OPINION
delivered the opinion of the court,
The Appellant, Clifford A. Davis, appeals the revocation of his probation by the Humphreys County Circuit Court. Davis’ revocation stems from his violation of Rule 7 of the conditions of probation which provides: “I agree to a search, without a warrant, of my person, vehicle, property, or place of residence by any Probation/Parole officer or law enforcement officer, at any time.” Davis does not deny that he refused his probation officer’s request to search his residence. Rather, he argues that Rule 7 is unconstitutional in that it infringes upon his Fourth Amendment rights. Finding no constitutional error, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Procedural History
On October 12, 2004, the Appellant pled guilty to possession of methamphetamine for resale, a Class C felony, and possession of marijuana for resale, a Class E felony. Under the terms of the plea agreement, the Appellant received a four-year sentence for the Class C conviction and a two-year sentence for the Class E conviction. The sentences, which were ordered to run concurrently, were suspended, and the Appellant was placed on four years supervised probation.
Rule 7 of the Appellant’s conditions of probation provided: “I agree to a search, without a warrant, of my person, vehicle, property or place of residence by any Probation/Parole officer or law enforcement officer, at any time.” The Appellant’s probation officer testified that he specifically reviewed Rule 7 with the Appellant because, “I wanted him to understand that he was subject to search.... ” The probation office further advised that Rule 7 was a relatively new rule of probation which was implemented by his department in August 2004.
On November 3, 2004, the Appellant’s probation officer, accompanied by two law enforcement officers, appeared at the Appellant’s residence and requested permission to search. The Appellant refused permission to search his residence, despite being informed that the refusal constituted a violation of probation.
At the revocation hearing, both law enforcement officers testified that shortly after the Appellant was placed on probation, they received numerous complaints of traffic in and out of the Appellant’s residence. Based upon these complaints, the officers began a surveillance of the residence and observed individuals known to be involved in the manufacture of methamphetamine, most of whom had been convicted or had cases pending, entering the Appellant’s residence.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court revoked the Appellant’s probation concluding that the “search [was] done in good faith, not for malicious or harassing purpose [,] but in accordance with the purpose of Rule 7 of the probation order.” The Appellant’s original effective sentence of four years was reinstated with service in the Department of Correction.
Analysis
The Appellant argues that Rule 7 of his probation order, which permits a warrant-less search as a condition of probation, is
This issue appears to be one of first impression in this state. In
U.S. v. Knights,
The Court in Knights observed:
The touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness, and the reasonableness of a search is determined “by assessing, on the one hand, the degree to which it intrudes upon an individual’s privacy and, on the other, the degree to which it is needed for the promotion of legitimate governmental interests.” Wyoming v. Houghton,526 U.S. 295 , 300,119 S.Ct. 1297 ,143 L.Ed.2d 408 , 419 (1999). Knight’s status as a probationer subject to a search condition informs both sides of that balance. “Probation, like incarceration, is ‘a form of criminal sanction imposed by a court upon an offender after verdict, finding, or plea of guilty.’ ” Griffin, supra at 874 (quoting G. Killinger, H. Kerper, & P. Cromwell, Probation and Parole in the Criminal Justice System 14 (1976)). Probation is “one point ... on a continuum of possible punishments ranging from solitary confinement in a maximum-security facility to a few hours of mandatory community service.”483 U.S. at 874 ,107 S.Ct. 3164 . Inherent in the very nature of probation is that probationers “do not enjoy ‘the absolute liberty to which every citizen is entitled.’ ” Ibid, (quoting Morrissey v. Brewer,408 U.S. 471 , 480,92 S.Ct. 2593 ,33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972)). Just as other punishments for criminal convictions curtain an offender’s freedoms, a court granting probation may impose reasonable conditions that deprive the offender of some freedoms enjoyed by law-abiding citizens.
... It was reasonable to conclude that the search condition would further the two primary goals of probation — rehabilitation and protecting society from future criminal violations. The probation order clearly expressed the search condition and Knights was unambiguously informed of it. The probation condition thus significantly diminished Knight’s reasonable expectation of privacy.
In assessing the governmental interest side of the balance, it must be remembered that “the very assumption of the institution of probation” is that the probationer “is more likely than the ordinary citizen to violate the law.” Griffin,483 U.S. at 880 ,107 S.Ct. 3164 .... And probationers have even more of an incentive to conceal their criminal activities and quickly dispose of incriminating evidence than the ordinary criminal because probationers are aware that they may be subject to supervision and face revocation of probation, and possible incarceration, in proceedings in which the trial rights of a jury and proof beyond a reasonable doubt, among other things, do not apply, see Minnesota v. Murphy,465 U.S. 420 , 435 n. 7,104 S.Ct. 1136 ,79 L.Ed.2d 409 (1984)....
The State has a dual concern with a probationer. On the one hand is the hope that he will successfully complete probation and be integrated back into the community. On the other is the concern, quite justified, that he will be more likely to engage in criminal conduct than an ordinary member of the community.... Its interest in apprehending violators of the criminal law, thereby protecting potential victims of criminal enterprise, may therefore justifiably focus on probationers in a way that it does not on the ordinary citizen.
Id.
at 118-21,
We hold that the balance of these considerations requires no more than reasonable suspicion to conduct a search of this probationer’s house.... When an officer has reasonable suspicion that a probationer subject to a search condition is engaged in criminal activity, there is enough likelihood that criminal conduct is occurring that an intrusion on the probationer’s significantly diminished privacy interests is reasonable.
Id.
at 121,
The condition of probation permitting a warrantless search in the
Knights
case, and the issue of the constitutionality of that provision, are virtually identical to those presented in this case. However, in its holding in
Knights,
the Supreme Court found it unnecessary to decide whether warrantless searches of probationers are
per se
reasonable under the Fourth Amendment or whether a probationer’s acceptance of the search condition constituted consent to a complete waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights under the consent standards of
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte,
As in
Knights,
we find it unnecessary to address the broader issue of the constitutionality of the warrantless search condition of probation. Nonetheless, we conclude that a search of the Appellant’s residence in this case was permitted because: (1) the warrantless search provision was reasonably related as a condition of the Appellant’s probation;
2
and (2) the attempted warrantless search of the Appellant’s residence was supported
In a related issue, the Appellant argues that his consent to the warrantless search condition was contaminated by duress and coercion. He asserts that “[b]y being placed in a situation that required the [Appellant] to give up his right to privacy or go to prison, the [Appellant] was certainly under duress, and did not freely consent to future searches, when he signed the probation order.”
A probationer’s waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights is no less voluntary than the waiver of rights by a defendant who pleads guilty to gain the benefit of a plea bargain.
See Bordenkircher v. Hayes,
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, the decision of the Humphreys County Circuit Court revoking the Appellant’s probation is affirmed.
Notes
. Our supreme court has held that while "the Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable searches and seizures, it does not proscribe voluntary cooperation.”
State v. Cox,
. In Tennessee, the trial judge is provided discretion to impose conditions of probation "reasonably related to the purpose of the offender’s sentence.” T.C.A. § 40-35-303(d)(9) (2003);
State v. Burdin,