate execution of any sentence of incarceration. As soon as judgment is pronounced, the written judgment is to be entered “forthwith” into the register. ORS 137.170. A certified copy of the written judgment is similarly to be furnished “forthwith” to the officer charged with the duty to execute it. ORS 137.310(1). The defendant may immediately be arrested and *244 detained on the basis of that judgment, without further warrant or authority. ORS 137.310(1), (2). Implicit in that statutory scheme is that the officer charged with executing the judgment (i.e., delivering a defendant to the specified custodial authority) does so as soon a practicable after receiving a copy of the judgment. 4 Once the judgment is executed — that is, once the defendant is delivered to the custodial authority —the officer performing that duty must return confirming documentation to the clerk; that documentation is annexed to the trial court file to certify the fact of the execution. ORS 137.440.
Nothing in the statutes regarding execution of sentence and delivery of a defendant to custody distinguishes between consecutive, concurrent, or singular sentences. Regardless of the consecutive or nonconsecutive nature of sentences in a judgment, the statutes require that a defendant sentenced to imprisonment be delivered to the physical and legal custody of the proper authority and they provide that, once so delivered, the judgment of conviction is considered “executed” and the sentencing term has commenced. See ORS 137.310 to ORS 137.370. The significance of imposing sentences concurrently or consecutively is the effect on how the total term of confinement is computed. See ORS 137.370. Said another way, the fact that a defendant is not receiving credit for time in custody on a particular sentence is a function of how to compute the total time that the defendant is to remain incarcerated; it does not follow that the defendant is not in custody on a judgment imposing the sentence and ordering delivery to ODOC’s custody. 5
*245 Thus, when, as here, a defendant is sentenced to ODOC’s physical and legal custody, “execution” of the judgment occurs as soon as the defendant is physically delivered to ODOC. That is true regardless of whether the sentence is to be served consecutively to or concurrently with some other sentence also ordering defendant to ODOC’s custody. Ordinarily, execution of the judgment would happen promptly after the judgment is entered. Our difficulty in this case is that, because the trial court did not hold a hearing and the issue of the court’s modification authority was not, and reasonably could not have been, raised below, we lack any record to establish when defendant was delivered to ODOC’s custody. Nor does the trial court file transmitted for appeal contain a copy of a return and we do not know whether a return was later annexed to the file.
Consequently, we remand to the trial court to make the necessary determination. If defendant was delivered to ODOC’s legal and physical custody before the post-judgment order modifying the sentence was entered, the trial court should reinstate the prior judgment. If defendant had not then been delivered to ODOC’s custody, the trial court may conduct an appropriate hearing, with defendant present or his presence properly waived, to consider whether to modify the sentence.
Post-judgment sentence modification order vacated; remanded for further proceedings.
Notes
The burglary sentence also included 36 months of post-prison supervision.
In ordering the sentences to be served consecutively, each judgment cross-referenced the other using incorrect case numbers. On remand, the court should correct those errors.
The state argues that because defendant did not ask the trial court to correct its “erroneous term of judgment” pursuant to ORS 138.083, we should decline to review defendant’s claim of error. ORS 138.083 permits the parties to move to “correct arithmetic or clerical errors or to delete or modify any erroneous term in the judgment.” As the state itself asserts, the term of six months is not itself erroneous, if entered with modification authority. ORS 138.083 would seem inapplicable. Even if it applies, however, we are unwilling to require a defendant under these circumstances to invoke an after-the-fact discretionary remedy of that kind as a way of preserving a challenge to the court’s very authority to act.
The statutes recognize the possibility that a defendant committed to ODOC’s custody will first be delivered to another legal authority — e.g., to serve a countyjail sentence or to stand trial on other charges, perhaps in the same or another jurisdiction. See ORS 137.320(1), (2).
Although the issue has been implicated in prior cases, we previously have not had occasion to resolve whether imposition of one sentence consecutive to another precludes “finality” of the second sentence until a defendant begins to receive credit for time served on that sentence.
See State v. Hamlin,