State v. DavisState v. Davis
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- Before:
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The defendant appeals from judgments signed 11 August 1989, which judgments were based upon a jury verdict convicting the defendant of one violation of
The State’s evidence at trial tended to show the following: In mid-December, 1988, the victim visited some friends at their home in Charlotte, North Carolina. She stayed with them for three or four days. On one of these days, she met the defendant. On the evening of 17 December 1988, the defendant visited the victim and her friends on three separate occasions. First, he stopped by their home after he had finished working’ for the day. He returned a few hours later with his girlfriend. They sat around the house talking and drinking beer and wine for about an hour. The victim did not drink anything during this visit. Later, around 11:00 p.m., the defendant returned alone. He asked the victim if she would care to smoke some marijuana with him. She refused to do so in her friends’ home, but she accepted the defendant’s invitation to join him, his girlfriend, and his other friends at his house to smoke some marijuana.
When the defendant and the victim arrived at the defendant’s house, he introduced the victim to his mother and sister. They then went down into the defendant’s basement apartment where his friends were drinking beer and smoking pot and cocaine. The victim sat down on the couch and waited for the defendant and one of his friends to find some marijuana for her to smoke. They returned and the victim smoked some marijuana with them.
Later, the defendant’s friends began to leave. After some time, only the defendant, his girlfriend, and the victim remained.
Once inside his basement apartment, he placed the victim on the couch. She began to scream, but stopped when the defendant pulled out a gun. He then told her to be quiet and he would not hurt her. He locked the door. The victim begged the defendant to allow her to leave, but the defendant refused. One of the defendant’s friends, Ricky Parker, returned to the apartment and knocked on the door. When the defendant answered the door, the victim asked Mr. Parker for help. He refused. After Mr. Parker left, the defendant pointed the gun at the victim, told her to be quiet, and demanded that she remove her clothing. The victim complied with the defendant’s demands. The defendant then raped and sodomized the victim, first by vaginal intercourse, then by anal intercourse, and once again by vaginal intercourse. Afterwards, Mr. Parker returned to the apartment. The defendant told him that he was going to walk the victim back to her friends’ home. The victim asked Mr. Parker to join them, and he agreed to go along. The three of them left the apartment, stopped at a liquor store to see if the defendant could find his girlfriend, and then proceeded to the victim’s friends’ home. While in route, the defendant said to Mr. Parker, “Man, I believe I done [sic] fucked up this time.”
The State introduced into evidence, over strenuous objection, the testimony of three witnesses concerning two incidents of forcible sexual assault by the defendant against two females at the
defendant’s basement apartment on 27 May 1978. The testimony showed that the defendant, at age 14, was standing outside his apartment at approximately 8:00 p.m. when Patricia Harris, a fifteen-year-old girl and acquaintance of the defendant, walked past him on her way home from a friend’s house. The defendant tried to talk to Ms. Harris, and when she refused to talk with him, he grabbed her by the arm and pulled her towards the basement. Ms. Harris struggled with the defendant, but he continued to pull and drag her towards the basement. When they arrived at the basement, the defendant’s aunt called out to him. He loosened his grip, and Ms. Harris escaped. Later in the evening, the defendant, while playing in the street, began talking to an eleven-year-old girl, also an acquaintance of the defendant. The defendant grabbed her hand and told her to talk with him or he would hit her. He then made her walk with him down a bike trail, twisting her arm all the while. He then forced her to go with him to the basement. Upon their arrival, the defendant told her to take her clothes off. Once she did, the defendant raped her. As he raped her, two other males entered the basement. They held her down, and the defendant continued to rape her. Before the defendant had finished, a police officer arrived at the apartment and rescued the young girl from the assault. The officer took the defendant to a juvenile detention facility where he admitted his deeds to an investigator with the Charlotte Police Department. Though the defendant was never convicted of raping the eleven-year-old girl, he was imprisoned from 19 June 1978 until 7 August 1988 for conduct associated with these assaults. Ms. Harris, the police officer, and the investigator
At trial, over the defense counsel’s objections, the trial court allowed the defendant to call a witness, Ricky Parker, to testify on his behalf. The trial court did not reach its decision lightly. To allow the defendant the opportunity to make an informed decision, the trial court held a voir dire hearing of Mr. Parker out of the jury’s presence during which the defendant’s counsel examined Mr. Parker. Before the hearing, the defendant had been informed of his right to the last argument should he not put on any evidence. After the hearing, the trial court informed the defendant of the other consequences of calling Mr. Parker to testify before the jury, including the possibility that the jury would not believe his witness, his witness would be subject to cross-examination, and that on cross-examination the State could inquire as to his witness’s criminal convictions, if he had any. The trial court asked the defendant if his decision to call Mr. Parker had been made of his own free will, without coercion, and voluntarily to which question the defendant responded, “Yes, sir.” The trial court suggested that the defendant follow his counsel’s advice and not call Mr. Parker, but the defendant refused saying,
Like all the times I been to trial, like all the time, you know, since I been grown and tried. I done took all the advice, you know, she been telling me a lot of things and she say no and I say yes but, you know, I always agree with her. She ain’t never agreed with me, she should go with me, you know, at least one time.
The trial court, having concluded its inquiry, allowed the defendant to call Mr. Parker and instructed the defendant’s counsel to examine Mr. Parker, which she did. The defendant offered no further evidence.
The issues are: (I) whether the trial court properly admitted evidence concerning the defendant’s prior sex offenses for the purpose of showing the defendant’s plan, scheme, system, or design; (II) whether the trial court committed prejudicial error by allowing the defendant to call a witness on his behalf over defense counsel’s objection; (III) whether the State presented sufficient evidence of the victim’s serious personal injury to sustain a conviction of first degree rape and sexual offense on that basis; and (IV) whether mandatory life sentences for first degree rape and first degree sexual offense convictions constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
I
Though
North Carolina courts liberally admit evidence of similar sex offenses. Id. at 279, 389 S.E.2d at 54-55. As our Court has explained,
evidence of prior sex acts may have some relevance to the question of a defendant’s guilt of the crime charged if it tends to show a relevant state of mind such as intent, motive, plan, or opportunity.... Such evidence is not offensive to the general prohibition against character evidence because it is admitted not to prove defendant acted in conformity with conduct on another occasion but rather as circumstantial proof of defendant’s state of mind.
State v. Jones, 322 N.C. 585, 588, 369 S.E.2d 822, 823 (1988) (citations omitted). Here, the trial court concluded that evidence of the defendant’s prior sex offenses was admissible for deciding only two issues: First, whether the defendant had the intent to commit the crimes charged, which according to the trial court was a necessary element of the crimes charged; and second, whether there existed in the defendant’s mind a plan, scheme, system, or design to commit the crimes charged. We do not address the issue of whether the evidence was admissible to show the defendant’s intent because we conclude that the evidence was admissible for the proper purpose of showing plan, scheme, system, or design. See State v. Boone, 307 N.C. 198, 209, 297 S.E.2d 585, 592 (1982) (intent not essential element of first degree rape or sex offense); cf. State v. Hall, 85 N.C. App. 447, 355 S.E.2d 250, disc. rev. denied, 320 N.C. 515, 358 S.E.2d 525 (1987) (where defendant was tried for first degree attempted rape, defendant’s prior conviction for assault with intent to rape admissible to show intent in present case).
When evidence of the defendant’s prior sex offenses is offered for the proper purpose of showing plan, scheme, system, or design, “the ultimate test for determining whether such evidence is admissible [under Rule 404(b)] is whether the incidents are sufficiently similar and not so remote in time as to be more probative than
prejudicial under the balancing test of
In both 1978 and 1988, the defendant would first attempt to talk to his intended victim, a female with whom the defendant was acquainted. After refusing the defendant’s advances, the victim would attempt to leave, and the defendant would not allow it., In 1978, the defendant grabbed and twisted his victim’s arm, pulling his victim forcefully towards his basement. In the present case, the defendant used physical force to get his victim down into his basement after she had tried to leave his presence. In 1978, Ms. Harris was able to escape the defendant’s grasp as they arrived at the basement. The eleven-year-old girl in 1978 and the victim in this case were not able to escape. Once they arrived in
Not only are the offenses sufficiently similar, but they are not too remote in time and are thus admissible under Rules 403 and 404(b). Over ten and one-half years elapsed between the defendant’s prior sex offenses and the ones for which he has been tried. However, the defendant spent the majority of that time in prison on charges connected with the 1978 sex offenses. Thus, the period of time between the offenses, exclusive of the prison time, was only 132 days. Hall, 85 N.C. App. at 451, 355 S.E.2d at 253 (where defendant was indicted for first degree attempted rape, defendant’s nine-year-old conviction for assault with intent to rape admissible to prove intent, the conviction being not too remote under Rules 403 and 404(b) because “defendant had been released from prison for that offense only two days before the charged offense occurred, a fact which enhances its probative value”); see also State v. Scott, 318 N.C. 237, 244, 347 S.E.2d 414, 418 (1986) (where evidence of defendant’s prior sex offense with sister occurring nine years before trial held to be too remote in time to be probative, Court noted that incarceration may effectively explain remoteness in time); cf. State v. Riddick, 316 N.C. 127, 134, 340 S.E.2d 422, 427 (1986) (remoteness in time more significant when evidence of prior sex offense offered to show plan or scheme as opposed to modus operan-di, as it is “unlikely, though not inconceivable, that crimes committed several years apart were planned at the same time”). Because only 132 days, exclusive of prison time, separates the prior offenses from the present ones, we conclude that “the passage of time between the commission of the” offenses has not eroded the commonality between them, such that proof of the earlier offenses may reasonably be regarded as proving the later ones. Jones, 322 N.C. at 588-90, 369 S.E.2d at 824 (plan or scheme purpose under Rule 404(b) “rests on the proposition that there may be some logical connection between two acts from which it can be said that proof of the one tends to establish the other”); State v. Summers, 92 N.C. App. 453, 460, 374 S.E.2d 631, 635 (1988), disc. rev. denied, 324 N.C. 341, 378 S.E.2d 806 (1989) (evidence of prior incidents occurring “within twelve months prior to the incident for which defendant was charged” held admissible to show plan or scheme as the earlier incidents were not too remote in time). Therefore, because the defendant’s prior sex offenses are sufficiently similar to those in this case, and because they are not too remote in time, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence under Rules 403 and 404(b).
The defendant argues that if the rules of evidence are construed to allow into evidence testimony concerning the defendant’s prior sex offenses, then the defendant’s constitutional rights to a fundamentally fair trial will have been denied. This argument recently has been rejected by our Supreme Court. State v. Shamsid-Deen, 324 N.C. 437, 447-48, 379 S.E.2d 842, 849 (1989) (argument essentially restatement of rationale for “general rule excluding evidence of defendant’s prior acts of misconduct”).
II
The defendant next argues that by allowing the defendant to call a witness
In North Carolina, strategic trial “decisions regarding witnesses to call, whether and how to conduct cross-examinations, what jurors to accept or strike, and what trial motions to make are ultimately” decisions for the attorney.
State v. Luker,
65 N.C. App. 644, 649, 310 S.E.2d 63, 66 (1983),
rev’d on other grounds,
311 N.C. 301, 316 S.E.2d 309 (1984).
See also
ABA Standards for Criminal Justice, The Defense Function, § 4-5.2 (1986 Supp.);
Wainright v. Sykes,
433 U.S. 72, 91, 53 L.Ed.2d 594, 611 (1977) (Burger, C.J., concurring). However, the trial court, over defense counsel’s continued objections and after extensive questioning of the defendant, allowed the defendant to disregard his attorney’s advice and call a witness. The defendant did not discharge his attorney because of their disagreement,
Ill
The defendant argues that the trial court erred in accepting the jury’s verdict because of the likelihood that the defendant was convicted of first degree rape and sexual offense on the grounds that the victim suffered serious injury, which in fact she did not. Rape and sexual offense are committed in the first degree when the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse and a sexual act “[w]ith a victim who is a child under the age of 13 years . . .” or “[w]ith another person by force and against the will of the other person, and” either “[ejmploys or displays a dangerous or deadly weapon . . .” or “[i]nflicts serious personal injury upon the victim . . .” or “[t]he person commits the offense aided and abetted by one or more other persons.”
“[PJroof of the element of infliction of ‘serious personal injury’ as required by G.S. 14-27.2(2)b. and G.S. 14-27.4(2)b. may be met by the showing of mental injury as well as bodily injury.” Boone, 307 N.C. at 204, 297 S.E.2d at 589. Though there is no “ ‘bright line’ rule as to when the acts of an accused cause mental upset which could support a finding of ‘serious personal injury,’ ” it is clear that
to support a jury finding of serious personal injury because of injury to the mind or nervous system, the State must ordinarily offer proof that such injury was not only caused by the defendant but that the injury extended for some appreciable time beyond the incidents surrounding the crime itself. Obviously, the question of whether there was such mental injury as to result in ‘serious personal injury’ must be decided upon the facts of each case.
Id. at 205, 297 S.E.2d at 589-90 (evidence of victim’s shaking, crying, and hysteria immediately after crime and on morning of crime not indicative of residual injury to mind or nervous system therefore not evidence of serious personal injury).
Sufficient evidence exists to support the jury’s verdict on the basis that the victim suffered serious personal injury in the form of both bodily and mental injury. The victim testified that in addition to the physical pain she experienced during and immediately after the rape and sodomy, she has continued to experience appetite loss, severe headaches, nightmares, sleep difficulty, difficulty in urination, and difficulty in bowel movements. These sufferings lasted from the evening of the rape and sodomy until the time of the trial. Because the victim’s sufferings are indicative of residual injury to her mind and body, we conclude that the evidence could support the jury’s verdict that the victim suffered serious personal injury resulting from the rape and sodomy.
IV
The defendant finally argues that the mandatory life sentences imposed for his first degree rape conviction and for his first degree sexual offense conviction constitute cruel and unusual punishment as a matter of law and as applied to him. Our Supreme Court has rejected such an argument on many occasions. State v. Spaugh, 321 N.C. 550, 556, 364 S.E.2d 368, 373 (1988) (“imposition of sentences of life imprisonment for such offenses [first degree rape and first degree sexual offense] does not violate the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments”); State v. Holley, 326 N.C. 259, 388 S.E.2d 110 (1990) (first degree sexual offense); State v. Peek, 313 N.C. 266, 275-76, 328 S.E.2d 249, 255-56 (1985) (discussing proportionality of consecutive life sentences in first degree rape cases).
No error.
Judges ORR and DUNCAN concur. Judge DUNCAN concurred in this opinion prior to 30 November 1990.